Dispatched employment has become one of the most popular ways of employment under globalization. The corporate can freely choose the most favorable business environment whereby they can by-pass collective bargaining with trade unions and legal restrictions. Dispatched workers and regularly employed workers in the same client company may experience different working conditions (including wages, working hours, overtime and vacation, etc.). Workers of the same dispatching agency who are dispatched to client companies may also experience different working conditions. Often, working conditions of dispatched workers are relatively poor. This study mainly explores dispatched workers¡¦ working conditions in different companies and how these conditions would affect their organizational commitment to client companies. Four hundred and twenty copies of a questionnaire were distributed to workers who are dispatched to companies located in Kaohsiung, Tainan and Pingtung. Out of these 134 copies were returned and counted as valid response. The findings revealed that (1) working conditions varied across gender and age; (2) dispatched workers tended to accept working conditions below the legal standards; (3) organizational commitment varied across education, job duties and depended on how workers felt about the conditions; (4) working conditions and organizational commitment were significantly related. This study therefore recommends that: Dispatching companies should 1.Employ dispatched workers as full-time workers, rather than merely-registered workers; 2.Provide more training opportunities to dispatched workers; 3.Fulfill their legal obligations to the workers. Client companies should 1.Create a gender-equal working environment; 2.Create sanitary and safe working conditions; 3.Take the responsibility of a joint employer. Authorities of labor affairs should 1.Inspect labor conditions more frequently and closely; 2.Establish a formal legal system to regulate dispatched employment; 3.Specify dispatching agencies and client companies as joint employers in relevant laws and regulations.

This study primarily explores the effect of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited¡¦s implementation of 50 work hours per week on employee work performance and work quality satisfaction. After literature review, this study establishes three propositions, two basic hypotheses, and uses employees at the Southern Taiwan Science Park Fourteenth Factory as the population, the departments as the stratification standards in stratified random sampling. After statistical analysis, this study arrives at the following conclusions: 1. Shortened work hours have a significant positive influence on work satisfaction. 2. Shortened work hours have a significant positive influence on work performance. The result shows that a 50-hour work per week would elevate employees¡¦ work performance and work satisfaction.

This research is to explore the decision-making process of new policy of working hours and its influence on the industrial relations network? This study uses the texts of political discourse that legislators interrogated with government officials in Taiwan Legislative Yuan. This text is focused on Article 30 of the Labor Standards Act. The main research methods of this study include quantitative study, and qualitative analysis. The process of policy making is constructed from industrial of ideology, policy of interest, and the opinion about industrial relations. The main results of the study are as follows: 1.) On the industrial relations network, the new working hours policy has main influence on the labors than on the employers. 2.) On the content of political discourse: the labors concern for the right and equality, with as the employers concern for economical perspective. 3.) Labors and employers have different strategies to respond the change of working hours policy.

82年台灣已邁入「高齡化」的社會型態，到了96年底時老年人口占人口比例達10.2％。另根據台閩地區2007年簡易生命表台灣男性平均餘命為75.46歲，女性為81.72歲，平均78.38歲，因應台灣進入高齡化及少子女化社會，如何讓勞工安享在60歲以後平均有18多年無工作收入的老年生活，已成為當前最重要問題。 為落實老年照護制度，增進勞工退休權益，陸續完成了勞工退休金條例、國民年金法及勞工保險條例修法之工作，其中將於98年1月1日實施勞工保險老年給付年金制，考量勞工保險已實施50多年，許多資深勞工已符合或將符合老年給付條件，且國人多具「入袋為安」之傳統觀念，在兼顧勞工權益及制度穩定之原則下，採現制一次給付與年金制併行方式，賦予現有被保險人於退職時選擇請領現制或新制之權利。 藉由本研究的撰寫，針對勞工保險老年給付選制行為三大變數，模擬試算出各種組合變數下的理性選擇建議，讓即將辦理退休的勞工能夠更明確更瞭解兩種給付的不同，並做正確的選擇，以確保退休生活品質。 本研究建議增加勞工保險老年給付選制及國民年金給付條件，做為將來修法的參考。 / Abstract In 1993, Taiwan entered the state of aging society. By the end of 2007, the elderly population above the age of 65 years accounted for 10.2% of the total population. The 2007 life table of the Taiwan-Fukien Area gave the life expectancy of 75.46 years for males and 81.72 years for females, averaging 78.36 years for both sexes. How to assure the laborers to live happily in their old age for an average of 18 some more years after retirement without job and incomes in an aged and fewer-children society has become an important issue. To realize the care system for the elderly, and to improve the rights and interests of the laborers after retirement, work has been done to enact the Labor Pension Act and the National Pension Act, and amend the Labor Insurance Act. The Labor Insurance Old-Age Pension system will be implemented in January 2009. The Labor Insurance has been in operation for more than 50 years. Many elderly laborers are eligible to or about to be eligible to the old-age payment. In line with the traditional concept of “safer to have cash in pocket”, and taking in mind the rights and interests of the laborers and the stability of the system, the old-age pension system will have concurrently either the “one-time payment under the current system” and the “monthly pension” system in practice. The retirees will have the choice of either the current system or the new system. The present study uses three variables in the choice of the old-age pension system to simulate the ideal choice and make recommendations under various combinations of variables to help laborers about to retire correctly understand the pros and cons of the two different payment systems and thus to make correct choice, and to assure the quality of their retirement life. The study recommends that, for the future amendments of regulations, more alternative systems for choice for old-age payment and more conditions for the national pension system be made available. Key words: Labor Insurance, National Pension, Labor Pension Act, Labor Standards Act

勞動基準法、勞工退休金條例課予雇主於成就一定要件下，有給付勞工退休金、資遣費之責，以保護照顧勞工。然時至今日，為因應全球化趨勢，經營者透過交互協力的經營網絡，使人事調動亦趨於頻繁，產生多法人格經營組織形態下的調職。惟勞工退休金與資遣費係本於勞動契約之請求，故其求償對象為「勞動契約上雇主」，當事人一方(事業單位)改變，工作年資重新計算，將衍生應以誰承擔雇主責任及工作年資併計、平均工資計算等債權範圍問題。甚或雇主透過關係企業交叉控制，濫用公司法人格、掏空資產，導致關廠歇業，勞工之債權求償無門。 勞動基準法各條文所規範之雇主(責任主體)，須斟酌各該法條的立法意旨與目的予以審酌認定，且未包含多重勞動關係之處理。我國公司法第154條第2項規定引進揭穿公司面紗原則，惟勞工如係因關係企業、家族企業調動，導致工作年資中斷或勞動條件不利益變更，損及其權益，尚難逕以該法條要求控制股東負清償之責，以擴張雇主責任。又104年2月4日修正公布勞動基準法第28條規定，提升退休金與資遣費之受償順位，並納入墊償，該條文對勞動債權之保護及施行以來之適用問題，亦為本文關切之重點。 　　本文將從雇主範圍、跨法人格企業調動、經營主體消滅等變動因素下，探討勞工退休金及資遣費之求償對象、求償範圍及債權保護等，並透過檢視現行勞動法制、公司法關係企業債權人保護之規定，介紹美國「揭穿公司面紗原則」、日本「法人格否認理論」、我國實務發展「實體同一性」概念等，試圖描繪擴充退休金與資遣費求償與保護法制之輪廓，並對於擴張勞工退休金與資遣費追償對象之可能，提出相關建議以供參考。

近年來我國勞動基準法歷經多次修法，然而台灣的長工時現象卻持續引發許多社會問題，勞工的過勞事件仍舊層出不窮，因此有必要檢討現行的勞動基準法工時制度是否對勞工的保障仍有不周。 在經濟全球化的浪潮下，勞動基準法逐步導入各種彈性化的工作時間制度。而在先進各國中日本在地緣關係與社經文化上與我國較為接近，對於我國勞動法制有深刻的影響，且其勞動法規中設有許多彈性的工作時間制度並作有大量的研究檢討報告，應可作為我國之借鏡。因此本文欲探究日本與我國各種工時制度與長時間勞動間的關聯，分析其原由，檢視我國現有規範及行政措施的成效，並提出改善建議，作為未來工時制度設計上的參考。 就結論而言，本文認為我國勞動基準法應導入移動工時制度，同時第84條之1的適用範圍與法律效果應予調整。最後，尚應根據過勞的認定基準，設定工作時間的絕對上限，以防堵極端情形發生，保障勞工所應有的權益。 / Labor Standards Act has revised several times in recent years. However, the phenomenon of long working hours in Taiwan is causing lots of social issues, and tragedies of Karoshi never end. Hence, it is necessary to review the legal regulations of working hours. As the influence of Economic globalization, special working time systems such as variable working hours system, de facto working hours system are introduced into Labor Standards Act. Across developed countries, Japan has similar geopolitical position and culture to Taiwan. Furthermore, Japan is not only influencing Taiwan on Labor Law, but also has made a lot of researches on special working time systems. Therefore, the author examined the legal regulations of working hours and effects between Labor Standards Laws of Taiwan and Japan for the purpose of improving the rights of labors. In conclusion, it is necessary to introdece flexible working hours system into Labor Standards Laws of Taiwan and adjust the range and effect of article 84-1. In addition, absolute limit of working hours based on the guideline of Karoshi should be set to avoid extreme cases of long working hours.

老年所得保障的問題，是所有工業化國家所共有的社會問題。臺灣、德國與美國為了解決這個問題，基本上都是採用所謂的「三層保障的模式」。第一層保障為國家所建立的強制性社會保險制度，第二層保障為企業或雇主所設立的企業退休給付制度，第三層為個人的自我預護（包括儲蓄、保險、置產等）。本文主要是探討第二層的「企業退休給付制度」之法律問題。臺灣的「企業退休給付制度」（也稱之為「企業退休金制度」），是採強制性為主，自願性為輔的雙軌制度，自願性制度所佔比例無足輕重。在強制性制度中的實施型態是採「單數型態」，而且由「單一組織」承擔實施。美國的「企業退休給付制度」稱為「年金（退休金）計劃(pension plan)」，德國的「企業退休給付(betriebliche Altersversorgung)制度」也稱為「企業年金(Betriebsrenten)制度」。這兩個國家向來都是採用自願性制度，「實施型態」與「實施機構」也都是採「複數型態」。 關於企業退休給付的法律保障，臺灣於1984年在勞動基準法中納入「退休規定」，對勞工退休金制度的設立、實施型態、實施機構、財務準備與給付內容皆制定最低的法律標準，然而對於勞工的退休金期待利益如何保障與雇主陷於支付不能時退休金請求權如何保障等重要問題，皆欠缺規定。德國於1974年制定「改善企業退休給付法」，採有限度的立法，對已設立的企業退休給付制度制定最低法定基準，特別注重「退休給付期待利益之保障」與「退休給付支付不能時之保障」；同一年美國也制定「勞工退休所得保障法」，採取全面性的立法，不僅注重「勞工退休給付權利之保障（包括對退休給付期待利益之保障）」，也同樣針對「退休計劃之終止與支付不能的情形」設有特別的保障。 本文主要是以臺灣的「勞基法退休規定」，德國的「改善企業退休給付法」與美國的「勞工退休所得保障法」等法律規定為基礎。針對同一問題，分別探討臺灣、德國與美國的法律制度。第一節首先探討企業退休給付制度之歷史發展，企業退休給付制度究竟如何形成？如何逐步擴展？法律如何回應？在立法之後又面臨何種問題？第二節首先討論退休給付制度的核心法律概念，以及其如何與雇主的其他給付相區別。接著進一步探究勞工請求雇主給付退休金之法律基礎為何？然後再探討企業退休給付之法律性質。第三節分析企業退休給付制度，以何種型態實施，如何運作，在組織上產生何種法律關係。第四節探討企業退休給付的財務準備。第五節以給付為中心，探討企業退休給付的一般法律保障，包括：請求退休金的法律要件為何？請求範圍如何決定？如何與社會保險給付整合？如何支付？在面對通貨膨脹壓力時又如何因應？第六節探討企業退休給付期待利益如何保障之問題，詳細探討德國與美國為何要保障退休給付期待利益？在何種情形下，退休給付期待利益不可喪失？勞工退休時，退休給付期待利益如何實現為退休給付，如何計算其數額？勞工離職時，可否一次結清將來的退休給付權利？勞工轉換工作時，退休金債權是否可隨同移轉？最後一節探討退休給付發生支付不能之情形時，有何解決辦法？第五章比較三國退休給付法律制度有何異同？有何優缺點？並檢討行政院勞工委員會所提的「勞工老年附加年金保險險制度」草案，與「勞工退休金條例草案」之優缺點，並探討我國勞工退休金制度法律改革是否存在其他不同的途徑。？最後一章總結前面各章之研究所得作成結論。 / Old-age income security is a sharing social problem of all industrialized countries. 「Three tiers (pillars) of economic security」 has been used for solving this problem in Taiwan, Germany and U.S.A. The first tier is obligatory social insurance system established by the countries; the second tier is the composition of　“supplementary pension plans” created by companies or employers; the third tier is personal advance arrangements (include saving, purchase of insurance, investment, etc.). This dissertation concentrates on the legal protection of supplementary pension plans.　The supplementary pension plans in Taiwan is a double-track institution. While the voluntary part of it is rather insignificant, this institution is mainly in obligatory part. This obligatory supplementary pension plans is designed to be only one type － defined benefit plans, and there is only one designated funding agency － the Central Trust of China. In U.S.A. the supplementary pension plans used to be called “private pension plans”; in Germany the supplementary pension plans used to be called “company pensions (Betriebsrenten)”.　These two countries adopt voluntary institutions. The types and funding agencies of their supplementary pension plans are plural. In order to protect the rights of pension, the relevant laws were enacted in Taiwan, Germany， and U.S.A. Regulations about employee retirement benefits were included in the “Labor Standards Law” enacted in 1984 in Taiwan.　These regulations created minimum standards for the establishment, requirement of benefit, funding and funding agency, benefit formulas of retirement plans.　However these regulations　lacked protection of pension expectations and rights to pension against insolvency or bankruptcy of supporting employers.　In Germany the relevant regulations about supplementary pension plans are to be found in the “Act on Company Pensions” in force since December 1974.　This Act regulated very limitedly. It established minimum standards for company pensions, especially relating to protection of pension expectations, and pension benefit rights against insolvency of supporting employers. In the same year the “Employee Retirement Income Security Act” of 1974 (ERISA) was enacted in U.S.A..　This comprehensive employee benefit law not only stressed on protection of employee benefit rights (including protecting vesting right), but also created insurance for pension plan terminations. This dissertation mainly compares the legal institutions relating to　supplementary pension　plans in Taiwan, Germany and U.S.A. on the basis of the above statute laws relating to the supplementary pension plans of these three countries. Chapter 1 is the introduction of this research.　Chapter 2、3 and 4 discuss the legal institutions relating to supplementary pension　plans of these three countries. In each section of each chapter the same problems are discussed. Section 1 provides an overview of the historic background of supplementary pension plans and development of relevant laws, including how the supplementary pension plans have formed and expanded, how the law regulated, and problems that have been caused after enactment of the law relating to supplementary pension plans. Section 2 firstly discusses the core legal concept of supplementary pension in each country, and how it differentiates from other benefits of employers. Then this section probes into the legal bases of supplementary pension claims and the characteristics of supplementary pension.　Section 3 analyzes different types of supplementary pension plans, how they operate, and legal relations that have been produced. Section 4 explores pension funding.　Section 5 discusses the general legal protection of pension benefits, including participation, requirement of benefit, payment of benefit. The question of how supplementary pension integrates with social security benefit and counteracts the effect of inflation is also discussed.　Section 6 discusses how the relating laws of supplementary pension plans protect pension expectations, why the laws of Germany and U.S.A. protect pension expectations, when the pension benefit rights are nonforfeitable, how the nonforfeitable benefit is accrued, under which condition a nonforfeitable benefit can cash out, and whether the nonforfeitable benefit is portable when the employee changes the job?　The last section discusses the legal protection against insolvency of employers or termination of pension plans. After comparing the supplementary pension plans and its legal protections of Taiwan, Germany, and U.S.A.，chapter 5 examines advantages and disadvantages of the two recent drafts of supplementary pension plans reforms proposed by CLA (Council of Labor Affairs)in Taiwan. One is “Draft of the Old-age Supplementary Insurance of Employees” , and the other is “Draft of Employee Pension Act “ . The possibilities of having other ways for reforming supplementary pension plans institution of this country is also discussed in this chapter.　The last chapter puts research results of the preceding chapters into a conclusion.