Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Leaf-cutting ants in the genus Atta are common insects in the Neotropics and important pests in agricultural and forestry environments. Ant control of this genus has been made with the use of synthetic organic insecticides, by often inefficiently. In this way, aiming generate new technology for the management of these pests, this work aimed to evaluate the essential oil activity from Pogostemon cablin against species of leaf-cutting ants Atta opaciceps, A. sexdens and A. sexdens rubropilosa and develop nanoformulation basis of this essential oil. The essential oil P. cablin was obtained by hydrodistillation of dry leaves and the identification/quantification of the compounds by was performed by GC/MS/FID. The nanoformulation (18%) was performed by magnetic shaking using essential oil from P. cablin, polyoxyethylene sorbitan, ethanol and water. Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted by fumigation, lethal time and behavioral. Behavioral studies involved pathway behavior bioassays in fully treated arenas and treated by half. Small variations were observed in the chemical composition of nanoformulation in relation to the essential oil from P. cablin. The essential oil from P. cablin and its nanoformulation demonstrated efficient insecticidal activity against the species A. opaciceps, A. sexdens and A. sexdens rubropilosa. The concentrations necessary to cause 50% mortality of workers by fumigation ranged from 1,06 a 2,10 μL L-1. The survival of workers of A. opaciceps, A. sexdens and A. sexdens rubropilosa exposed to essential oil from P. cablin and its nanoformulation was significantly reduced over time. The essential oil from P. cablin and its nanoformulation reduced the distance and the speed of workers of A. opaciceps and A. sexdens rubropilosa in fully treated arenas. The treatments didn’t affect the pathway behavior of workers of A. sexdens in these bioassays. While bioassays of arenas treated by half, when the insect had free choice, three species of ants walked less in the treated area and with greater speed. For A. sexdens rubropilosa this effect was more pronounced for the essential oil from P. cablin compared to nanoformulation of this oil. The species A. sexdens and A. sexdens rubropilosa remained most of the time on untreated side by essential oil from P. cablin or its nanoformulation. While A. opaciceps remained less time on the treated side with essential oil from P. cablin. This work demonstrates the strong formicidal activity of essential oil from P. cablin and the great potential of nanoformulation developed to generate new products. / As formigas cortadeiras pertencentes ao gênero Atta são insetos comuns na região neotropical e importantes pragas em ambientes agrícolas e florestais. O controle de formigas deste gênero tem sido feito com a utilização de inseticidas organossintéticos, por muitas vezes de forma ineficiente. Desta forma, visando gerar nova tecnologia para o manejo destas pragas, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a atividade formicida do óleo essencial de Pogostemon cablin sobre as espécies de formigas cortadeiras Atta opaciceps, A. sexdens e A. sexdens rubropilosa e desenvolver um protótipo de nanoformulação a base deste óleo essencial. O óleo essencial de P. cablin foi obtido por hidrodestilação de folhas secas e a identificação/quantificação dos compostos foi realizada por CG/EM/DIC. A nanoformulação (18%) foi realizada por agitação magnética utilizando óleo essencial de P. cablin, polioxietileno sorbitano, etanol e água. Foram realizados bioensaios de toxicidade aguda por fumigação, tempo letal e comportamental. Os estudos comportamentais envolveram bioensaios de comportamento de caminhamento em arenas totalmente tratadas e em arenas com a metade tratada. Pequenas variações foram observadas na composição química da nanoformulação em relação ao óleo essencial de P. cablin. O óleo essencial de P. cablin e sua nanoformulação demonstraram eficiente atividade inseticida sobre as espécies A. opaciceps, A. sexdens e A. sexdens rubropilosa. As concentrações necessárias para causar 50% de mortalidade das operárias por fumigação variaram de 1,06 a 2,10 μL L-1. A sobrevivência das operárias de A. opaciceps, A. sexdens e A. sexdens rubropilosa expostas ao óleo essencial de P. cablin e sua nanoformulação foi significativamente reduzida ao longo do tempo. O óleo essencial de P. cablin e sua nanoformulação reduziram a distância percorrida e a velocidade das operárias de A. opaciceps e A. sexdens rubropilosa em arenas totalmente tratadas. Os tratamentos não afetaram o comportamento de caminhamento das operárias de A. sexdens nestes bioensaios. Já nos bioensaios com metade da arena tratada, isto é, quando o inseto tinha chance de escolha, as três espécies de formigas caminharam menos na área tratada com maior velocidade. Para A. sexdens rubropilosa este efeito foi mais pronunciado para o óleo essencial de P. cablin em relação à sua nanoformulação. As espécies A. sexdens e A. sexdens rubropilosa permaneceram a maior parte do tempo no lado não tratado pelo óleo essencial de P. cablin ou pela sua nanoformulação. Já A. opaciceps permaneceu menos tempo no lado tratado com o óleo essencial de P. cablin. Este trabalho demonstra uma alta atividade formicida do óleo essencial de P. cablin e o grande potencial da nanoformulação desenvolvida para a geração de novos produtos.

Dans ce travail nous avons réalisé une évaluation de la composition et des activités biologiques des HEs extraites de L. stoechas récoltées sur 11 sites dans le nord de l'Algérie. Les HEs ont été analysées par GC/FID et GC/MS, où un total de 121 composés ont été identifiés, représentant de 69.88 à 91.2% du contenu total de l'huile. Les principaux constituants étaient le fenchone (11.27-37.48%), le camphre (1.94-21.8%), le 1,8-cinéol (0.16-8.71%) et le viridiflorol (2.89-7.38%). Les activités biologiques in vitro ont démontré que les activités de piégeage du radical DPPH et l’oxydation des lipides du couple β- carotène/acide linoléique différaient d’un facteur 8 et étaient liées à différents ensembles de molécules. Nos 11 HEs ont présenté de bonnes activités antimicrobiennes envers la plupart des 16 souches pathogènes testées à des valeurs de concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) allant de 0.16 à 3.5 mg/ml. A l’aide d’amorces dégénérées nous avons isolé trois ADNc en pleine longueur, LpFENS, LpPINS et LpGEAS, de feuilles de L. pedunculata. Six ADNc homologues en pleine longueur, LSFENS, LsPINS, LsGEAS, LvFENS, LvPINS et LvGEAS, ont été également isolés des feuilles de L. stoechas et L. viridis en utilisant des amorces spécifiques aux trois premiers ADNc clonés. L’expression hétérologue dans E. coli et l’analyse de l’activité catalytique par GC/MS des enzymes natives recombinantes purifiées de ces TPSs ont permis leur caractérisation fonctionnelle en tant que, α-fenchol synthases (LpFENS, LsFENS et LvFENS), α-pinène synthases (LpPINS, LsPINS et LvPINS) et germacrène A synthase (LpGEAS, LsGEAS et LvGEAS) / In this work, we have assessed the composition and the biological activities of essential oils (EO) extracted from L. stoechas collected from 11 locations in northern Algeria. The oils were analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. A total of 121 compounds were identified that accounted for 69.88-91.2 % of the total oil contents. Major components were fenchone (11.27-37.48 %), camphor (1.94-21.8 %), 1,8-cineol (0.16-8.71 %) and viridiflorol (2.89-7.38 %). In vitro biological activities demonstrated that the DPPH-based radical scavenging and the β-carotene/linoleic acid-based lipid anti-oxidation activities differed by an 8 fold factor and were linked to different sets of molecules in different EOs. Our 11 EOs exhibited good antimicrobial activities against most of the 16 tested strains of pathogenic bacteria, filamentous fungi and yeast at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of 0.16 to 3.5 mg/ml. The use of degenerate primers allowed us to isolate three full-length cDNAs, LpFENS, LpPINS and LpGEAS, from the leaves of L. pedunculata. Six full-length homologous cDNAs, LsFENS, LsFENS, LsPINS, LsGEAS, LvFENS, LvPINS and LvGEAS were also isolated from the leaves of L. stoechas and L. viridis with specific primers designed on the cDNAs previously cloned. Heterologous expression in E. coli and GC/MS analysis of the catalytic activity of native recombinant enzymes of these TPSs have led to their functional characterization as α-fenchol synthases (LpFENS, LsFENS and LvFENS), α-pinene synthases (LpPINS, LsPINS and LvPINS) and germacrene A synthases (LpGEAS, LsGEAS and LvGEAS)

The apparent reversal of trend from modern drugs to herbal medicine is partly due to the fact that synthetic drugs have always shown adverse reactions and other undesirable side effects. Hence, the use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diseases such as diabetes is very common especially in the rural areas. Majority of these plants are used based on the experience and indigenous knowledge without identification of the therapeutic agents. There is enormous wealth of medicinal plants in the world yet many of them have not been discovered or studied scientifically to substantiate their ethno-medicinal usages. Ethnobotanical study has been the method often used to search for locally important plant species for the discovery of crude drugs with low side effects. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted on the medicinal plants commonly used for the management of diabetes mellitus in Nkonkobe Municipality, Eastern Cape of South Africa. Information was obtained through structured questionnaire administered to traditional healers and herbalists in the region. The study revealed 15 species of plants belonging to 13 families. Strychnos henningsii and Leonotis leonorus among others were repeatedly mentioned by the traditional healers as the two mostly used plants for the management of diabetes mellitus. The infusion and decoction of the roots, leaves and barks of these plants are the methods of preparation. The antioxidant potential of aqueous bark extract of S. henningsii was investigated both in vivo and in vitro using spectroscopic method. The antioxidant activity of the extract against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 2,2′-azinobis[3-ethylbenzothiazoline6-sulfonic acid] diammonium salt (ABTS), as well as reducing power was concentration dependent. The extract exhibited lower and average scavenging activities against 1,1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals with IC50 value of 0.739 and 0.49 mg/ml respectively. The administration of the plant extract at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes in the hepatotoxic rats induced with carbon tetrachloride. On the other hand, the stem bark extract had lower effect on lipid peroxidation level except at the dose of 250 mg/kg. The effect of oral administration of S. henningsii extract was evaluated in normal Wistar rats for 28 days. The observed result indicated non- toxic effect of sub-acute administration of plant extract to the animals except at certain doses. This is because, there was no apparent damage to some haematological and biochemical parameters used in assessing organ specific toxicity. However, the alterations observed on platelet, white blood cells and its differentials imply parameter and dose selective toxicity when repeatedly consumed on daily basis at the doses investigated. This study also investigated the antidiabetic activities of the extract at the doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin -nicotinamide for 15 days. The extract appreciably (P <0.05) reduced the blood glucose level, feed and water intake while the best result was obtained at 250 mg/kg. Similarly, the level of triacylglycerol at the three doses investigated was significantly decreased. In addition, the glucose tolerance was reduced to near normal level after 90 min at certain doses. The clinical significance of the extract on some biochemical and haematological parameters lessen both hepatic and renal damages. Anaemic condition in diabetic animals was also improved after plant extract administration. However, no significant effect was observed in white blood cells and some of its differentials. The extract demonstrated strong glucose utilization in 3T3-L1 cells with a response of 278.63 percent of the control at 12.5μg/ml while that of Chang liver cells was 103.54 percent. The cytotoxicity result revealed non toxic effects of the extract to both cell lines. Treatment of 3T3 L1 cells with the extract did not reduce lipid accumulation. The extract inhibited the activity of α- glucosidase and α- amylase in a concentration dependent manner with IC50 values of 38 μg/ml and 60.9 μg/ml respectively. The percentage protein antiglycation of S. henningsii was 18.4, 38.2 and 61.2 perceent for 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml respectively while aminoguanidine a known inhibitor of protein glycation was 87.2 percent at 1 mg/ml. The FRAP assay values of the extract was 357.05 μmol Fe (II)/g. The findings from this study support the folkloric usage of this plant for the management of diabetes mellitus in the region.

This work concerns the amount of certain phenols in some of the representatives of families Alliaceae, Lamiaceae and Apiaceae. Phenols in plants are widely represented and highly concentrated. Flavonoids are one of the smallest, yet quite significant classes of phenols. Ingestion of food containing flavonoids can prevent certain diseases such as Arteriosclerosis. cardiovascular and tumor diseases. This work focuses, for their special biological effects, on five flavonoids: Kaempferol, Quercetin, Myricetin, Apigenin and Luteolin. For determining the content of phenols a method of High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used. Three representative of the family Alliaceae, two representatives of the family Lamiaceae and three representatives of the family Apiaceae were analysed. Only edible parts of the plants were used for the analysis and the amount of phenols was compared in certain plants planted in beddings to the plants planted in greenhouses. At first, the qualitative representantion of phenols was ascertained by the HPLC method. The result is chromatographic profiles, which were then used in calculating the amount of particular phenols. Then the total amounts of kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, apigenin and luteolin were found out thanks to HPLC method. The biggest amount of total kaempferol was determined in petroselium hortense planted in beddings (588 mg/kg of fresh sample) and in a greenhouse (340 mg/kg of fresh sample). The biggest amount of quercetin was determined in red onion planted in a greenhouse (773 mg/kg of fresh sample) and in ocimum basilicum planted in beddings (535 mg/kg of fresh sample). The biggest amount of apigenin was determined in petroselium hortense planted in a greenhouse (1790 mg/kg of fresh sample) and in petroselium chrispum planted in beddings (3690 mg/kg of fresh sample).

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Eplingiella fruticosa (Lamiaceae) is an important aromatic medicinal herb traditionally used in northeastern Brazil for the treatment of pain, inflammation and convulsion. However, the scientific evidence of these activities has been little explored. Studies using essential oils (EOs) complexed with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) have shown promise for improving the biological effects of EOs in the management of chronic pain. Thus, the goal of the present study was to evaluate the antihyperalgesic effect of the essential oil obtained from E. fruticosa (EplEO) and its inclusion complex with βCD (EplEO-βCD) about chronic musculoskeletal pain in rodents. EplEO was extracted by hydrodistillation and its chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). The EplEO-βCD complexes were prepared by two different methods (physical mixing and past complexation) and later characterized in differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry / derivative thermogravimetry, moisture determination and scanning electron microscopy. After approval of the project by CEPA-UFS (Number 65/09) the FM model was induced in adult male albino Swiss mice by two injections of saline solution pH 4.0 (20 μl) in the left gastrocnemius, with a 5-day interval. After induction of hyperalgesia, the mice were treated daily (6th day to day 12) with EplEO (50 mg/kg, p.o.), EplEO-βCD (50 mg/kg, p.o.), vehicle (isotonic saline, p.o.) or Tramadol (4 mg/kg, i.p.) and evaluated for mechanical hyperalgesia. Previously, a time-effect curve was performed to verify the administration of EplEO and EplEO-βCD. In addition, the animals were evaluated for motor coordination and muscle strength using EplEO (50 mg/kg, p.o.), EplEO-βCD (50 mg/kg, p.o.), vehicle (isotonic saline, p.o.) or Diazepam (4 mg/kg, i.p.). After the experiments, the animals were sacrificed and evaluated for expression of Fos-positive cells in the spinal cord by immunofluorescence. EplEO produced a yield of 0.741% (m/m) and GC-MS/FID analysis identified 27 compounds in total, being (E)-cariophylene (14.16%), bicyclogermacrene (12.68%), 1,8-cineole (11.03%), α-pinene (6.79%) and β-pinene (5.10%) the majority. The complexation of EplEO-βCD by past complexation was shown to be more effective by the characterization tests. Treatment with EplEO-βCD produced a long-acting antihyperalgesic effect (p <0.05 vs. vehicle and p <0.05 vs EplEO) which had an effect time of eight hours when compared to EplEO (p <0.01 vs vehicle) with time effect of four hours, without changes in motor coordination or myorelaxant effect. In addition, EplEO and EplEO-βCD produced a significant antihyperalgesic effect (p <0.01 or p <0.001) over 7 consecutive days of treatment. The immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that the group of animals treated with EplEO had a significant (p <0.001) decrease in the number of Fos-positive cells in the spinal cord when compared to the vehicle group. In view of the foregoing, it has been demonstrated that the anti-hyperalgesic effect produced by EplEO has been improved following βCD complexation with a possible relationship in the classic central pain inhibition pathway. / Eplingiella fruticosa (Lamiaceae) é uma importante erva medicinal aromática utilizada tradicionalmente no nordeste do Brasil para o tratamento da dor, inflamação e convulsão. No entanto, as evidências científicas dessas atividades têm sido pouco exploradas. Estudos utilizando óleos essenciais (OEs) complexados com a β-ciclodextrina (βCD) têm se mostrado promissores para melhorar os efeitos biológicos dos OEs no manejo da dor crônica. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito anti-hiperalgésico do óleo essencial obtido de E. fruticosa (EplEO) e seu complexo de inclusão com βCD (EplEO-βCD) sobre a dor crônica musculoesquelética em roedores. O EplEO foi extraído por hidrodestilação e sua composição química foi determinada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa e detector por ionização de chama (CG-EM/DIC). Os complexos EplEO-βCD foram preparados através de dois métodos diferentes (mistura física e malaxagem) e posteriormente caracterizados em calorimetria exploratória diferencial, termogravimetria/termogravimetria derivada, determinação da umidade e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Após a aprovação do projeto pelo CEPA-UFS (Nº 65/09) o modelo FM foi induzido em camundongos Swiss albinos machos adultos através de duas injeções de solução salina pH 4,0 (20 μl) no gastrocnêmio esquerdo, com 5 dias de intervalo. Após a indução da hiperalgesia, os camundongos foram tratados diariamente (6° dia ao 12º dia) com EplEO (50 mg/kg, via oral (v.o.)), EplEO-βCD (50 mg/kg, v.o), veículo (salina isotônica, v.o) ou Tramadol (4 mg/kg, i.p) e avaliados quanto a hiperalgesia mecânica. Também foi realizado uma curva tempo-efeito para verificar a administração de EplEO e EplEO-βCD. Além disso, os animais foram avaliados quanto a coordenação motora e força muscular utilizando EplEO (50 mg/kg, v.o), EplEO-βCD (50 mg/kg, v.o), veículo (salina isotônica, v.o) ou Diazepam (4 mg/kg, i.p). Após os experimentos, os animais foram sacrificados e avaliados quanto a expressão de células Fos positivas na medula espinal por imunofluorescência. O EplEO apresentou rendimento 0,741% (m/m) e a análise por CG-EM/DIC identificou 27 compostos ao total, sendo (E)-cariofileno (14,16%), biciclogermacreno (12,68%), 1,8-cineol (11,03%), α-pineno (6,79%) e β-pineno (5,10%) os majoritários. A complexação do EplEO-βCD por malaxagem mostrou-se mais efetiva pelos testes de caracterização. O tratamento com EplEO-βCD produziu um efeito anti-hiperalgésico de longa duração (p <0,05 vs veículo e p <0,05 vs EplEO) que teve um tempo de efeito de oitos horas quando comparado ao EplEO (p <0,01 vs veículo) com tempo efeito de quatro horas, sem alterações na coordenação motora ou efeito miorrelaxante. Além disso, o EplEO e o EplEO-βCD produziram um efeito anti-hiperalgésico significativo (p <0,01 ou p <0,001) ao longo de 7 dias consecutivos de tratamento. O ensaio de imunofluorescência demonstrou que o grupo dos animais tratados com EplEO obteve uma diminuição significativa (p <0,001) no número de células Fos positivas na medula espinhal quando comparado com o grupo veículo. Diante do exposto, foi demostrado que o efeito anti-hiperalgésico produzido por EplEO foi melhorado após complexação com βCD com possível relação na via clássica de inibição central da dor. / São Cristóvão, SE

Abstract Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) oil is one of the most popular and widely used essential oils, mostly because of its main components menthol and menthone. Peppermint oil is used for flavouring pharmaceuticals and oral preparations. Corn mint is the richest source of natural menthol. Carvone-scented mint plants, such as spearmint (M. spicata), are rich in carvone and are widely used as spices, and they are cultivated in several countries. Studies were made into the yield and essential oil content of several mint species and the original. The general aim of the work was to examine the optimal conditions for cultivating mint in Northern Finland. The specific aims of the study were (first) to investigate the differences in the oil content for several mint species and (secondly) to compare the effect of various factors such as plant spacing (10, 20 and 30 × 50 cm), liming (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 tons ha-1), propagation methods (micropropagated and conventionally propagated plants) and harvest date (once at the end of August in comparison with first cut at the beginning of August and second cut in mid September) on the cultivation success, quality and quantity of the plants. The constituents of the essential oil were analysed from leaf samples using GC-MS. Among the peppermints of different origins studied, peppermint of USA and Egypt origin ('Black Mitcham') contain the highest menthol and optimum oil yield. Corn mint and Sachalin mints both had high menthol content. Due to several reasons, such as no significant differences between the different densities and oil composition, markedly higher amount of weeds at 30 × 50 cm than at 10 × 50 and 20 × 50 cm spacing and the high seedling costs and the danger of fungi and disease at a 10 × 50 cm spacing, a plant optimum of 20 × 50 cm spacing is recommended for Northern Ostrobothnia. If the pH value is lower than 6, or levels of Mg and Ca are low, liming at a rate of 4–8 t ha-1 for sandy soils in Finland is recommended in order to achieve higher fresh and oil yields. In the first year, there were no differences in the dry leaf yield of micropropagated and conventionally propagated plants, but the menthol content was significantly higher in conventionally than in micropropagated plants. In the second year, only the dry leaf yield of micropropagated plants was higher than that of their conventionally propagated counterparts. Cutting peppermint only once during full bloom (the end of August) gives the maximum oil yield of good quality. In conclusion, it is possible to achieve as high as or even higher oil quality and dry yield in North Ostrobothnia than it is in central Europe or south Asia. However, this requires observing certain cultivation factors such as having the right type of mint, soil pH, planting density, harvesting time and propagation method In addition, mints must be cultivated in the same place for only two and a maximum for three years.

No description available.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) is one of the stored grain pests of major importance in the world. The indiscriminate use of conventional insecticides has led to the selection of populations of resistant S. zeamais. Although the essential oils (EO) of plants are considered an alternative to conventional insecticides, their range of use due to insect populations with different capacities resistance has not been determined. We examined the toxicity of the EO of Pogostemon cablin and its nanoemulsion on nine populations of S. zeamais from different regions of Brazil. For that were performed bioassays topical application, contact, fumigation, and repellency effects on population growth. Fifteen compounds were identified the EO of P. cablin, and patchoulol was major component (55.04%). The EO of P. cablin showed average activity against the nine populations of S. zeamais when applied topically. The time required to cause 50% mortality of the population was 33.4 hours. The nine populations of S. zeamais responded similarly to EO of P. cablin. The lethal dose to kill 50% of the population resulted in low toxicity index (<2). The population of Viçosa-MG was more susceptible the EO of P. cablin, with LD50 of 9.17 and 8.01 μg mg-1 after 48 and 72 hours exposure respectively. The greater tolerance of EO P. cablin was detected in the population of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, which increased the LD50 of 1.77 and 1.53 times. The concentration the EO of P. cablin required to cause 50% mortality of the population by contact and fumigation ranged from 0.34 to 0.43 μl ml-1 and from 28.6 to 33.5 μl l-1, respectively. Already the nanoemulsion P. cablin showed LC50 ranging from 1.28 to 8.84 μl ml-1 and from 32.7 to 39.5 μl l-1. There was an increase in toxicity by contact and fumigation (LC50) of the nanoemulsion of P. cablin from 48 to 72 hours of exposure. Toxicity (LC50) for contact and fumigation on populations of Viçosa-MG and Sete Lagoas-MG after 48 and 72 hours of exposure to EO P. cablin was in most cases greater than the toxicity caused by nanoemulsion of P. cablin. The EO and the nanoemulsion of P. cablin were LC50 and LC70 repellents in at all times of exposure for the population of Viçosa-MG. The same occurred with the population of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, except for LC50 after 4, 6 and 8 hours of exposure and the LC70 after 24 hours of exposure to nanoemulsion of P. cablin. For the population of Viçosa-MG, there was no difference in repellency caused by EO and nanoemulsion of P. cablin. As for the population of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais, EO P. cablin caused greater repellency to this population compared to this oil nanoemulsion. Increasing concentrations of nanoemulsion of P. cablin resulted in reduction and consumption of grains of the two populations. Populations of Viçosa-MG and Sete Lagoas-MG entered decline (ri <0) using concentrations of 50.15 and 67.29 μl kg-1, respectively. / O gorgulho do milho (Sitophilus zeamais) e uma das pragas de graos armazenados de maior importancia no mundo. O uso indiscriminado de inseticidas convencionais tem levado a selecao de populacoes de S. zeamais resistentes. Apesar dos oleos essenciais (OE) de plantas serem considerados uma alternativa ao uso de inseticidas convencionais, sua amplitude de utilizacao frente as populacoes de insetos com capacidades distintas de resistencia ainda nao foi determinada. Neste trabalho analisamos a toxicidade do OE de Pogostemon cablin e da nanoemulsao a base desse OE sobre nove populacoes de S. zeamais provenientes de diferentes regioes do Brasil. Para isso foram realizados bioensaios de aplicacao topica, contato, fumigacao, repelencia e efeitos sobre o crescimento populacional. Foram identificados quinze compostos no OE de P. cablin, sendo o patchoulol o componente majoritario (55,04%). O OE de P. cablin demonstrou atividade inseticida sobre as nove populacoes de S. zeamais quando aplicado topicamente. O tempo necessario para causar 50% de mortalidade das populacoes foi em media 33,4 horas. As nove populacoes de S. zeamais responderam de modo semelhante ao OE de P. cablin. As doses letais para matar 50% das populacoes resultaram em baixas razoes de toxicidade (<2). A populacao de Vicosa-MG foi a mais susceptivel ao OE de P. cablin, com DL50 de 9,17 e 8,01 Êg mg-1 apos 48 e 72 horas de exposicao, respectivamente. A maior tolerancia ao OE de P. cablin foi detectada na populacao de Sete Lagoas-MG, que apresentou aumento na DL50 de 1,77 e 1,53 vezes. A concentracao do OE de P. cablin necessaria para causar 50% de mortalidade das populacoes por contato e fumigacao variou de 0,34 a 0,43 Êl ml-1 e 28,6 a 33,5 Êl l-1, respectivamente. Ja a nanoemulsao de P. cablin apresentou CL50 que variaram de 1,28 a 8,84 Êl ml-1 e 32,7 a 39,5 Êl l-1. Houve aumento da toxicidade por contato e fumigacao (CL50) da nanoemulsao de P. cablin de 48 para 72 horas de exposicao. A toxicidade (CL50) por contato e fumigacao sobre as populacoes de Vicosa-MG e Sete Lagoas-MG apos 48 e 72 horas de exposicao ao OE de P. cablin foi, na maioria das vezes, maior do que a toxicidade causada pela nanoemulsao de P. cablin. O OE e a nanoemulsao de P. cablin foram repelentes nas CL50 e CL70 em todos os tempos de exposicao para a populacao de Vicosa-MG. O mesmo ocorreu com a populacao de Sete Lagoas-MG, excecao para a CL50 apos 4, 6 e 8 horas de exposicao e para a CL70 apos 24 horas de exposicao a nanoemulsao de P. cablin. Para a populacao de Vicosa-MG, nao houve diferenca na repelencia causada pelo OE e nanoemulsao de P. cablin. Ja para a populacao de Sete Lagoas-MG, o OE de P. cablin causou maior repelencia a esta populacao se comparado a nanoemulsao deste OE. Concentracoes crescentes da nanoemulsao de P. cablin resultaram em reducao do ri e do consumo de graos das duas populacoes. As populacoes de Vicosa-MG e Sete Lagoas-MG entraram em declinio (ri<0) a partir das concentracoes de 50,15 e 67,29 Êl kg-1, respectivamente.

This thesis examines the cytochrom P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial properties of 46 common food plants available in the Canadian Market and the inhibitory properties of 17 traditional Cree antidiabetic medicines on aldose reductase. Inhibitory activity profiles of CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 2D6 were created for the 46 samples. The most active plants in the CYP inhibition assay were the spices, belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Similarly, the most active plants in the antimicrobial assay were also the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Swine lens homogenate was tested as a novel model for the aldose reductase inhibition assay. Several Cree plants selected for the aldose reductase study showed a high activity, primarily in samples which also contained high levels of phenolics. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolics content and aldose reductase inhibition r2=0.44, p=0.05. Crude extracts of Rhododendron groenlandicum exhibited inhibitory activities of 35.11 ± 0.16 %. The subfractionation and HPLC analysis of R. groenlandicum revealed high levels of phenolics compounds including, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and quercetin glycosides. This study found that medicinal and food plants contain phytochemicals that may have both beneficial and detrimental biological effects. / Nous avons étudié dans cette thèse les capacités de 46 plantes comestibles, disponibles sur le marché canadien, à inhiber le cytochrome P450 (CYP), enzyme responsable du métabolisme des médicaments, les propriétés antimicrobiennes, et les propriétés inhibitrices de l'aldose réductase à partir de 17 médicaments antidiabétiques traditionnellement utilisés par les Cris. Les profils de l'activité inhibitrice du CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 et 2D6 ont été réalisés pour les 46 plantes à l'étude. Les plantes les plus actives dans le test d'inhibition du CYP furent les épices, plantes appartenant aux familles des Apiaceae et Lamiaceae. De même, les plantes les plus actives dans le bioessai antimicrobien furent aussi les plantes de ces deux mêmes familles. Un homogénat de cristallin de porc a été utilisé comme modèle nouveau pour le test d'inhibition de l'aldose réductase. Plusieurs plantes, utilisées par la nation Cri, qui ont été sélectionnées pour l'étude ont montré une forte activité inhibitrice de l’aldose réductase, principalement dans les échantillons qui contenaient des teneurs élevées en composés phénoliques. Une corrélation positive a été observée entre la teneur totale en composés phénoliques et l'inhibition de l'aldose réductase (r2 = 0.44, p = 0.05). Des extraits bruts de Rhododendron groenlandicum ont montré des activités inhibitrices de 35.11 ± 0.16%. Le sous-fractionnement et l'analyse HPLC de R. groenlandicum ont aussi révélé des teneurs élevées des composés phénoliques, incluant la catéchine, l'épicatéchine, la quercétine et les glycosides de quercétine. Cette étude a montré que les plantes médicinales et alimentaires contiennent des composés phytochimiques qui peuvent avoir à la fois des effets biologiques bénéfique et préjudiciable.

This thesis examines the cytochrom P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzyme inhibition and antimicrobial properties of 46 common food plants available in the Canadian Market and the inhibitory properties of 17 traditional Cree antidiabetic medicines on aldose reductase. Inhibitory activity profiles of CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 2D6 were created for the 46 samples. The most active plants in the CYP inhibition assay were the spices, belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Similarly, the most active plants in the antimicrobial assay were also the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae. Swine lens homogenate was tested as a novel model for the aldose reductase inhibition assay. Several Cree plants selected for the aldose reductase study showed a high activity, primarily in samples which also contained high levels of phenolics. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolics content and aldose reductase inhibition r2=0.44, p=0.05. Crude extracts of Rhododendron groenlandicum exhibited inhibitory activities of 35.11 ± 0.16 %. The subfractionation and HPLC analysis of R. groenlandicum revealed high levels of phenolics compounds including, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin and quercetin glycosides. This study found that medicinal and food plants contain phytochemicals that may have both beneficial and detrimental biological effects. / Nous avons étudié dans cette thèse les capacités de 46 plantes comestibles, disponibles sur le marché canadien, à inhiber le cytochrome P450 (CYP), enzyme responsable du métabolisme des médicaments, les propriétés antimicrobiennes, et les propriétés inhibitrices de l'aldose réductase à partir de 17 médicaments antidiabétiques traditionnellement utilisés par les Cris. Les profils de l'activité inhibitrice du CYP 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 et 2D6 ont été réalisés pour les 46 plantes à l'étude. Les plantes les plus actives dans le test d'inhibition du CYP furent les épices, plantes appartenant aux familles des Apiaceae et Lamiaceae. De même, les plantes les plus actives dans le bioessai antimicrobien furent aussi les plantes de ces deux mêmes familles. Un homogénat de cristallin de porc a été utilisé comme modèle nouveau pour le test d'inhibition de l'aldose réductase. Plusieurs plantes, utilisées par la nation Cri, qui ont été sélectionnées pour l'étude ont montré une forte activité inhibitrice de l’aldose réductase, principalement dans les échantillons qui contenaient des teneurs élevées en composés phénoliques. Une corrélation positive a été observée entre la teneur totale en composés phénoliques et l'inhibition de l'aldose réductase (r2 = 0.44, p = 0.05). Des extraits bruts de Rhododendron groenlandicum ont montré des activités inhibitrices de 35.11 ± 0.16%. Le sous-fractionnement et l'analyse HPLC de R. groenlandicum ont aussi révélé des teneurs élevées des composés phénoliques, incluant la catéchine, l'épicatéchine, la quercétine et les glycosides de quercétine. Cette étude a montré que les plantes médicinales et alimentaires contiennent des composés phytochimiques qui peuvent avoir à la fois des effets biologiques bénéfique et préjudiciable.