Text in English / This study aimed at exploring Barriers to compliance with exclusive breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary feeding practices in Ofla District, Tigray Region in Ethiopia. A quantitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted to explore and describe the barriers that restrict mothers /caregivers to comply with exclusive breast feeding practice until six months and with introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods at six months in Ofla District. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, from a total of 112 samples of which 75 mothers and care givers with children aged 0-5 months and 38 children aged 6-8 months participated. The data were entered into a computer and analysed though the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings revealed that there are barriers related Doer mothers and Non-Doer mothers perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, cues for actions, perceived social acceptability and positive and negative attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding and initiation of complementary feeding. On the other hand, the participant’s perception of both groups with regard to perception of Divine (God’s) Will on two child feeding practices was insignificantly the same. Both groups perceived that children could get sometimes malnourished because of spiritual or supernatural causes. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Text in English / The study aims to investigate criminal jurisdiction of the visiting SADC armed forces during peace time focusing only on the Republic of Botswana and the Republic of South Africa. Since the adoption of the Declaration and Treaty of SADC, the armed forces of both Botswana and South Africa at times find themselves on each other’s territory. Once in each other’s territory the question of criminal jurisdiction becomes imperative. The two countries seem not to agree on the content of status of force agreements while cooperating in terms of the SADC Treaty. The contentious point is that the death sentence is still a competent sentence for certain offences under certain circumstances in terms of Botswana laws, whereas in South Africa the death sentence was declared unconstitutional. In the absence of any agreement, South African armed forces may face a death sentence while in Botswana and Botswana authorities might not be able to carry out a death sentence over their members for offences committed while in South Africa. In trying to answer the question of criminal jurisdiction while on each other’s territory during peace time, a study of the evolution of jurisdiction is undertaken. The laws of both countries are considered, especially the application and protection afforded by their respective constitutions. The approach followed by the UN in sending a peace-keeping force to conflict areas is analysed. A micro-comparison of agreements concluded by selected countries, more especially the NATO agreement, is undertaken. Treaties as a source of international law are analysed to show that rights can be extended and be limited by agreement. The study concludes by recommending that concurrent criminal jurisdiction with certain qualification seems to be the accepted norm and compromise amongst the international community, and that the two countries may consider this approach as the basis for such agreement. / Public, Constitutional, & International Law / LL.M

The Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 provides an elaborate dispute resolution system which seeks to resolve disputes in a speedy and cost-effective manner. However, this system is faced with a number of challenges. The application of common law and administrative law causes tension between the Labour Court and civil courts. It creates uncertainty in the development of our labour law jurisprudence and also leads to the problem of forum shopping. These problems in effect undermine the objectives of the Act. This dissertation analyzes problems in the LRA and other legislations leading to forum shopping. It also analyses the view of the courts on this problem and further expounds a number of possible solutions. The analysis revolves mainly around an observation of South African literature and case law. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

L’industrie de la finance a connu une multiplication d’innovations qui peuvent bouleverser les services financiers traditionnels. Elles brouillent les frontières entre banques et start-ups, accélérèrent les transactions, démocratisent l'accès au crédit, tout en imposant aux régulateurs le défi de construire un cadre règlementaire qui rééquilibre le compromis entre stabilité financière, concurrence innovation.Dans cette thèse, d'abord je réponds à cette question : comment les innovations influencent-elles la concurrence dans la banque de détail ? Un premier enjeu consiste à comprendre pourquoi certains de ces services innovants sont offerts par les plateformes non-bancaires, et comment les banques peuvent rivaliser avec des participants qui appliquent un modèle d'affaire différent. Après, je regarde quels sont les facteurs d’adoption de l'innovation par les consommateurs. Pour répondre à cette question, j'étudie à l'aide d'outils d'analyse empirique l'exemple des deux principales plateformes de prêts peer-to-peer aux USA, Prosper et LendingClub. Pour terminer, je me demande si la réglementation de l'innovation est nécessaire. Est-il optimal pour la société de réglementer les fournisseurs de services innovants ? Je propose deux modèles théoriques qui s'inscrivent dans les débats bien connus sur le niveau optimal des interchanges dans les systèmes de cartes de paiement et des clauses de parité des prix et d'exclusivité sur les plateformes en ligne. / During the last years, the finance industry has experienced a proliferation of innovations which may disrupt traditional financial services. They blur the boundaries between banks and financial start-ups, speed up transactions, democratize the access to credit, revise how we can purchase goods and how merchants can sell their products, while imposing regulators the challenge for a new level playing field which balances the trade-off between financial stability, competition and innovation. In this thesis, I try to answer to three main issues related to the topic of innovation in retail banking. Firstly, how do innovations impact competition in retail banking. One first issue is to understand why some of these innovative services are offered by non-bank platforms and how can banks compete with entrants that do not have the same business model. Secondly, I look at what the drivers of the adoption of innovation by consumers in retail banking are. What determines the diffusion of a new financial technology despite all the financial risks related to it ? To answer to these questions, I will look empirically at the example of the two main peer-to-peer lending platforms in the USA, Prosper and LendingClub. Third, I address the question on whether regulation of innovation is necessary. Is it optimal for the society to regulate the providers of innovative retail banking services? To answer to these questions, I address, in two theoretical models, the well-known debates on the optimal level of interchange fees in payment card systems and the imposition of exclusivity arrangements and price parity clauses in contracts between platforms and merchants.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ANA PAULA SCHINCARIOL LUI.pdf: 1059573 bytes, checksum: d25bf442be18de4f864eb48223896d40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-05-29 / This work aims at confronting constitutional, legal and academic analyses, related to the systems of establishment, calculation and collection of PIT, with the practical analysis, in other words, with the way by which the taxpayer raises the effective tribute calculation basis and calculates the due amount. Therefore, after the study of the constitutional text, of the constitutional definition of "income and proceeds of any nature", and of the analysis of the constitutional precepts applicable to the formation of the PIT calculation basis, which constitute the first stage of the work First and Second Chapters , the four systems of calculation and collection of the PIT are studied and their unconstitutional aspects identified on the second part of it Third Chapter. Thus, the concepts and definitions studied in the first part of the work will be applied to the second part, showing many times, in the attempt of facilitating and hastening the outturn, that the constitutional concept of "income and proceeds of any nature" is confronted, and the commandments extracted from the constitutional precepts are not observed, and also in the counting of the due tribute the reduction of the basic expenses, necessary to the taxpayer's maintenance and of his/her family, is not allowed, consequently starting to tax not the patrimonial increment but the taxpayer's patrimony / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo confrontar as análises constitucional, legal e acadêmica, relacionadas à sistemática de instituição, apuração e cobrança do IRPF, com a análise prática, ou seja, com a forma pela qual o contribuinte apura a efetiva base de cálculo do tributo e calcula o montante devido. Por isso, após o estudo do texto constitucional, da definição constitucional de renda e proventos de qualquer natureza e da análise dos princípios constitucionais aplicáveis à formação da base de cálculo do IRPF, que constituem a primeira etapa do trabalho Primeiro e Segundo Capítulos , passam-se a estudar, na segunda parte dele Terceiro Capítulo , as quatro sistemáticas de apuração e cobrança do IRPF e a se identificarem os seus aspectos inconstitucionais. Assim, à segunda parte do trabalho, serão aplicados os conceitos e definições estudados na primeira parte, ficando claro que, muitas vezes, na tentativa de facilitar e agilizar a arrecadação tributária, afronta-se o conceito constitucional de renda e proventos de qualquer natureza e não se observam os mandamentos extraídos dos princípios constitucionais ou, ainda, na apuração do tributo devido, não se permite o abatimento das despesas básicas, necessárias à manutenção do contribuinte e de sua família, passando-se a tributar não o acréscimo patrimonial, mas, sim, o patrimônio do contribuinte

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte d’une part sur le développement et la caractérisation d’une nouvelle génération de détecteurs Micromegas (MICROMEsh GAseous Structure) pour l’expérience COMPASS au Cern, et d’autre part sur l’estimation de la contribution de canaux diffractifs à la production de pions et de kaons, dans le cadre de l’étude des fonctions de fragmentation de quarks en hadrons à COMPASS. De nouveaux détecteurs Micromegas d’une surface active de 40 x 40 cm² sont en cours de développement pour le futur de l’expérience COMPASS, à partir de 2015. Ces détecteurs devront fonctionner dans des flux de muons et hadrons approchant 8 MHz/cm². Pour cela, une zone centrale d’environ 5 cm de diamètre, traversée par le faisceau, sera constituée de 1280 pixels, et des technologies permettant de fortement réduire l’impact des décharges seront adoptées. Quatre prototypes de géométrie finale utilisant deux types de technologies de réduction des décharges différentes ont été produits au Cern et testés en conditions réelles à COMPASS entre 2010 et 2012. Trois d’entre eux sont des détecteurs hybrides utilisant une feuille GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) en tant qu’étage de préamplification pour réduire la probabilité de décharge. Le dernier détecteur est équipé d’une structure résistive à « résistances enterrées », permettant la réduction de l’amplitude des décharges. Leurs performances sont présentées dans cette thèse. L’impact de ces résultats sur la production et la mise en œuvre de la série finale de détecteurs est également discuté. Les fonctions de fragmentation de quarks en hadrons l’hadronisation d’un quark de saveur q en un hadron h. Ces fonctions universelles interviennent dans l’expression de la section efficace de nombreux processus. Elles sont accessibles à COMPASS via la réaction de diffusion profondément inélastique semi-inclusive de muons sur des nucléons. Les observables permettant leur extraction dans ce cadre sont les multiplicités de hadrons, soit le nombre moyen de hadrons produits par événement de diffusion profondément inélastique. Les mésons vecteurs issus de processus diffractifs produisent également des pions et kaons par leur désintégration. Ces processus n’impliquant pas l’hadronisation d’un quark, il semble justifié de ne pas les comptabiliser dans la mesure des multiplicités. Ce travail propose une étude Monte-Carlo des contributions de la production diffractive de mésons vecteurs rho et phi à la production de hadrons léger et aux événements inclusifs. Des facteurs de correction des multiplicités sont finalement établis. Enfin, l’effet de cette correction sur l’extraction des fonctions de fragmentation en pions est présenté. / This thesis is dedicated to the development and characterisation of a new generation of Micromegas (MICROMEsh GAseous Structure) detectors for the COMPASS experiment at Cern, and the estimation of the diffractive processes’ contribution to the production of pions and kaons, concerning the study of the quark fragmentation functions into hadrons at COMPASS. New Micromegas detectors with a 40 x 40 cm² active area are being developed for the future physics program of the COMPASS experiment starting in 2015. These detectors will have to work in high muon and hadron flux (close to 8 MHz/cm²). In this context, a central area of about 5 cm diameter, crossed by the beam, will be composed of 1280 pixels, and discharge-reduction technologies will be used. Four prototypes with a final read-out geometry, using two different discharge-reduction technologies have been produced at Cern and studied in nominal conditions at COMPASS between 2010 and 2012. Three are hybrid detectors using a GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) foil as a preamplification stage to reduce the discharge probability. The other is equipped with a so called “buried resistors” resistive structure allowing to strongly reduce the discharge amplitude. Their performances are presented in this thesis. The impact of these results on the production and implementation of the final series of detectors is also discussed. Quark fragmentation functions into hadrons describe the hadronisation of a quark of flavor q into a hadron h. These universal functions take part in the cross-section expression of several processes. They can be accessed at COMPASS via semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering of muons off nucleons. The relevant observables for fragmentation function extraction are hadron multiplicities, corresponding to the mean number of hadrons produced per deep inelastic scattering event. Vector mesons produced by a diffractive process can decay into pions and kaons. As such processes do not involve quark hadronisation, they should a priori be excluded from multiplicity measurements. This work presents a Monte-Carlo study of the impact of diffractive rho and phi production on light hadrons and inclusive events yields. Multiplicity correction factors are finally established. The effect of this correction on the extraction of pion fragmentation functions is also discussed.

Darbe nagrinėjamas Lietuvos Respublikos jūros erdvių delimitavimas po nepriklausomybės atkūrimo. Pirmiausia pateikiamos jūros erdvių sąvokos, jų delimitavimo principai, nustatyti atitinkamose konvencijose ir Tarptautinio Teisingumo Teismo praktikoje. Po to yra analizuojamos Lietuvos derybos dėl jūros erdvių delimitavimo su kaimyninėmis valstybėmis – aptariama derybų eiga, pateikiamos pozicijos atitinkamais klausimais, jų pagrindimas, derybų rezultatai. Derybų pozicijos bei rezultatai yra vertinami pagal konvencijas, nustatančias jūros erdvių delimitavimą, ir pagal teismų praktiką. / The object of this work is the analysis of maritime delimitation of the Republic of Lithuania after the independence reestablishment. Firstly it is presented maritime definitions, principles of the maritime delimitation established in the conventions and in the case of law. Latter in the work it is analyzed Lithuanian negotiations with the neighbourhood states on the maritime delimitation. It is discussed the processes of the negotiations, presented the positions on the respective questions, the substantiation of the mentioned positions, the results of the negotiations. The positions and outcomes of the negotiations are estimated according to the conventions on the maritime delimitations and according to the case of law.

在新加坡，付費電視產業的競爭與策略很少被討論。有鑑於此，本研究藉由檢視新加坡媒體媒體發展管理局（Media Development Authority）於2010年所修訂的媒體市場行為準則（Media Market Conduct Code）之「跨台聯播」政策（Cross-Carriage Measure），利用五力分析、PEST分析及SWOT分析，來探討新加坡付費電視產業的發展、競爭、策略及「跨台聯播」政策所造成的影響。 在新加坡的付費電視產業競爭趨勢中，以新電信公司（SingTel）於2007年所推出的Mio TV IPTV付費電視服務成長最多，2011年時市占率已成長了30%；同年，其競爭者星和有限公司（StarHub）的星和視界（StarHub TV）付費電視服務卻成長不到1%。本研究發現，Mio TV市占率成長之迅速是因新電信公司積極與內容提供者及電視頻道業者簽訂獨家播映權，甚至以高價購買運動電視品牌ESPN的眾多頻道及其旗下英格蘭超級聯賽2010年至2013年的獨家播映權。此舉讓兩家電視業者競爭越趨激烈，採取多面策略以增加訂戶率並吸引不同族群與多元喜好者，包括產品差異化策略、成本領先策略及集中化策略等。 研究結果顯示，兩家業者為爭取更多訂戶，主要採取的策略是與內容提供者及電視頻道業者簽訂獨播合約（Exclusive Carriage Agreements），但此策略也引起媒體發展管理局的關切。兩家業者所採取的獨播合約策略不僅增加了訂戶們訂閱內容的開銷，也讓訂閱星和視界服務的訂戶們面臨必須同時安裝新電信Mio TV服務或不得不更換服務之不便。為解決以上的問題，媒體發展局決定施行「跨台聯播」政策，規定付費電視業者必須與其他業者分享所購得的內容或頻道獨播權，並支付對方播映費，受方不准修改轉播內容，包括內容中穿插的廣告及原先業者的商標等。本研究發現，此政策將會促使付費電視業者購買更多多元化的節目內容及推出更低價格的節目組合等，有利於消費者成為付費電視服務的訂戶，同時也有利於降低既有訂戶的內容訂閱開銷。另一方面，星和公司及新電信公司兩家業者也不再需要以高價購買內容的獨家播映權，於是更專注於為各自的訂戶提供更創新及完善的服務。不過此策略亦有利於新進業者進入市場，預料將導致市場競爭更加激烈，業者們也必須更投入差異化策略。同時，此政策也意謂獨播合約的現象將會減少，間接使內容提供者的議價能力受到影響。 / Competition and strategies in Singapore’s television industries were rarely examined despite the growing phenomena of such research in other countries. The implementation of the Cross-Carriage Measure presents a timely opportunity to examine developments, competition, strategies and the impacts of the Measure on the industry. Using the Five Force model, PEST and SWOT models as the basis for the research framework, this thesis adopted the case study approach and used documents from various sources to examine the industry and discuss the changes brought upon by the Measure. Competition in the industry showed that SingTel Mio TV achieved more than 30 percent market share in 2011 since its entry in 2007 while StarHub TV grew less than one percent from 46.9 percent in 2007 to 47.5 percent in 2011. Such increase was due to the aggressive acquisition of premium programming. Competition between FTA television and the industry saw a 78 percent market penetration for the industry in 2011 and 80-odd percent for FTA television. Both providers used a combination of differentiation and cost leadership strategies to attract audience groups of different ethnicities and specific interests. The outcome of the Measure required dominant player StarHub TV to offer its exclusive content to SingTel Mio TV’s subscribers at similar prices and quality. With the Measure, consumers could enjoy a greater variety of content at more affordable prices without incurring the inconvenience of having multiple set-top boxes. However, StarHub TV might not wish to bid aggressively for exclusive content, considering the high acquisition costs for both its cable and SingTel Mio TV’s IPTV platforms. Content suppliers might have lesser bargaining power for their content and more signing of non-exclusive agreements with providers. However, more competition might be expected as other operators can now acquire the previously exclusive content. The Measure might also lead to further increases in market share and ARPU for both providers as current subscribers could subscribe to other genres of content at lower subscription prices while others may see more advantages in subscribing to subscription television services. Both providers will have to devote more efforts into differentiating themselves and adopt different strategies if differentiation through exclusive content offerings were no longer used.

Ce travail essaie d’analyser l’affirmation courante dans la dogmatique brésilienne de ce que les règles de la responsabilité civile objective sont destinées à concrétiser la valeur de la solidarité sociale inscrite dans la Constitution Fédérale du Brésil (article 3, III, in fine) et la directrice de la socialité présente dans le Code Civil de 2002. L’étude commence par la description d’un risque social – la criminalité urbaine violente – et par la présentation de la relation entre une certaine forme historique de manifestation de ce risque et de l’augmentation des cas judiciaires concernant la responsabilité des entreprises de transport urbain pour dommages subis par leurs passagers à cause d’actes violents pratiqués par des tiers lors du trajet. Dans la deuxième partie, on présente les origines du discours de solidarisme juridique et les influences de celui-là sur certaines constructions dogmatiques concernant le phénomène de la responsabilité civile. Finalement, ayant pour base des recherches menées à propos de la jurisprudence de deux tribunaux supérieurs brésiliens (le Supremo Tribunal Federal et le Superior Tribunal de Justiça) on analyse le fond de ces décisions, essayant d’identifier à quel point le discours théorique de la dogmatique est effectivement incorporé au moment de l’application des concepts juridiques implicite dans certains problèmes concrets. / O presente trabalho pretende analisar a afirmação corrente, na dogmática civilística brasileira, de que as regras da responsabilidade civil objetiva se destinam a concretizar o valor da solidariedade social inscrito na Constituição Federal (art. 3º, III, in fine) e a diretriz da socialidade presente no Código Civil de 2002. O estudo é feito, inicialmente, por meio da descrição de um risco social – criminalidade urbana violenta – e da apresentação da relação entre uma determinada forma histórica de manifestação desse risco e o aumento dos casos judiciais envolvendo a responsabilidade das empresas de transporte urbano em face de danos sofridos por seus passageiros em razão de atos violentos praticados por terceiros durante o trajeto. Em um segundo momento, são apresentadas as origens do discurso do solidarismo jurídico e as influências desse sobre certas construções dogmáticas relativas ao fenômeno da responsabilidade civil. Por fim, com base em pesquisa realizada sobre a jurisprudência dos dois tribunais superiores brasileiros (Supremo Tribunal Federal e Superior Tribunal de Justiça), realizou-se a análise de conteúdo das decisões, buscando identificar em que medida o discurso teórico da dogmática é efetivamente incorporado no momento da aplicação dos conceitos jurídicos implicados no tratamento de determinados problemas concretos. / This text aims at analyzing the current belief held by the authors of the Brazilian dogmatic of civil law, that rules concerning objective civil responsibility must realize the value of social solidarity described by the Federal Constitution (Article 3, III, in fine) and the principle of sociality presented by the Civil Code of 2002. The study is done initially through the description of a social risk – violent urban criminality – and the presentation of a relationship between a certain historical form this risk takes and the increase in legal cases involving the responsibility of public transportation companies for damage incurred upon their passengers due to violent acts practiced by third parties on the itinerary. In the second part, we present the origins of the discourse of legal solidarism, and its influence upon certain dogmatic constructions concerning the phenomenon of civil responsibility. Finally, based on research done about the jurisprudence of two Brazilian superior tribunals (the Supremo Tribunal Federal and the Superior Tribunal de Justiça), we analyze the contents of those decisions, aiming at identifying to what extent the theoretical discourse of dogmatic is actually incorporated into the moment of applying the legal concepts implicit in the treatment of certain concrete problems.

Text in English / Breastfeeding is particularly important in resource-poor regions of the world, where limited access to clean water increases the risk of diarrhoeal disease if replacement feeding is used. However, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is transmitted through human milk. Purpose of the study The purpose of this study was to describe the determinants contributing to exclusive breastfeeding in HIV-infected mothers of infants aged 0 to 6 months who attend an NGO Health Centre in Elandsdoorn Village. Methods A quantitative research approach using a non-experimental cross-sectional study was undertaken to conduct this study. A self-reported study questionnaire was used to collect data from study participants. Purposive sampling was used to sample 75 mothers from 18 to 45 years of age who were HIV-positive. SPSS version 23 was used to analyse the data. Results The study results indicated that there are determinants contributing to exclusive breastfeeding and a need to establish a more comprehensive approach to educating pregnant women on reproductive health issues, and exclusive breastfeeding in particular. Factors contributing to low levels of exclusive breastfeeding included breast problems, societal influence, maternal health concerns, insufficient support, fear of stigmatisation, and babies’ health concerns. This caused mothers to discontinue exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions The intention of this study was to reveal the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding affecting mothers who are HIV-infected and breastfeeding their infants. / Health Studies / M.P.H.