Tytuvėnų ir Panemunių regioninių parkų pagrindinis steigimo dokumentas yra Lietuvos Respublikos Aukščiausiosios Tarybos nutarimas „Dėl regioninių parkų ir draustinių įsteigimo“. Tytuvėnų parkas labiau skirtas urbanistinių architektūrinių kompleksų ir jų ežeruotų pelkėtų apylinkių saugojimui, o Panemunių – Nemuno žemupio kraštovaizdžio ir jo gamtinės ekosistemos, piliakalnių, piliaviečių, dvarų ansamblių su parkais saugojimui, t. y. istorijos saugojimui. Žemės naudojimas ir kitokia veikla regioniniuose parkuose reglamentuojamas vadovaujantis šių parkų nuostatais, taip pat regioninių parkų tvarkymo planais bei regioninių parkų ir jų zonų ribų planais. Šiuose teritorijų planavimo dokumentuose numatytos funkcinio prioriteto zonos: konservacinė, ekologinės apsaugos, rekreacinė, kita (gyvenamoji). Tytuvėnų parkas dar turi ir ūkinio prioriteto zoną. Tytuvėnų ir Panemunių regioniniai parkai turtingi tiek gamtos, tiek kultūros paveldu. Tytuvėnų parko teritorijoje yra daugiau nei 20 lankytinų architektūros paminklų, archeologijos ir gamtos objektų. Istoriniu paveldu ypatingai turtingame Panemunių regioninio parko teritorijoje yra virš 110 kultūros paveldo objektų, tarp jų 48 šiuo metu įrašyti į Kultūros vertybių registrą. Anketinės apklausos metu nustatyta, kad daugiau nei pusė tyrime dalyvavusių respondentų lankosi regioniniuose parkuose ir didžioji dalis nagrinėjamų parkų aplinką, esančią šalia saugomų objektų, vertina labai gerai, yra pakankamai informacijos apie saugomus objektus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The key document for the establishment of the Tytuvėnai and Panemunė Regional Parks is the Act of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania "As Concerns the Establishment of Regional Parks and Nature Reserves". The Tytuvėnai Regional Park is created for urban architectural complexes and their marshy surroundings preserve, the Panemunė Regional Park is created for Nemunas River landscape and natural ecosystem, mounds, castles, estates and parks ensembles storage, it means for history preserve. Land use and other activities in Regional Parks is regulated in accordance with the regulations of parks, The Regional Park Management Plans and “The Plan of the Regional Park and its zone boundaries”. The functional priority zones of the Tytuvėnai and Panemunė Regional Parks are as follows: conservation, environmental protection, recreational, other (living). Tytuvėnai Regional Park has and the farming functional priority zone The Parks are rich in both natural and cultural heritage. In the Tytuvėnai Regional Park there are more than 20 architectural monuments, archaeological and natural sites of interest, in the Panemunė Park there are more than 110 objects of cultural heritages, 48 of them are registered in the Cultural heritage register. Questionnaire survey showed that more than half of the respondents visit regional parks and most of the respondents parks in question environment, next to the protected object, appreciate as very good, there is enough information on the stored... [to full text]

Baigiamojo darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti ir pagrįsti žemės ūkio paskirties žemės naudojimą Pakruojo rajono savivaldybėje. Baigiamojo darbo uždaviniai: išanalizuoti žemės naudojimą reglamentuojančius dokumentus, išnagrinėti Pakruojo rajono savivaldybės žemės ūkio paskirties žemės naudojimo ypatumus bei pagrįsti žemės naudojimą ir nustatyti žemės konsolidacijos poreikį Pakruojo rajono savivaldybėje. Lietuva nedidelė šalis, tačiau gamtinės sąlygos kiekviename regione gali smarkiai skirtis, tai nevienodas reljefas, dirvožemių įvairovė, net klimato skirtumai. Lyginant reljefą, dirvožemius ir klimatą, šalyje išskiriamos trys gamtinės zonos – Rytų, Vakarų ir Vidurio. Pakruojo rajono savivaldybė yra šiaurės Lietuvoje. Rajono savivaldybės bendras žemės plotas 2014 m. sausio 1 d. siekia 131556,90 ha, iš jų žemės ūkio naudmenų plotas sudaro 94137,87 ha, tame skaičiuje: 87974,00 ha ariamoji žemė, 556,96 ha sodai, 5606,91 ha pievos ir natūralios ganyklos. Rajone yra 25828,59 ha miškų. Pakruojo rajono savivaldybėje privačios fizinių asmenų žemės plotas sudaro 98235,25 ha, privačios juridinių asmenų žemės plotas sudaro 12469,56 ha, 14492,16 ha yra valstybinė žemė, nusausintos žemės plotas 94340,01 ha. Rajone vyraujančios žemumos yra tinkamos žemdirbystei, todėl čia didelis skaičius žemės ūkio bei jo produktų perdirbimo įmonių. Taip pat yra laisvų žemės plotų, tinkamų verslo plėtrai. Pakruojo rajono savivaldybės žemės naudojimui turi įtakos tiek pačios žemės pasiskirstymas pagal... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this graduation paper is to analize and base agricultural land use in Pakruojis district. Objectives of the work: analysis of agricultural land use regulations, documents, also analysis of land use characteristics based on the use of agricultural land in Pakruojis district. Lithuania is a small country, but condition of nature is quite different. There is variety of soil, relief, also climat differences. Taking into account soil, relief and climate differences, in Lithuania there are three natural zones – West, Central and East. Pakruojis region is in North west of Lithuania– in the edge of East Europe flatlands. Region land area was 131556,90 ha in 2014 the first of January. In this area is 10315 ha of agricultural land: 90904 ha arable land, 1260 ha gardens, 10988 ha grassland and natural pasture. In Siauliu region is 59586 ha forests, private land 108676 ha, 72048 ha is state land, drained land area is 29713 ha. In Region teritory land is suitable for agriculture, consequantly in this land there are many agriculture and product recycling companies. Siauliai region land use depends on land distribution, landscape properties, tourism, minerals, also farmers and farms size. Land use perspective is not about analysis of statistic data, but also evaluation of all factors, on which land uses and intensity depends. Under the current farm specialization, it is more in line with the development needs of industries, environmental protection and management of land use... [to full text]

Tyrimo objektas – Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktai, reglamentuojantys žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų rengimą ir įgyvendinimą. Tyrimo tikslas – atlikti žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų teisinio reglamentavimo analizę. Tyrimui pasiekti iškelti uždaviniai: 1. Atrinkti ir išnagrinėti Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktus, reglamentuojančius žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų rengimą. 2. Atlikti jų istorinę pakeitimų apžvalgą. 3. Anketinės apklausos pagalba pateikti asmenų, susijusių su žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų teisiniu reglamentavimu, nuomonę. Tyrimo metodika. Atliekant tyrimus, išnagrinėti Lietuvos Respublikos teisės aktai, įtakojantys žemės sklypų pertvarkymą Lietuvos Respublikoje. Atlikta literatūros šaltinių analizė ir apklausa, kurioje pateikiamos specialistų, turinčių teorinės ir (arba) praktinės patirties šioje srityje, nuomonė. Išanalizuoti Kauno rajono teritorijoje pradėti rengti ir parengti žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektai bei jų tikslai. Panaudoti duomenų sintezės ir kiti metodai. Tyrimo rezultatai: - atsižvelgiant į galiojusius ir galiojančius šalyje teisės aktus atlikta žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų parengiamųjų, rengimo ir baigiamųjų darbų etapų istorinė apžvalga; - išanalizuoti Kauno rajono teritorijoje planuojamų rengti ir patvirtintų žemės sklypų formavimo ir pertvarkymo projektų rengimo tikslai, išanalizuota duomenų statistika. Pagrindinės išvados: 1) padalijimo bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Object of the research – Lithuanian legal acts affecting land formation and reformation project preparation and implementation. Aim of the research – perform land formation and reformation projects of legal regulation analysis. Objectives of the research: 1. select and analyze the Lithuanian legislation affecting the land formation and reformation project development; 2. make review of the changes in their history; 3. to perform a questionnaire – based on survey to assess opinions affecting the land formation and reformation project development Research methods. The research examined the Lithuanian legislation affecting land reorganization in Lithuania. Analysis of the literature source and survey, which includes point of view of of professionals with theoretical and (or) the practical experience. The proposed and prepared projects and their objectives in Kaunas district are analzed. Data synthesis and other methods were used as well. Research results: - according to applicable laws and the valid land formation and reformation project preparatory, production and final stages of the work a historical overview is performed; - approved land formation and conversion of project development objectives in the district of Kaunas were analysed, as well as data statistics; The main conclusions: 1) in the division way the formed land areas are up to 2 hectares; 2) the main reason for land holding projects is a siutable plot of area for the construction; 3) by 2013 permits issued, 5... [to full text]

Kaunas – svarbus transporto, mokslo ir kultūros bei Kauno apskrities, miesto savivaldybės, Kauno rajono savivaldybės centras, antrasis pagal dydį Lietuvos miestas, kuriame aktyviai vykdomi nekilnojamojo turto sandoriai ir šio turto vertinimas.. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti ir palyginti skirtingais metodais nustatytas nekilnojamojo turto vertes. Tyrimo objektas – vieno, dviejų, trijų, keturių kambarių butai ir namai esantys Kauno mieste. Atliekant šį butų ir namų vertinimo metodų palyginimą, buvo surinkti duomenys apie 2013 metų ir 2014 metų pirmojo ketvirčio nekilnojamojo turto vertes, vertinant skirtingais metodais. Baigiamajame darbe aptariama nekilnojamojo turto vertinimas bei jo metodai bei funkcijos. Pateikiama bendroji Kauno miesto apžvalga. Supažindinama smulkiau su nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo metodais naudotais darbe. Pateikti atlikto tyrimo rezultatai, parodo nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo metodų skirtumus. Taip pat skirtingų nekilnojamojo turto vertinimo metodų pliusus ir minusus. Bei Nekilnojamojo turto vertės priklausomybę nuo tam tikrų veiksnių, vertinant skirtingais vertinimo metodais. / Kaunas is an important center of transport, science and culture, Kaunas city is the center of municipality and district municipality, as well as the central part of the country and the second largest city in Lithuania. The aim of the research - to analyze and compare fixed property values by different methods. The object of the research – houses and apartments consisting of one, two, three, four bedrooms in the Kaunas city. In the comparison of the assessment methods, the data of real estate value of the year 2013 and the first quarter of 2014, based on evaluation by different methods, was collected. This thesis deals with real estate valuation, its methods and functions. A general overview of Kaunas is provided. The methods of real estate valuation applied in research are explained in detail. Research results show the differences between real estate valuation methods. Also, the pros and cons of each method of valuation of real estate are presented. The dependence of the value of real estate on some factors when using different methods is revealed as well.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamąjį darbą sudaro 48 psl., 2 lentelės, 20 paveikslų, 54 literatūros šaltiniai, 1 priedas, darbas parengtas lietuvių kalba. Tyrimo objektas – ekologiniai ir kiti ūkininkų ūkiai Kauno rajone. Tyrimo tikslas – išanalizuoti bei įvertinti darnaus ūkininkavimo reikšmę kraštovaizdžiui. Uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti ir apibendrinti darnaus ūkininkavimo požymius; 2. Atskleisti kraštovaizdžio įtaką darniam ūkininkavimui; 3. Atlikti Kauno rajono ekologinių ir kitų ūkininkų ūkių darnaus ūkininkavimo reikšmės tyrimą kraštovaizdžiui. Darbe apibendrinti Lietuvos ir kitų šalių autorių moksliniai tyrimai, susijusieji su darnaus ūkininkavimo plėtros procesais, kurie skatina ekologinio ūkininkavimo perspektyvas ir saugo patį kraštovaizdį. Dėl ES pagalbos žemės ūkio sektoriui atsiranda įsipareigojimų, savo ūkius padaryti patrauklius, moderniai ūkininkaujant sumažinti neigiamą poveikį aplinkai ir tvarkytis taip, kad darnus ūkininkavimas natūraliai įsilietų į kraštovaizdį, nes stambėjant ūkininkų ūkiams dalinai nukenčia kraštovaizdis. Atlikus tyrimą nustatytas ryškus ekologinės žemdirbystės ūkių gausėjimas pereinamuoju laikotarpiu, 2010–2013 metais. Nors ekologinių ūkių skaičius pradėjo mažėti, tačiau sertifikuotas ekologinės gamybos plotas ir toliau auga. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, kad ūkininkai norėtų didesnių motyvuojančių išmokų efektyviai ekologinei gamybai (ūkis be paramos būtų nuostolingas). Taip pat jie pripažįsta, kad dėl darnaus ūkininkavimo gražėja kraštovaizdis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master‘s final work consists of 48 pages, including 2 tables, 20 pictures, 54 literature sources and 1 appendix. It was written in Lithuanian language. The object of the research – organic and other farmers‘ farms in Kaunas district. The aim of the research – to analyze and evaluate the significance of sustainable farming on the landscape. Tasks that were solved: 1. Features of the sustainable farming were analyzed and summarized; 2. The influence of the landscape upon sustainable farming was showed; 3. The research of the significance of the sustainable farming of organic and other farmers‘ farms of Kaunas district was carried out. In the work scientific researches related with the sustainable farming development processes were summarized, which stimulate organic farming and protect the landscape itself. Due to the EU's assistance to the agricultural sector liabilities occur to make farms attractive, to reduce the negative impact on the environment and manage in the way that sustainable farming naturally spilled into the landscape, as with the farmers’ farms getting bigger landscape is partially affected. The survey results show the significantly increasing number of farms of organic farming in the transition period of 2010-2013. Although the number of organic farms began to decline, the certified organic area continues to grow. The study revealed that farmers would like to receive larger motivating benefits for the efficient organic production. They also recognize that... [to full text]

Le fonctionnement de l’écosystème forestier dans la haute vallée du Doubs, attestant le rôle déterminant du climat, permet par l’examen des conséquences des fluctuations climatiques sur une forêt climacique, de connaître la nature de la couverture forestière médiévale. Le milieu forestier que l’homme doit détruire pour s’installer résulte de la conjugaison d’une dynamique naturelle engagée depuis l’ère quaternaire et d’un impact anthropique progressif. Le lent processus de la colonisation depuis les premières traces de fréquentation mésolithique jusqu’au Moyen Âge, se confond avec l’essor des défrichements. L’histoire du peuplement du Haut-Doubs et du recul de la forêt dont le rythme épouse les vicissitudes démographiques dues aux guerres et aux crises du bas Moyen Âge, présente des singularités dans sa chronologie, les modalités des défrichements et la mise en valeur du territoire. Pourtant, cette forêt que l’homme abat reste une ressource nourricière vitale, source de matières premières et réserve énergétique indispensables aux activités quotidiennes et à un artisanat en essor. S’impose alors à l’homme confronté aux conflits d’intérêt liés à l’usage de la forêt, la nécessité de résoudre ce paradoxe qui consiste à devoir à la fois exploiter et détruire. Les mesures restrictives et les réglementations qui s’instaurent révèlent une prise de conscience relative face aux dangers qui menacent un équilibre écologique fragile, et au nouvel impératif de protection. Cette réalité présage des conflits et des problèmes ultérieurs dont l’homme contemporain est encore à chercher les solutions / In the Upper Doubs Valley, at the end of the Middle Ages, man simultaneously destroys forests to extend his agricultural space and uses trees as necessary raw materials and a key source of energy. This represents a paradoxical situation for which he must find solutions. In the Middle Ages, woods are indeed both shaped by nature and by mankind. This study first describes the natural wood environment of this era and examines the effect of climate on a land that is the result of a long evolution from the Quaternary period. Then, it studies the impact of man from the Mesolithic era to the Middle Ages. It analyzes the chronology of deforestation and its link to demography in the context of wars and various crises in the lower Middle Ages. Deforestation is studied in its political, social, technical and ecological aspects and the way the newly created farmland is used is analyzed. The forests that man erases in the lower Middle Ages remain however, a vital resource for him, in particular for the growing manufacture. Therefore, man needs to solve this contradiction (i.e. to destroy and to build) for the following reasons: first, logging is a source of social and political conflicts, then it is about to destroy a fragile ecological balance. The consequences are the creation of restrictions and laws that are significant of a need for him to protect the environment. This situation is the precursor of problems and conflicts that contemporary man is now facing and which he still tries to solve

<div>The demand for customized farm management prescription is increasing in order to maximize crop yield and minimize environmental risks under a changing climate. One great challenge to modeling crop growth and production is spatial and temporal variability. The goal of this dissertation research is to use publicly available Landsat imagery, ground samples and historical yield data to establish methodologies to spatially quantify cover crop growth and in-season maize yield. First, an investigation was conducted into the feasibility of using satellite remote sensing and spatial interpolation with minimal ground samples to rapidly estimate season-specific cover crop biomass and N uptake in the small watershed of Lake Bloomington in Illinois. Results from this study demonstrated that remote sensing indices could capture the spatial pattern of cover crop growth as affected by various cover crop and cash crop management systems. Soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and triangular vegetation index (TVI) were strongly correlated with cover crop biomass and N uptake for low and moderate biomass and N uptake ranges (0-3000 kg ha-1 and 0-100 kg N ha-1). The SAVI estimated cover crop biomass and N uptake were +/- 15% of observed value. Compared to commonly used spatial interpolation methods such as ordinary kriging (OK) and inverse distance weighting (IDW), using the SAVI method showed higher prediction R2 values than that of OK and IDW. An additional advantage for these remote sensing vegetation indices, especially in the context of diverse agronomic management practices, is their much lower labor requirements compared to the high density ground samples needed for a spatial interpolation analysis. </div><div>In the second study, a new approach using the multivariate spatial autoregressive (MSAR) model was developed at 10-m grid resolution to forecast maize yield using historical grain yield data collected at farmers’ fields in Central Indiana, publicly available Landsat imagery, top 30 cm soil organic matter and elevation, while accounting for yield spatial autocorrelation. Relative mean error (RME) and relative mean absolute error (RMAE) were used to quantify the model prediction accuracy at the field level and 10-m grid level, respectively. The MSAR model performed reasonably well (absolute RME < 15%) for field overall yield predictions in 32 out of 35 site-years on the calibration dataset with an average absolute RME of 6.6%. The average RMAE of the MSAR model predictions was 13.1%. It was found that the MSAR model could result in large estimation error under an extreme stressed environment such as the 2012 drought, especially when grain yield under these stressed conditions was not included in the model calibration step. In the validation dataset (n=82), the MSAR model showed good prediction accuracy overall (± 15% of actual yield in 56 site-years) in new fields when extreme stress was not present. The novel approach developed in this study demonstrated its ability to use elevation and soil information to interpret satellite observations accurately in a fine spatial scale. </div><div>Then we incorporated the MSAR approach into a process-based N transformation model to predict field-scale maize yield in Indiana. Our results showed that the linear agreement of predicted yield (using the N Model in the Mapwindow GIS + MMP Tools) to actual yield improved as the spatial aggregation scale became broader. The proposed MSAR model used early vegetative precipitation, top 30 cm soil organic matter and elevation to adjust the N Model yield prediction in 10-m grids. The MSAR adjusted yield predictions resulted in more cases (77%) that fell within 15% of actual yield compared to the N Model alone using the calibration dataset (n=35). However, if the 2012 data was not included in the MSAR parameter training step, the MSAR adjusted yield predictions for 2012 were not improved from the N Model prediction (average RME of 24.1%). When extrapolating the MSAR parameters developed from 7 fields to a dataset containing 82 site-years on 30 different fields in the same region, the improvement from the MSAR adjustment was not significant. The lack of improvement from the MSAR adjustment could be because the relationship used in the MSAR model was location specific. Additionally, the uncertainty of precipitation data could also affect the relationship. </div><div>Through the sequence of these studies, the potential utility of big data routinely collected at farmers’ fields and publicly available satellite imagery has been greatly improved for field-specific management tools and on-farm decision-making. </div>

<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are best known for their potential to help plants acquire nutrients, especially phosphorous. These microbes improve soil health by promoting soil aggregation and carbon sequestration, and further benefit plants by helping them withstand biotic and abiotic stress. Currently, there are 200 recognized species of AMF within the phylum Glomeromycota. Recent studies indicate that individual AMF species differ in the benefits they provide, with some even acting as parasites. Moreover, AMF community composition can be altered by soil and crop management practices, but the effect of these changes on the benefits conferred by AMF are still not well understood. Consequently, the goal of this study was to determine how two widely used crop management systems can alter the composition of AMF species, and affect the potential for these communities to promote the productivity and drought tolerance. To accomplish this goal, we collected AMF inoculum from a long-term crop systems trial comparing organic and conventional management for use in greenhouse trials where we subjected plants to drought. We collected AMF inoculum during mid-summer when differences between the two management systems were likely cause larger effects on AMF communities, and again in autumn after harvest to see if differences in AMF communities would persist. We determined AMF species composition using next generation sequencing. Results of this study confirm that soil-building practices commonly used in organic farming systems can improve soil health and increase the productivity of food-grade soybeans. They also demonstrate that AMF communities in Indiana croplands are highly diverse, and some of these taxa can improve soybean growth and help plants tolerate water stress. Although the overall diversity of AMF communities did not differ between the organic and conventional management systems in mid-summer, individual AMF taxa did differ between the systems, which were likely responsible for the greater tolerance to water stress observed when plants were amended with inoculum from the organic system. AMF communities present during autumn were significantly different between the two crop management systems, but did not result in differences in drought tolerance of soybeans, indicating that the loss of key AMF taxa in the organic system from the first relative to the second experiment was likely responsible. Finally, plants grown using inoculum from both crop management systems in autumn had greater tolerance to water stress than plants that received a AMF commercial inoculum. This provides further evidence that individual AMF species vary in the benefits they provide, and that the presence of a diverse consortium of AMF species is needed to optimize plant health and productivity in agricultural systems. Agricultural producers should consider incorporating soil-building practices that are commonly used in organic farming systems such as planting winter cover crops, to improve the health of their soil and enhance the productivity of their crops. <b></b></p> <br>

Submitted by Fernanda Ciolfi (fernanda.ciolfi@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2016-08-12T18:10:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wando Roberto Trentin.pdf: 2886501 bytes, checksum: f29c34d3f59deacdcef391203fdd9c33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T18:10:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wando Roberto Trentin.pdf: 2886501 bytes, checksum: f29c34d3f59deacdcef391203fdd9c33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-24 / This paper presents the diagnosis of urban infrastructure of the Santo Antonio de Posse / SP, with emphasis on aspects related to economic, environmental and social. It made state literature review of the art of planning concepts applicable to urban infrastructure systems. The detailed diagnosis is the main premise of the methodology, covering the topics of use and occupation, sanitation, urban mobility, environment and telecommunications. The Plan county Director served as a starting point to identify, through the intersection of the data collected, the evaluation of guidelines and strategies proposed in the medium and long term. The diagnosis led to the development of considerations in the context of prospective evaluations, which served to outline the expected product, which is the region's sustainable development and territorial planning in urban and rural levels. / Este trabalho apresenta o diagn?stico da infraestrutura urbana do Munic?pio de Santo Ant?nio de Posse/SP, com ?nfase nos aspectos relacionados a sustentabilidade econ?mica, ambiental e social. ? feita revis?o bibliogr?fica do estado da arte dos conceitos de planejamento aplic?veis aos sistemas de infraestrutura urbana. O diagn?stico detalhado ? a principal premissa da metodologia utilizada, abrangendo os t?picos de uso e ocupa??o do solo, saneamento b?sico, mobilidade urbana, meio ambiente e telecomunica??es. O Plano Diretor do munic?pio serviu como ponto de partida para identificar, atrav?s do cruzamento dos dados coletados, a avalia??o das diretrizes e estrat?gias propostas a m?dio e longo prazo. O diagn?stico propiciou a elabora??o de considera??es no ?mbito das avalia??es prospectivas, que serviram para delinear o produto esperado, que ? o desenvolvimento sustent?vel da regi?o e seu ordenamento territorial, nos n?veis urbano e rural.

Cette thèse a été bâtie sur l’hypothèse que les espaces interstitiels, secteurs en situation de marginalité et faiblement métropolisés, sont plus dynamiques qu’il n’y paraît de prime abord. Notre travail montre que la construction actuelle des statistiques tend à sous-évaluer la réalité urbaine de ces régions. Or, les petites villes sont une des clés du maintien, voire du renouveau, de territoires. Reconstituées selon des limites cohérentes, en tenant compte des communes de banlieue, les petites villes sont toujours des noeuds de résistance dans ces milieux particuliers : 78% d’entre elles sont en hausse démographique et 88% bénéficient d’un marché du travail florissant entre 1999 et 2006. En outre, il apparaît qu’un réseau christallérien structure encore le sud Massif Central, même si des modifications à la base sont survenues. Un constat quasi identique s’observe en Castille/Estrémadure, autre espace interstitiel. L’outil comparatif a permis de mettre en évidence les traits invariants qui décrivent les petites villes, mais également de souligner quelques différences, notamment sur le plan de l’aménagement du territoire. Ceci nous amène à une réflexion plus poussée sur les politiques publiques françaises. Certaines villes ont décliné, pour maintes raisons, et n’assurent plus une fonction d’organisation et de commandement de l’espace. Cette situation interroge les politiques publiques actuelles menées, notamment leur logique égalitaire. La solution ne consisterait-elle pas plutôt en une politique volontariste d’aménagement du territoire à destination, prioritairement, des villes les plus porteuses d’avenir, dans le cadre d’un renforcement des Régions ? / This thesis is founded on the hypothesis that interstitial spaces, i.e. peripheral andless citified zones, are more vibrant than they seem at first glance. Our research shows that the way current statistics are constructed tends to underestimate the urban reality of these regions. However, small towns play a key role in maintaining and even renewing territories. Reconstructed according to coherent borders, by taking into account suburban communities, small towns consistently represent pockets of resistance in these special environments : 78%are expanding demographically and 88% benefitted from a thriving labour market from 1999 to 2006. Moreover, it seems that a Christallerian network is still shaping the southern part ofthe Massif Central, even if basic changes have occurred. And almost identical phenomenonwas observed in another interstitial space, Castile/Estremadura. A comparative tool enabledus to reveal the invariant traits that describe small towns, but also to emphasise several differences, notably in terms of land management. This led us to examine French publicpolicy more closely. Certain towns have declined, for a multitude of reasons, and no longer fulfil the function of organising and controlling space. This situation challenges current public policies, notably their egalitarian rationale. Would it not be better to reinforce regions by adopting aproactive land management policy focused on the towns with the most promising future ?