BakgrundPå grund av olika omständigheter tvingas allt fler människor fly från sina ursprungsländer, vilket leder till att allt fler länder blir mångkulturella. Ett mångkulturellt samhälle återspeglas i sin tur inom hälso- och sjukvården. Sjuksköterskor ställs inför stora utmaningar i vården av patienter som har andra kulturella bakgrunder. Därför är det viktigt att sjuksköterskor är kulturellt kompetenta samt kan kommunicera med patientersom inte har samma språk och kultur. SyfteSyftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans upplevelser av transkulturell omvårdnad bland vuxna patienter. MetodEn litteraturöversikt som är baserad på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Insamlingen av data gjordens genom att använda databaser PubMed och CINAHL ResultatResultatet av studien påvisade att sjuksköterskor står inför flera utmaningar inom området transkulturell omvårdnad vilken inkluderar bristande kulturkompetens, kommunikationsbarriärer, fördomar och individuella värderingar. Det blev tydligt att tillräcklig kulturell kompetens, effektiv kommunikation, respekt och ett välkomnande bemötande utgör betydande och avgörande faktorer för att kunna tillhandahålla meningsfull och värdig omvårdnad till patienter med en annan kulturell bakgrund. SlutsatsSjuksköterskor står inför utmaningar i vården av patienter med olika kulturella bakgrunder, vilket kan leda till osäkerhet och missförstånd. För att säkerställa kvalitativ vård behöver sjuksköterskor öka sin kunskap om transkulturell omvårdnad och utveckla effektiva kommunikationsstrategier. / Background Due to various circumstances, more and more people are forced to flee their countries of origin, which leads to more and more countries becoming multicultural. A multicultural society is in turn reflected in health care. Nurses are faced with great challenges in the care of patients who have other cultural backgrounds. Therefore, it is important that nurses are culturally competent and able to communicate with patients who do not share the same language and culture. AimThe purpose was to describe the nurse's experiences of transcultural nursing among adult patients. MethodA literature review based on 15 scientific articles was conducted. The collection of data was done by using databases PubMed and CINAHL ResultsThe results of the study showed that nurses face several challenges in the field of transcultural nursing which include lack of cultural competence, communication barriers, prejudices, and individual values. It became clear that sufficient cultural competence, effective communication, respect, and a welcoming attitude are significant and decisive factors in being able to provide meaningful and dignified care to patients with a different cultural background. ConclusionsNurses face challenges in caring for patients from different cultural backgrounds, which can lead to uncertainty and misunderstanding. To ensure quality care, nurses need to increase their knowledge of transcultural nursing and develop effective communication strategies.

Bakgrund: Transpersoner lider i högre utsträckning av psykisk ohälsa i jämförelse med övrig befolkning. I enlighet med lagar och konventioner har alla människor rätt till jämlik och adekvat vård. Sjuksköterskor behöver bred kompetens för att kunna ge hälsofrämjande och likvärdig vård. Trots det upplevs svårigheter att behandla transpersoner på grund av otillräcklig utbildning och kunskap. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva transpersoners upplevelser av mötet med vårdpersonal. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tolv kvalitativa vetenskapliga originalartiklar. Litteratursökningarna genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl Complete och PubMed. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fyra kategorier; att bli felkönad, människa inte vara transperson, betydelsen av kunskap eller okunskap hos vårdpersonal och vårdmiljöns betydelse. Transpersoner upplevde att deras könsidentitet var dominerande i mötet med vårdpersonal oavsett sökorsak. Upplevelsen av att inte få adekvat vård eller bemötande på grund av kompetensbrist var också tydlig. Sammanfattning: Bemötande har stor betydelse för hur transpersoner upplever sin vård. Positiva upplevelser av mötet med vårdpersonal var trygghetsingivande och stärkande medan negativa upplevelser var diskriminerande och icke hälsofrämjande. En ytterligare påverkande faktor var vårdmiljön. / Background: Transgender people suffer to a greater extent from mental illness in comparison to the rest of the population. In accordance with laws and conventions, everyone has the right to equal and adequate care. Nurses need broad competence to be able to provide health-promting and equivalent care. Despite that, difficulties are experienced in treating transgender people due to insufficient education and knowledge. Aim: The aim was to describe transgender persons experiences of healthcare encounters. Method: A litterature review based on twelve original qualitative scientific articles. The litterature search was carried out in the databases Cinahl Complete and PubMed. Results: Four categories emerged in the results; to be misgendered, human not just a transgender person, the importance of knowledge or lack of knowledge of healthcare staff and the importance of the healtcare environment. Transgender people felt that their gender identity was dominant in the encounter with healthcare professionals, regardless of the reason for seeking health care. The experience of not receiving adequate care or treatment due to lack of knowledge was also clear. Summary: The healthcare encounter has a great significance for how transgender people experience their care. Positive experiences of the encounter with healthcare personnel were reassuring and empowering, while negative experiences were discriminatory and did not promote transgender persons health. An additional factor that influenced the impression was the health care enviroment.

No description available.

Global warming is one of our time’s most pressing issues and the energy industry is the leading cause. In the current Swedish electricity systems, individual consumers hold little to no power as the system is inherently centralized, with large incumbent actors. The Swedish electricity grid is prognosticated to encounter a troublesome situation with grid capacity as society enjoys and evergrowing electrification. The climate issueshave however given renewable energy a more predominant role in the Swedish energy sector. Through the directives of the European Union’s Clean Energy Package, each member state now has to enact laws enabling for individuals to cooperatively engage in selfproduction of energy as a joint entity, which in turn enables for new niche technologies to become market actors. Energy communities is such an entity with a promising outlook to become both a considerable market actor, and an actor that can help alleviate grid tensions. The purpose of this study is to: 1) investigate how the internal business model for energy communities could be constructed in order to maximize societal outreach and promote the creation of new energy communities, and 2) to investigate how the business models could be constructed in order to coexist with the incumbent structures, while contributing to the developments in the sociotechnical regime. The study utilizes an abductive approach through the form of a single case study and qualitative data collection methods. The results are presented and analyzed using the business model canvas framework and its potential is analyzed through the MultiLevel Perspective. The prospects of energy communities in Sweden using photovoltaic (PV) production units are overall positive. The value propositions that lie at the core of the proposed business model are constituted of environmental benefits, autarky, social values and economic costs savings. The most prosperous developmental path for energy communities in order to in the future be recognized in the sociotechnical regime is through a relationship characterized by cooperation with the incumbent structures. / Global uppvärming är en av vår tids största problem, och energiindustrin är den största bidgrande faktorn. I det nuvarande energisystemet har individen lite kontroll, eftersom systemet är till hög grad centraliserat med stora aktörer. Effektbrist och kapacitetsbrist är växande problem i det svenska elnätet, vilket späds på av ökad elektrifiering. Klimatförändringarna har dock givits en större roll i den svenska energisektorn. Genom ett direktiv på EU nivå, Ren Energi paketet, kan nu varje medlemsstat etablera lagar för hur individer kan engagera sig och samarbeta i elproduktion för att själva bli marknadsaktörer. Ett samlingsnamn för sådana aktörer är energigemenskaper. Energigemenskaper kan bidra till att motverka både klimatkrisen men också problemen i elnäten. Syftet med denna studie är att: 1) undersöka hur affärsmodellen för energigemenskaper kan utformas så att man maximerar samhällsspridning och promoterar skapandet av nya energisamhällen, och 2) undersöka hur affärsmodellen can konstrueras så att de kan samexistera med nuvarande aktörer i energisystemet och dessutom utveckla det vidare. Denna studie har ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt, genom en fallstudie med kvalitativ datainsamling. Resultaten presenteras och analyseras med business model canvas och dess potential undersöks med hjälp av MultiLevel Perspective ramverket. Utsikterna för energigemenskaperna, med fokus på solcellsproduktion, är överlag goda. Energigemenskapens affärsmodells främsta värderbjudanden var klimatmedvetenhet, autarki, sociala attribut och kostnadsbesparingar. Den mest lovande utvecklingsbanan för energigemenskaper inkluderar karaktäriseras av inkludering och samarbeta med de stora och nuvarande aktörerna i energisystemet.

The content of this dissertation is divided into two main topics: 1) nonlinear profile monitoring and 2) an improved approximate distribution for the T² statistic based on the successive differences covariance matrix estimator. Part 1: Nonlinear Profile Monitoring In an increasing number of cases the quality of a product or process cannot adequately be represented by the distribution of a univariate quality variable or the multivariate distribution of a vector of quality variables. Rather, a series of measurements are taken across some continuum, such as time or space, to create a profile. The profile determines the product quality at that sampling period. We propose Phase I methods to analyze profiles in a baseline dataset where the profiles can be modeled through either a parametric nonlinear regression function or a nonparametric regression function. We illustrate our methods using data from Walker and Wright (2002) and from dose-response data from DuPont Crop Protection. Part 2: Approximate Distribution of T² Although the T² statistic based on the successive differences estimator has been shown to be effective in detecting a shift in the mean vector (Sullivan and Woodall (1996) and Vargas (2003)), the exact distribution of this statistic is unknown. An accurate upper control limit (UCL) for the T² chart based on this statistic depends on knowing its distribution. Two approximate distributions have been proposed in the literature. We demonstrate the inadequacy of these two approximations and derive useful properties of this statistic. We give an improved approximate distribution and recommendations for its use. / Ph. D.

Jacques Demy's Les Parapluies de Cherbourg (1964), Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1967), and Peau d'âne (1970), though quite popular with the public at their time of release and continuing to leave an aesthetic stamp on contemporary cinema, have been received by some critics and viewers in general as pure contrivance with little edification. This thesis puts forward, however, that such interpretations of these Demy musicals as primarily saccharine, superficial, and light miss the elemental melancholy belied by the charming varnish. Here, the three are unified as a triptych that thematizes and aestheticizes lack and desire in ways that can speak directly to the queer viewer. This thesis first situates the films among criticism from the 1960s to the present, opening a discourse on the potential for diverse political and aesthetic readings of Demy's work that continues to the present queer reading. Through a method of narratological close reading, I unify the three films as a triptych, each a variation on themes of isolation, absence, and amorous lack. Jean-Pierre Berthomé's Jacques Demy et les raciness du rêve (1982) is a rich resource in presenting these three seemingly distinct films as a totality. Once justified for study as a triptych, my thesis presents a queer reading of the films' ostensibly heterosexual narrative structures. With the buttressing of the queer theory of Harold Beaver, Andrew Ross, and Michael Koresky, among others, this chapter demonstrates how the narratives of longing Demy crafts can speak to the queer viewer and transcend a heterosexual framework. Finally, my thesis moves beyond narrative to another continuity, the aesthetic of camp present throughout the triptych. Through an exploration of the interconnectivity of camp, gender performance, and seduction, drawing on scholars Susan Sontag, Judith Butler, and Jean Baudrillard, respectively, the aesthetic of Demy's triptych is situated in a queer sensibility. Catherine Deneuve, Demy's "princesse idéale," is read as the reification of this sensibility in her potent performance of gender at the confluence of masculine and feminine qualities, as well as the ideal tabula rasa onto which the queer viewer's desire and longing can be projected. Ultimately, the triptych's reconciliation of the visually confectionary and the narratively somber is celebrated, as it points to a victory over tragedy through affective agency. / Master of Arts / Jacques Demy's Les Parapluies de Cherbourg (1964), Les Demoiselles de Rochefort (1967), and Peau d'âne (1970), French musicals from a masterful director of the New Wave movement in cinema, have been generally received positively by the public, and especially by gay viewers. Yet, these Demy films have been met with a range of skepticism to derision by some critics and even by a number of Demy's contemporaries. The three films' narratives concern a nascent romance thwarted by the Algerian War and economic demands, potential amorous encounters prevented by missed connections and arbitrary social barriers, and a flight from incestuous demands and its consequences of isolation and ridicule, respectively. Though these narratives are fundamentally melancholic, they are aestheticized through kaleidoscopic colors, virtuosic dancing, and the beautiful music scores of Michel Legrand. This thesis reexamines these films as a triptych that, considered together, thematizes lack and desire in a way that can speak directly to the queer viewer. Areas of overlap between the filmic narratives and the queer experience in the West are excavated and explored to demonstrate how the films can carry intimate signification to sexual minorities, as well as other marginalized identities. Finally, the particular and continuous aesthetic of the three films is studied as a queer sensibility embodied by the star of all three, Catherine Deneuve. The ability of this triptych to transcend a singular heterosexual interpretation and to heighten its effects on the viewer through a tension of form and content is celebrated.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 utgör en växande utmaning för global hälsa. Detta är en kronisk sjukdom som påverkar hur kroppen hanterar blodsockret. Stöd till egenvård är en central del i behandlingen av denna sjukdom. Syftet: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att ge stöd till egenvård hos patienter med diabetes mellitus typ II.Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats har tillämpats, där det baserades på 12 vetenskapliga artiklar. Dessa vetenskapliga artiklar var från år 2013–2023. Databaserna som användes var Medline och Cinahl samt Fribergs fem stegs analysmetod.Resultat: I litteraturöversikten framkom två teman: "Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av utmaningar i egenvårdsstöd" och "Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att skapa möjligheter för att stödja egenvård". Utifrån teman framkom följande subteman: "bristande kunskaper om sjukdomen", "att vägleda patienter", "att samarbeta i team", "att ge personcentrerad vård" och "kommunikation med patienter".Slutsats: Inom diabetesvården visade resultatet att sjuksköterskor har olika erfarenheter av att ge stöd till egenvård.  Resultatet visade även att kommunikation och att samarbeta i team var viktiga aspekter för att möjliggöra egenvårdsstöd. Sjuksköterskor ansåg att egenvårdsstöd främjades när de arbetade personcentrerad.Nyckelord: Samarbeta i team, kommunikation, personcentrerad vård, bristande kunskaper. / Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus poses a growing challenge to global health. This is a chronic condition that affects how the body manages blood sugar. Support for self-care is a central component in the treatment of this disease.Purpose: The purpose was to describe nurses' experiences of providing self-care support to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Method: A qualitative literature review with an inductive approach was applied, based on 12 scientific articles. These scientific articles were from the years 2013–2023. The databases used were Medline and Cinahl, along with Friberg's five-step analysis method.Results: The literature review revealed two themes: "Nurses' experiences of challenges in self-care support" and "Nurses' experiences of creating opportunities to support self-care." Based on these themes, the following subthemes emerged: "lack of knowledge about the disease," "guiding patients," "collaborating in teams," "providing person-centered care," and "communication with patients."Conclusion: Within diabetes care, the results showed that nurses have different experiences of providing self-care support. The results also indicated that communication and collaboration in teams were important aspects in enabling self-care support. Nurses believed that self-care support was promoted when they worked in a person-centered manner. Keywords: Collaborate in teams, communication, person-centered care, lack of knowledge.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma är ett växande hälsoproblem som medför ökad risk för följdsjukdomar och kan bidra till konsekvenser för reproduktiv hälsa. Svårigheter med att bli gravid och upprepade missfall kan leda till att kvinnor blir ofrivilligt barnlösa. Fler kvinnor söker sig till bariatriska enheter med förhoppning om att viktnedgång kan leda till föräldraskap. Tidigare forskning visar att det saknas kunskap och information om graviditet efter bariatrisk operation. Syfte: Att belysa kvinnors erfarenheter av graviditet efter bariatrisk operation. Metod: Kvalitativ undersökning med semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio kvinnor. Data har bearbetats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre kategorier och sju subkategorier. Sammanfattningsvis beskrev kvinnorna ett behov av mer information och rekommendationer i samband med graviditet efter bariatrisk operation. Att barnmorskor har kunskap om eller vilja att ta reda på information om graviditet efter bariatrisk operation för att bemöta kvinnorna och frågor är en viktig del för goda relationer. Konklusion: Befintlig kunskap och rekommendationer i samband med graviditet efter bariatrisk operation behöver stärkas. Barnmorskor behöver mer utbildning inom området för att kunna bemöta ett växande behov. Det är önskvärt att ett fungerande samarbete mellan barnmorskor och bariatriska enheter initieras. / Background: Overweight and obesity is a growing health problem that entails an increased risk of sequelae and can contribute to consequences for reproductive health. Having difficulties getting pregnant and repeated miscarriages can lead to women becoming involuntarily childless. More women are applying to bariatric units with the hope of weight reduction leading to parenthood. Previous research has shown that there is a lack of knowledge and information about pregnancy after bariatric surgery. Purpose: To shed light on women's experiences of pregnancy after bariatric surgery. Method: Qualitative survey with semi-structured interviews with 10 women. The data has been processed using qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: The results revealed three categories and seven subcategories. In summary, the women described a need of more information and recommendations concerning pregnancy after bariatric surgery. If midwives have knowledge of or an ambition to find information about pregnancy after bariatric surgery to meet women’s needs and questions is an important part for good relations. Conclusion: Existing knowledge and recommendations concerning pregnancy after bariatric surgery need to be strengthened. Midwives need more education to be able to meet a growing need. It is desirable that a functioning collaboration between midwives and bariatric units is initiated.

Thesis (MA (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research examines the extent of participatory democracy, as outlined in government policy, with particular relevance to the experiences of women living on farms in the Greater Stellenbosch Area, Ceres and Rawsonville. The study is based on the notion that effective and meaningful political participation in South Africa has happened at the exclusion of many of its poor and marginalised citizens, in particular poor women living on farms. The research hypothesis holds that various factors relating to the socioeconomic conditions and political orientations of farm women contribute to their low levels of participation in democratic governance. The research question therefore is: what are the obstacles that prevent women living on farms in the Greater Stellenbosch Area, Ceres and Rawsonville from effective and meaningful participation in participatory democracy? In answering the research question, mixed methods of data gathering were employed. Qualitative methods were used, with data-gathering techniques that included modified participant observation, non-scheduled structured interviews, and a focus group discussion. As relatively little is known of the experiences of farm women, these techniques were all geared towards better informing the researcher about relevant questions for the quantitative component of the research in the form of a survey. From the findings, the hypothesis that farm women do not participate in a meaningful process of participation was confirmed. The main findings in terms of the obstacles that prevent meaningful participation can be discussed in three categories. Firstly, the research indicates that farm women feel that since their opinions are not considered by politicians there is no reason for them to participate in governance. Secondly, because of a lack of capacity and resources critical for optimal participation, the women are also disempowered to not participate in politics. Finally, farm women are tired of empty promises and the abuse of power by corrupt officials. Hence they have become very cynical of processes that are supposed to be participatory, but in effect are not authentic at all. In conclusion, although participation is advanced on the basis of the principle of enhancing democracy, the lived realities of farm women cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is vital that participation in politics be seen from a holistic perspective, relying on both democratic principles and the socioeconomic development of farm women. Through political iii participation, farm women must be empowered to become not only democratic citizens, as envisioned by theorists of participatory democracy, but also capacitated people who live a dignified life. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsprojek bestudeer die omvang van deelnemende demokrasie, soos uiteengesit in regeringsbeleid, spesifiek met betrekking tot die ervaringe van vroue wat op plase in die Groter Stellenbosch Area, Ceres en Rawsonville woon. Die studie is gebaseer op die argument dat effektiewe en betekenisvolle politieke deelname in Suid Afrika die meerderheid arm en gemarginaliseerde burgers, en spesifiek arm vroue op plase, uitsluit. Die navorsingshipotese is dat verskeie faktore wat verband hou met die sosioekonomiese omstandighede en politieke oriëntasies van plaasvroue bydra tot hulle lae vlakke van politieke deelname. Vervolgens is die navorsingsvraag: Wat is die faktore wat vroue op plase in die Groter Stellenbosch Area, Ceres en Rawsonville daarvan weerhou om effektief en betekenisvol deel te neem aan die politiek? Gemengde metodes van data-insameling is gebruik om die navorsingsvraag te beantwoord. Kwalitatiewe data-insamelingstegnieke sluit in aangepaste deelnemende observasie, niegeskeduleerde gestruktureerde onderhoude en ʼn fokusgroepbespreking. Aangesien relatief min inligting oor plaasvroue bestaan, is die doel met die tegnieke om die navorser beter in te lig om vrae vir die kwantitatiewe komponent, ʼn opname, te skep. Deur die bevindinge is die hipotese dat plaasvroue nie gereeld aan effektiewe en betekenisvolle deelnemende prosesse deelneem nie bevestig. Wat die faktore wat deelname beïnvloed betref, is daar drie verskillende temas. Eerstens dui die navorsing daarop dat plaasvroue voel dat aangesien hulle opinies nie deur politici in ag geneem word nie, daar geen rede vir hulle is om aan die politiek deel te neem nie. Tweedens is plaasvroue as gevolg van ‘n gebrek aan die kapasiteit en hulpbronne noodsaaklik vir optimale deelname ook geneig om minder aan die politiek deel te neem. Laastens is die vroue moeg van leë beloftes en die misbruik van mag deur korrupte amptenare. Gevolglik is hul nou meer sinies, spesifiek oor prosesse wat veronderstel is om deelnemend te wees maar in werklikheid glad nie is nie. Ten slotte, alhoewel deelname aan die politiek bevorder word op grond van die beginsel dat dit demokrasie verbeter, kan die lewensomstandighede van plaasvroue nie geïgnoreer word nie. Hiervolgens is dit noodsaaklik dat deelname in die politiek vanuit ‘n holistiese oogpunt beskou word, gegrond op beide demokratiese beginsels en die sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling van plaasvroue. Deur politieke deelname moet plaasvroue bemagtig word om nie net demokratiese burgers te word nie, maar ook gekapasiteerde mense wat n waardige lewe lei.

Peut-on parler d’une théorie des nullités dans la doctrine après le Code civil ? C’est à cette question que l’on a cherché à répondre dans ce travail. En effet, la réponse, habituellement, apportée à cette dernière appelle des précisions. Selon cette réponse, après le Code civil, il y a eu une théorie des nullités dans la doctrine. D’abord, il y a eu une doctrine classique qui est composée, majoritairement, d’auteurs du XIXème siècle. Ensuite, à coté de cette doctrine, il y a eu une doctrine dite moderne, composée majoritairement d’auteurs du XXème siècle. Si, pour construire une théorie générale des nullités, la doctrine classique a utilisé l’état de l’acte, la doctrine moderne elle, elle a utilisé le critère lié au but de la règle violée. Dans ce travail, on a cherché à renouveler cette réponse, d’une part en mettant en évidence les limites de l’idée d’une doctrine classique ou moderne et d’autre par en montrant l’inadéquation de ces théories générales, construites par les auteurs après le code civil, au droit positif. Ce qui nous a permis de proposer d’abandonner toute vision globale sur doctrine et sur la théorie des nullités. Aussi, on a proposé de remplacer cette vision globale par une conception diverse des nullités. Une conception diverse d’abord, en ce qui concerne la doctrine, dans la mesure où il n’y a pas d’un coté la doctrine classique et de l’autre la doctrine moderne. Mais aussi une conception diverse en ce qui concerne la théorie des nullités elle-même, dans la mesure où il n’y a pas une seule théorie pour tous les types de contrats, mais des théories diverses qui épousent les spécificités de chaque contrat. Telles sont les conclusions auxquelles nous sommes parvenus à l’issue de ce travail. / Can we speak of a theory of nullity in the doctrine after the Civil Code? This is the question we sought to answer in this work. Indeed, the answer usually given to the latter requires clarification. According to the response after the Civil Code, there was a theory of nullity in the doctrine. First, there was a classical doctrine which is composed mainly of lawyers of the nineteenth century. Then, next to this doctrine, there was a doctrine called modern, composed mainly of lawyers of the twentieth century. If, to construct a general theory of nullity, the classical doctrine has used the state of the act, the modern doctrine, she has used the criterion related to the purpose of the rule breached.In this study, we sought to renew this response, first by highlighting the limits of the idea of a classic or modern doctrine and the other by showing the inadequacy of these general theories, built by the authors after the Civil Code, the positive law. This allowed us to propose to abandon any overall vision and doctrine on the theory of nullity. Also, it was proposed to replace this global vision by various design nonentities. A diverse design first, with regard to doctrine, to the extent that there is no one side the classical doctrine and other modern doctrine. But also various design regarding the theory of nullity itself, insofar as there is no single theory for all types of contracts, but various theories that espouse the specifics of each contract.These are the conclusions we have reached the end of this work.