Este trabalho busca compreender as formas de relações de trabalho que estão à margem do assalariamento e suas consequências e perspectivas para a relação entre estado e sociedade no que se refere ao mundo do trabalho. A literatura tradicionalmente chamou os trabalhadores envolvidos nestas formas de relações laborais de informais ou atípicos. Neste sentido, foram tradicionalmente compreendidos, tanto academicamente como politicamente, na chave da falta e da impossibilidade da política. Contudo, se é verdade que do ponto de vista das instituições tradicionais relativas ao mundo do trabalho (sindicatos, estado e suas formas jurídicas de regulação do trabalho) elas de fato ainda são estranhas e não nomeáveis senão pela falta, no contexto das transformações econômicas e políticas ocorridas na últimas décadas, estas formas de relações laborais são constitutivos tanto do atual modelo de acumulação como também criam novos campos de conflitos, e a partir deles estão buscando se organizar politicamente, construir identidade e colocar sua agenda para o trabalho. Buscou-se assim, na primeira parte deste texto, compreender o significado teórico e político que as formas de trabalho não assalariadas tiveram e tem para o mundo do trabalho. Na segunda parte, a partir de uma discussão centrada na chamada economia solidária, se busca compreender a emergência desta nova realidade e a constituição de novos sujeitos políticos no mundo do trabalho, com identidade e agenda próprias. Contudo, se por um lado, neste processo de constituição de novos sujeitos políticos, estas formas de trabalho e seus trabalhadores ficam além da informalidade, por outro, ainda não conseguiram ser reconhecidos, em sua relação com o estado, como sujeitos portadores de direitos. / This work aims to examine the non-wage based labour relations and understand its implications for the State and Society. These kinds of labour relations have been referred to as \"informal\" or \"non typical\". In this sense, they have been viewed academically and politically as lacking or unviable. However, if it is true that from the perspective of the traditional labour institutions (Unions, State, and the juridical forms of labour regulation) these labour relations are aliens and cannot be characterized but for absence of the key attributes that traditionally have defined labour, in the context of political and economical changes that took place in the past decades, these labour relations are an important part of the accumulation model and have generated new fields of conflict and have been trying to get politically organized, building identity and pushing forward with their agenda. The first part of the work focus on understanding the theoretical and political implications of the non wage based relations for labour relations in general. On the second part, based on a discussion around \"solidary economy\', we try to understand the emergence of this new reality and the development of new political subjects with their own agendas and identities. However, although these labour relations and its workers are not informal, they still not recognized in their relation with the State as having rights.

The present paper will analyze, in the first place, the state of reconciliation of work, personal and family life, pointing those deficiencies that are presented, and the obstacles on the development of this right. Additionally, it will analyze if the establishment of a basic income could be an incentive to this reconciliation or, to the contrary, it could have an adverse effect, this seen from a gender perspective. / El presente estudio analizará, en primer lugar, el estado de la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral, señalando aquellas carencias que presenta y los obstáculos del desarrollo de este derecho. Adicionalmente, se analizará si el establecimiento de una renta básica puede ser un incentivo a la conciliación, o en cambio sería perjudicial, esto último visto desde la perspectiva del género.

There are three starting points for this thesis. First, there is the system of ESD, which is criticised for lacking capacity to improve the working conditions within the EU. Secondly, there is the system developed through the global ITF FOC campaign, which is considered to have capacity to improve working conditions for seafarers at a global level. Thirdly, there is the theory on self-referential autopoietic systems, which is a useful tool for analysing systems of industrial relations and their functions. The purpose of this thesis is to deepen the understanding of the function of the ESD in relation to the development of EU legislation and policy with the aim of trying to find a model for providing a holistic analysis of regulatory systems for the labour market. The research questions are: ‘How can the significant differences and similarities between the ESD and the global ITF FOC campaign be understood?’ and ‘Why is the ESD generally regarded as lacking the capacity needed for producing results that improve working conditions, while the ITF FOC is considered to have such capacity?’ The theoretical framework used for the analysis is Luhmann’s theory on autopoietic systems. Since the thesis has a normative core I have applied a methodological model that consists of a two-layer analysis at both the empirical and theoretical level. Firstly an analysis of positivistic values has been carried out and secondly an analysis of hermeneutic values. The empirical material consists of documents and texts that can be considered part of or reflecting the communication of the studied systems. The main conclusion is that whereas the ITF FOC system is a traditional system of industrial relations based on the binary code of negotiable or non-negotiable between collective actors the ESD is a system of industrial relations based on a less clear binary code of discussable or non-discussable. The ESD is also subject to less developed communicative structures that negatively affect the system’s capacity both to produce results and to secure the efficient implementation and application of these results. This makes the ESD as a system more sensitive to hermeneutic values framing the programming of structurally coupled systems causing difficulties for the ESD to challenge such hermeneutic values.

This study explores conceptualizations of transnational corporate accountability in the responses of Canadian organizations to a crisis in global capitalism. Empirically this study focuses on discussion and debate concerning the involvement of Canadian retail companies in the Rana Plaza disaster, which killed over 1,100 Bangladeshi garment workers on 24 April 2013. Information was drawn from Canadian Parliamentary Committee sessions, documents published by Canadian retail companies, governmental departments and civil society organizations, and nine semi-structured interviews with individuals possessing professional knowledge about corporate governance in global supply chains. A critical discourse analysis method, theoretically informed by the corporate crime literature, Gramsci’s concept of hegemony and Foucault’s notion of knowledge and power, examined the economic, political, and legal assumptions that characterized discussions about transnational corporate crime and accountability. Overall, dominant voices reinforced neoliberal beliefs about the effectiveness of allowing corporations to develop and implement their own means of transnational regulation. Claims describing the social benefits of free markets and flexible regulatory regimes overshadowed concerns about the dangerous and exploitive practices inherent in the production of private capital, which effectively reproduced the (de)regulation of multinational corporations.

Investigates to what extent international trade and investment policies affect the labour rights of EPZ (Export Processing Zones) workers in Kenya. Audit the existing legal and policy framework for labour protection in Kenya and determines the extent to which the labour rights of EPZ workers in Kenya are protected. Also examines whether whether the EPZs are beneficial to Kenya and identify ways in which the labour rights of EPZ workers can be protected. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Hani Sayed of the American University in Cairo, Egypt. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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Law and development mainstream conceptions of labour market policies, while still marked by long-dominant views of contract law as economically superior to any labour regulation, have recently incorporated certain specific labour (human) rights. Core labour rights are thus accepted by global policy-makers, on the basis of their radical distinction from non-core labour standards and their rationalization according to certain foundational principles. This thesis criticizes the prevailing dichotomies between core labour rights and non-core standards, on the one hand, and contract law and regulation, on the other, bringing to bear the post-legal realist idea of legal indeterminacy. It argues that the organizing legal concepts that justify these dichotomies contain gaps and ambiguities that often lead to contradictory and indeterminate outcomes. It thus suggests that the core/non-core labour standards and contract/regulation distinctions are unproductive and should be rejected if a better conception of labour governance is to come to fruition.

Law and development mainstream conceptions of labour market policies, while still marked by long-dominant views of contract law as economically superior to any labour regulation, have recently incorporated certain specific labour (human) rights. Core labour rights are thus accepted by global policy-makers, on the basis of their radical distinction from non-core labour standards and their rationalization according to certain foundational principles. This thesis criticizes the prevailing dichotomies between core labour rights and non-core standards, on the one hand, and contract law and regulation, on the other, bringing to bear the post-legal realist idea of legal indeterminacy. It argues that the organizing legal concepts that justify these dichotomies contain gaps and ambiguities that often lead to contradictory and indeterminate outcomes. It thus suggests that the core/non-core labour standards and contract/regulation distinctions are unproductive and should be rejected if a better conception of labour governance is to come to fruition.

The Swedish regulation of competition clauses has since 1969 partly been made in a collective agreement from Svenskt Näringsliv ” Överenskommelse angående begränsning av användningsområdet för och innehållet i s.k. konkurrensklausuler i tjänsteavtal”. The collective agreement has had a strong influence on the Swedish market, on the Labour Court and in law. In 2015 Svenskt Näringsliv signed a new agreement ”Avtal om användning av konkurrensklausuler i anställningsavtal.” The new agreement from 2015 brings a broader area of application of competition clauses to employment agreements.   Through the study of law as well as the two collective agreements this paper intends to establish when competition clauses in employment contracts can be used in accordance with 38§ Lag (1915:218) om avtal och andra rättshandlingar på förmögenhetsrättens område (avtalslagen). The paper will also examine if the agreement from 2015 is to be considered reasonable in light of 38§ avtalslagen. The study will be fulfilled with support of the following research questions; To what extent is it possible to use competition clauses according to ”Svenskt Näringslivs avtal om användning av konkurrensklausuler”  and 38§ avtalslagen?    Does the content of ”Svenskt Näringslivs avtal om användning av konkurrensklausuler” fulfill the fairness requirements in 38§ avtalslagen?

The aim of this thesis "Theology of Labour of St. John Paul II." is to summarize John Paul II.'s theological view of human labour, its impact on Christian spirituality and evangelization and pastoral efforts of the church. There is also attention paid to influence of his theology on further social magisterial texts. At the end, there is a reflection of impacts of this teaching to everyday economic and political life. The thesis is based on magisterial documents of John Paul II., especially on the encyclical Laborem exercens and his two further social encyclicals, Sollicitudo rei socialis and Centisimus annus. Other inspiring ideas come especially from reflections on St. Joseph and from the theology of body. There is a discussion on relation of human labour to the Mystery of The Holy Trinity, on perichoretical and sharing character of human labour. As a part of discussion on spirituality, there is the work state of life defined as analogy to Christian state of life. Human labour is a key to the social question, it is a tool for our salvation and therefore the mission of the church. Keywords St. John Paul II., Theology of Labour, Human Labour, Spirituality of Labour, Ethics of Labour, Wage Labour, Labour Capitalization, Labour Rights, Dignity of Human Labour, Sharing Economy