nÃo hà / SUMMARY The objective of this work is to elaborate and to analyze the paper of the real estate capital, more precisely of the seller of urban lands, in the urbanization process happened in the Fortaleza city, among the decades of 1950 and 1970. For that reason, we chose Josà Gentil S/A Real estate, whose evidences presented along the study allows us to affirm that it was the most active company in the market of urban lands of Fortaleza, in the considered period, be for the volume of businesses or be for the symbolic power that it contains in itself. We showed a theme- the performance of the Real estate, inserted in movements that concern the growth social- economic of the city, to the exercise in the several ways of power and construction of nets that they create and reproduze the dominance relationships in the extent of a social process of such magnitude , marked by practices (clientelistas, personalistas) and centralizing that they have been giving the tonic of the political and social process in Fortaleza. Finally, founded in the instrumental theoretical that guides us, we showed in an empiric way how the succession of social- economic facts went weaving a favorable scenery the performance of a linked social group to the real estate (fundiÃrio) section, that, owners the economical capital and social prestige, acted with opportunity sense aiming at, before any other thing the wealth accumulation and power, pillars of support of the groups and local dominant classes. / O objetivo deste trabalho à elaborar e analisar o papel do capital imobiliÃrio, mais precisamente dos loteadores de terras urbanas, no processo de urbanizaÃÃo ocorrido na cidade de Fortaleza, entre as dÃcadas de 1950 e 1970. Para tanto, elegemos a ImobiliÃria Josà Gentil S/A, cujas evidÃncias apresentadas ao longo do estudo nos permite afirmar que foi a empresa mais atuante no mercado de terras urbanas de Fortaleza, no perÃodo considerado, seja pelo volume de negÃcios, seja pelo poder simbÃlico que encerra em si mesma. Mostramos um tema-a atuaÃÃo da ImobiliÃria, inserido em movimentos que dizem respeito ao crescimento socioeconÃmico da cidade, ao exercÃcio das vÃrias formas de poder e da construÃÃo de redes que criam e reproduzem as relaÃÃes de dominaÃÃo no Ãmbito de um processo social dessa magnitude, marcado por prÃticas clientelistas, personalistas e centralizadoras que tÃm dado a tÃnica do processo polÃtico e social em Fortaleza. Finalmente, fundados no instrumental teÃrico que nos orientou, mostramos de maneira empÃrica como a sucessÃo de fatos socioeconÃmicos foi tecendo um cenÃrio propÃcio a atuaÃÃo de um grupo social ligado ao setor imobiliÃrio/fundiÃrio, que, municiados pela posse de capital econÃmico e prestÃgio social, agiu com censo de oportunidade objetivando, antes de qualquer outra coisa, a acumulaÃÃo de riqueza e poder, pilares de sustentaÃÃo dos grupos e classes dominantes locais.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro de A Crestani.pdf: 2307383 bytes, checksum: 37c19daa495fd15af35d49e953224164 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims to discuss the agrarian conflicts and land market in the western region of Paraná State. Leaving the issue of land disputes at the internal borders is part of the analysis of the case study of Gleba Santa Cruz . A dispute between the Union Colonization Society D Oeste Ltda. and the State of Parana, which happened in 1954. The study of borders in this paper seeks the genesis of the same from the year 1843 and the participation of the State of Parana and colonizing companies in this process, which shaped the institutional form of the land market. Market consolidation of land in the western regions came from the Getúlio Vargas decision to integrate the border areas in the country, promoting the March to the West in order to stimulate the agricultural colonization of these territories. The new agricultural frontier, inserted in the ideals of the national economy has attracted settlers and investment that made the land being valued. Was stimulated, thus, a land market that drew upon himself the interests of economic agents and market for speculative purposes and the state, supported by groups seeking political hegemony by ensuring their economic advantages. It was used in this study primary sources, secondary literature, narratives, public and private. The methodology was understood as a way or procedure of reflection and analysis necessary for the articulation of body concept (or theory) to the actual investigation of the case study of the Gleba Santa Cruz looking at comparative analytic approach to understanding the conflicts over land in the West Paraná. Speculation, concentration and ownership of lands generated later confrontations and conflicts against the settlers, homesteaders and squatters, and used form of understanding to understand that reality, their disputes, conflict and hegemony of local and regional groups. Note that the border violence is understood as the economic process of land occupation. After cleaning the soil made by the settlers or squatters, as stated in this work comes the cleaning promoted by the company colonizing, which was carried out by thugs, gangsters, police, law, and is considered a practice of violence supported by the agencies and bureaucratic institutions of the State of Paraná. Seeing that it was an unequal struggle for land. / Esta pesquisa visa discutir os conflitos agrários e o mercado de terras na região Oeste do Estado do Paraná. Partindo da problemática dos conflitos agrários nas fronteiras internas, parte-se da análise do estudo de caso da Gleba Santa Cruz . Uma disputa entre a Sociedade Colonizadora União D Oeste Ltda. e o Estado do Paraná, que aconteceu no ano de 1954. O estudo das fronteiras neste trabalho busca a gênese do mesmo a partir do ano de 1843 e da participação do Estado do Paraná e companhias colonizadoras nesse processo, as quais moldaram a forma institucional do mercado de terras. A consolidação do mercado de terras no Oeste do Paraná aconteceu a partir da decisão de Getúlio Vargas de integrar os territórios fronteiriços no território nacional, promovendo a Marcha para o Oeste com a finalidade de estimular a colonização agrícola desses territórios. A nova fronteira agrícola, inserida no ideário do desenvolvimento da economia nacional atraiu colonos e investimentos que fizeram com que as terras fossem valorizadas. Estimulou-se, assim, um mercado de terras que atraiu sobre si os interesses de agentes econômicos com fins especulativos e mercadológicos e do Estado, sustentado por grupos que buscavam pela hegemonia política garantir as suas vantagens econômicas. Utilizou-se nessa pesquisa fontes primárias, secundárias, bibliográficas, narrativas, particulares e públicas. A metodologia foi entendida como caminho ou procedimento de reflexão e análise necessária para a articulação do corpo conceptual (ou teoria) com a realidade de investigação do estudo de caso da Gleba Santa Cruz buscando na abordagem analítico-comparativa a compreensão dos conflitos agrários no Oeste do Paraná. A especulação, concentração e apropriação de terras devolutas geraram, posteriormente, confrontos e conflitos contra os colonos, posseiros e grileiros, além de forma de entendimento utilizado para se compreender aquela realidade, suas disputas, conflitos e hegemonia de grupos locais e regionais. Nota-se que na fronteira a violência é compreendida como processo econômico de ocupação da terra. Depois da limpeza do solo feito pelos colonos ou posseiros, conforme foi referido neste trabalho surge a operação de limpeza promovida pela companhia colonizadora, a qual foi protagonizada por jagunços, pistoleiros, policiais, da lei, sendo considerada uma prática de violência apoiada nas agências e instituições burocráticas do Estado do Paraná. Vê-se que foi uma luta desigual pela posse da terra.

Desde o final dos anos 2000, impulsionado pelo boom dos preços das commodities, o movimento de aquisição de terras por estrangeiros tem se acentuado nos países em desenvolvimento. Este estudo pretende responder quais são os condicionantes que determinam os Investimentos Externos Diretos (IED) em terras em alguns países e não em outros. Em termos teóricos, a abordagem da Nova Economia Institucional (NEI) argumenta que as instituições são importantes para as estratégias dos agentes econômicos e para o seu desempenho (NORTH, 1990). Já a Teoria Baseada em Recursos (TBR) afirma que os recursos são determinantes para a criação de rendas econômicas, por seu pontencial de gerarem vantagens competitivas (BARNEY, CLARK, 2007). Tendo em vista essas abordagens, esse estudo tem como hipótese que o ambiente institucional e a presença de recursos estratégicos influenciam o nível de Investimento Externo Direto em aquisição de terras nos países em desenvolvimento. Utilizando-se de análise estatística qualitativa comparativa e quantitativa verifica-se a relação entre o nível de IED aplicado nos países receptores, tendo em vista os seguintes condicionantes: direito de propriedade; nível de corrupção; liberdade de investimento; disponibilidade de terra agricultutável; e produtividade da terra. Para tanto, foram usados dados secundários de organizações internacionais, tais como: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Banco Mundial; Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Comércio e Desenvolvimento (UNCTAD); Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico (OCDE) e Heritage Foundation - Wall Street Journal. Realizou-se também estudos mais aprofundados em dois países - Moçambique e Brasil - que vêm sendo escolhidos pelos investidores externos. Por fim, concluiu-se que o padrão de investimento nos países em desenvolvimento leva em conta, fundamentalmente, a garantia de direitos de propriedade e a diminuição da disponibilidade de terras nas localidades alvo de aplicações, mostrando que tanto a literatura institucional quanto a de recursos são relevantes na decisão de investimento, porém algumas de suas dimensões são mais importantes que outras. / Since the late 2000s, driven by boom of commodity prices, the movement of land acquisition by foreigners has been growing in developing countries. This study aims to answer what are the conditions that determine foreigndirect investment (FDI) in land in some countries and not in others. In theoretical terms, the approach of New Institutional Economics (NIE) argue that institutions are important to strategies of economic agents and their performance (NORTH, 1990). Resource-Based Theory (RBT) states that the resources are crucial to the creation of rents, by its pontencial of generating competitive advantages (BARNEY, CLARK, 2007). Given these approaches, this study has been hypothesized that the institutional environment and the presence of strategic resources influence the level of Foreign Direct Investment on land acquisition in developing countries. Using statistical qualitative comparison analysis and quantitative will be checked the relationship between the applied level of FDI in host countries, taking into consideration the following factors: property rights; level of corruption; investment freedom; avaiability of soil for agriculture use; and land pproductivity. Thus, we used secondary data from international organizations such as: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Bank, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Organization for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD) and Heritage Foundation - Wall Street Journal. We also conducted further studies in two countries - Mozambique and Brazil - which has been choosed by foreign investors. Finnaly, it was concluded that the pattern of investment in developing countries, takes into account primarily the security of property rights and the decrease availability of land in the targeted locations of aplications , showing that both the institutional literature, as resources literature are relevant in the investment decision, but some of its dimensions are more important than others.

Cette recherche porte sur les mutations paysagères et les stratégies foncières locales mises en œuvre par les exploitants agricoles à la périphérie de la ville de Lomé au Togo. Elle s’appuie sur une approche pluridisciplinaire qui intègre des questions sur la démographie, l’occupation des sols, la marchandisation des terres et les perceptions des différents acteurs de ces espaces. Des méthodes à la fois qualitatives et quantitatives sont mises en œuvre ; mobilisant des données démographiques à l’échelle la plus fine, des images satellitaires sub-métriques, une base de données sur les prix des terres, une série d’entretiens auprès d’informateurs-clé impliqués dans le foncier et une enquête quantitative auprès d’un large échantillon d’exploitants agricoles.Les résultats montrent que les périphéries de la ville de Lomé se recomposent aujourd’hui dans leur structure économique, leur organisation spatiale et leur tissu social. Cette recomposition s’inscrit dans un mouvement général de croissance démographique forte, engagé depuis la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle et qui se manifeste à la fois par l’augmentation rapide du nombre de localités peuplées et par la croissance démographique des localités elles-mêmes. Près de 15 nouvelles localités apparaissent chaque année dans cette petite région et le nombre des localités de plus de 1000 habitants a augmenté de 80 à 168 entre 1970 et 2010. Le volume important de la population ainsi que la croissance rapide sont une dimension essentielle du développement. Cette densification du peuplement est à la fois une cause et une conséquence de la course effrénée à la terre qui est observée à la périphérie de Lomé. Les trois-quarts des transferts fonciers sont maintenant monétarisés dans cet espace. Pourtant le marché foncier dynamique demeure encore en grande partie informel et non régulé par les pouvoirs publics. Les acquisitions foncières dans ces espaces périphériques sont en effet destinées en majorité à l’urbanisation (66 %). De fait la diminution rapide des terres agricoles qui en résulte constitue un défi majeur pour l’agriculture, surtout périurbaine. Tous les ans, une grande proportion des terres agricoles est convertie en bâti : 26 % dans les périphéries proches de la ville de Lomé et 7 % dans les périphéries plus éloignées, notamment au-delà de 25 km. La grande majorité des acquéreurs (93 %) réside dans des centres urbains proches et ces urbains sont souvent des cadres de l’administration (24 %). L’offre de terres pour le logement, limitée face à la forte demande, vient essentiellement de deux filières : la filière coutumière informelle, prédominante (77,5 %), et la filière privée formelle (22,5 %). Si la filière coutumière permet aux ménages à faibles ou moyens revenues d’accéder à la propriété foncière, elle ne garantit pas la sécurité de la tenure et les prix restent élevés par rapport au pouvoir d’achat des populations. La structuration de ces filières d’approvisionnement en terre pour le logement sera déterminante pour que l’urbanisation ainsi que le processus de peuplement contribuent à une croissance plus inclusive et à une prospérité partagée et ne constitue pas une opportunité manquée pour l’agriculture.Cette marchandisation des terres permet toutefois aux femmes, longtemps marginalisées par la tenure foncière coutumière, d’accéder à la terre. Contrairement aux hommes, ces femmes perçoivent la croissance urbaine comme une opportunité pour leur exploitation agricole et leurs stratégies foncières visent au maintien de l’agriculture. Les femmes deviennent sans doute des acteurs importants pour le maintien des activités agricoles dans ces espaces périphériques sous tension autour des villes africaines. / This research focuses on the transformation of suburban areas in the southern part of the republic of Togo, and in particular on the transformation of rural areas around cities. It’s based on multidisciplinary approach that take into consideration all questions on demography, land occupation, land selling and the perceptions of different actors involve in those areas. Qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to collect demographic and satellite data, and to formulate a database on land market. Also, a series of interviews of key individuals involved in land use plan and a quantitative survey of a large sample of farmers have been conducted.The results show that the economic, social and spatial transformations of suburban area of the city of Lomé is part of a general movement of strong population growth under way since the second half of the twentieth century and which is manifested both by the rapidly settlement and population growth of the localities themselves. Nearly 15 new localities appear every year in this small area and the number of localities with more than 1,000 inhabitants arose from 80 to 168 between 1970 and 2010. This intensification of settlement is both a cause and a consequence of the rapid sale of land. Three-quarters of land transfers are now monetized in this region. But this dynamic land market is still largely informal and unregulated by the government. In fact the rapid decrease of agricultural land is the main concern. Land acquisitions are indeed intended mainly to urbanization (66 %). Every year, a large proportion of agricultural land is converted to shelter: 26 % in the suburbs near the city of Lomé and 7 % in more remote peripheries, especially beyond 25 km. The vast majority of buyers (93 %) reside in nearby urban centers and these are often urban administrative managers (24 %). The supply of land for housing limited by the high demand mainly comes from two streams: the customary informal sector (77.5%), and the formal private sector (22.5%). If the customary sector allows households with low or medium incomes to access to land, it does not guarantee security of tenure and prices remain high relative to the purchasing power of the population. The structuring of these supply chains will be important to urbanization and settlement processes in order to contribute to more inclusive economic growth and shared prosperity and not a missed opportunity for agriculture.However, this land market, allows women – long marginalized by customary land tenure – access to land. Unlike men, women perceive urban growth as an opportunity for their farms and their land strategies aimed at maintaining suburban agriculture. Women become undoubtedly important players for the maintenance of agricultural activities in the suburban areas around African cities.

The master’s thesis deals with assessment of spatial planning impact on a book value and a market value of chosen localities in Olomouc. Lands are valuated first as agricultural, than as determined by spatial plan to be built-up and finally as residential. In each phase are set book values based on valid regulations and market values based on comparison for individual lands. Gained values are analyzed and serve as basis for evaluation of differences in values and for evaluation of spatial planning level impact on the land values.

The aim of this master's thesis is is to assess the impact of land-use planning at the book va-lue and market value in two locations in the district Šumperk. In each of these locations is selected land appreciated in all grades of spatial planning as an agricultural land, land designa-ted for building spatial planning and in the final stage as building land. In each step are de-termined for each land price determined on the basis of valuation regulations and the market value. The analysis results are used to evaluate the difference in the prices of particular plots and to evaluate the effect of spatial planning on prices of stated localities.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VenessaCTA_DISSERT.pdf: 3171040 bytes, checksum: 851ca483768c42d76f9db24ed14442c6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-17 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The genesis of the research emerges from reflection about the space dynamics of the capital and to the capital. The expansion and the incorporation of territory for capital reveal, in part, strategies of the capitalism production way, which shows the search for accumulation conditions, expanding the alternatives of territory use that is, nowadays, selective and uneven. The present work verified the mechanisms where the capital imposes its practices through the agrarian structure and the valuation of land market, meaning, in our knowledge, that the reproduction of inequalities is showed, many times, by the wide land speculation and the fast land valuation. For this, the snip space will be the Siba?ma community, belonging to Tibau do Sul district, located in Rio Grande do Norte state. It?s a rural area that has, gradually, changing through the advent of urban characteristics, given the association of public and private investments, both domestic and international. Through the empirical observations, inside the Siba?ma community, it was found expansion strategies, incorporation and appropriation of territory by capital. As a result of this practice, it?s occurring the land valuation and the presence of a process of socio-spatial segregation, through the encouraging the opening of new subdivisions, mainly for construction of second homes and tourism enterprises in order to meet the demand of a higher socioeconomic level. The areas still available in Siba?ma, constitute into a reserve of value for the achievement of capitalist rent, being a mechanism of capital reproduction. In this way, to studying the socio-spatial transformations, caused by spatial valuation, we turn to the project of social space designed by Santos(2006), from the perspective of capitalist production of space, by understanding the historical process of formation, the mechanisms and the actions of social actors that produce and consume space / A g?nese desta pesquisa partiu da reflex?o acerca das din?micas espaciais do capital e para o capital. A expans?o e a incorpora??o de territ?rios pelo capital nos revelam, em parte, as estrat?gias do modo de produ??o capitalista, as quais se evidenciam na busca por condi??es de acumula??o, ampliando as alternativas do uso do territ?rio que ocorre de forma seletiva e desigual. Verificamos neste trabalho os mecanismos que o capital se vale para impor suas pr?ticas atrav?s da estrutura fundi?ria e da valoriza??o do mercado de terras, significando, no nosso entendimento, que a reprodu??o das desigualdades acontece, muitas vezes, atrav?s da especula??o fundi?ria acentuada com a r?pida valoriza??o dos terrenos. Para tanto, o recorte espacial ser? a comunidade de Siba?ma, pertencente ao Munic?pio de Tibau do Sul, localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. ? um espa?o rural que vem, paulatinamente, se transformando atrav?s do advento de caracter?sticas urbanas, em face da associa??o de investimentos p?blicos e privados, tanto nacionais, como internacionais. Atrav?s de observa??es emp?ricas, em Siba?ma, constatamos estrat?gias de expans?o, incorpora??o e apropria??o de territ?rios pelo capital. Como conseq??ncia de tal pr?tica, est? ocorrendo a valoriza??o de terras e a presen?a de um processo de segrega??o s?cio-espacial, atrav?s do est?mulo ? abertura de novos loteamentos, principalmente, para constru??o de segundas resid?ncias e empreendimentos tur?sticos, visando o atendimento de uma demanda de n?vel socioecon?mico mais elevado. As ?reas, ainda, dispon?veis em Siba?ma, constituem-se em reserva de valor para realiza??o da renda capitalista, sendo, portanto, mais um mecanismo de reprodu??o do capital. Neste sentido, para estudarmos as transforma??es s?cio-espaciais, provocadas pela valoriza??o do espa?o, recorreremos ao projeto do espa?o social pensado por Santos (2006), atrav?s da perspectiva da produ??o capitalista do espa?o, mediante a compreens?o do processo hist?rico de forma??o, dos mecanismos e das a??es dos atores sociais que produzem e consomem o espa?o

The master's thesis deals with methods of land valuation in France. The thesis contains the definition of basic terms and the legislation related to the land valuation. In the text the types of lands are defined and the division of areas according to the territorial plan is indicated. The thesis clarifies the requirements of the expert opinion and specifies who can qualify as an expert in France. It also includes an overview of the most commonly used valuation methods in France, an example of land valuation according to these methods, and a comparison with the Czech Republic. Additionally, the thesis deals with the situation on the land market in France.

La gestion des villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest pose problème à la période contemporaine : extension urbaine non maitrisée, services de base insuffisants, insécurité foncière. À travers l’aide internationale, d’importantes réformes visant à améliorer son efficacité ont pourtant été mises en place, mais elles semblent avoir été inefficaces. Dépassant ce constat d’échec, la thèse vise à comprendre comment se déroule l’acte de gérer la ville dans les circonstances particulières des villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest. La mise en œuvre du Registre foncier urbain (RFU), système d’information foncière municipal multi-fonctions introduit au Bénin à travers des programmes de développement au début des années 1990, constitue le prisme à travers lequel la gestion urbaine est analysée. Celle-ci est ainsi approchée par les actes plutôt que par les discours. S’appuyant sur une démarche socio-anthropologique, la mise en œuvre de l’instrument est analysée depuis le point de vue des acteurs locaux et selon une double grille de lecture : d’une part, il s’agit de saisir les logiques de l’appropriation locale dont le RFU a fait l’objet au sein des administrations; d’autre part, il s’agit de comprendre son interaction avec le territoire, notamment avec les dynamiques complexes d’accès au sol et de sécurisation foncière. Une étude de cas multiple a été menée dans trois communes : Cotonou, Porto-Novo et Bohicon. Deux ensembles de conclusions en découlent. Tout d’abord, le RFU s’est imposé comme l’instrument pivot de la fiscalité locale, mais est mis en œuvre de manière minimale. Ce fonctionnement particulier est une adaptation optimale à un contexte fait de rivalités professionnelles au sein d’administrations cloisonnées, d’enjeux politico-financiers liés aux différentes sources de revenus communaux et de tensions politico-institutionnelles liées à une décentralisation tardive. Les impacts du RFU en termes de développement des compétences professionnelles nationales sont insuffisants pour réformer la gestion urbaine depuis l’intérieur de l’administration municipale. Ensuite, alors qu’il vise à centraliser l’information sur les propriétaires présumés de la terre, le RFU se heurte à la marchandisation de cette information et à la territorialisation de la régulation foncière. La mise en œuvre du RFU s’en trouve affectée de deux manières : d’une part, elle s’insère dans ces circuits marchands de l’information foncière, avec cependant peu de succès ; d’autre part, elle a un impact différencié selon les territoires de la régulation foncière. En définitive, l’acte de gérer la ville au Bénin n’est pas devenu automatique avec l’introduction d’instruments comme le RFU. La municipalité se repose plutôt sur les piliers classiques de l’action publique, l’administration et le politique, pour gérer la ville plurielle de manière différenciée. À l’endroit des concepteurs d’action publique, cette thèse plaide pour une prise en compte des modes de régulation existant dans les sociétés africaines, fussent-ils pluriels, reconnaissant les voies originales que prend la construction des institutions en Afrique. / The management of West African cities is problematic nowadays: uncontrolled urban sprawl, insufficient basic services, and land insecurity. Yet, major reforms had been put in place with the assistance of international aid to enhance the effectiveness of urban management; which seems to have failed. Going beyond this policy failure statement, the present dissertation aims at understanding how “managing the city” takes place in the particular context of West Africa. The implementation of the Urban Land Registry (RFU), a municipal and multi-purpose land information system that has been put in place in Benin through development programmes in the early 1990s, is the lens through which urban management is examined. Urban management is then studied through the actions taken rather than through the discourses. With a socio-anthropological approach, the implementation of the instrument is analysed from the stakeholders’ perspectives and according to a double analysis grid. On the one hand, the analysis aims at understanding the local appropriation of the RFU inside public administrations; and on the other hand, its aims at comprehending the interaction of the RFU with the territory, in particular with the complex dynamics of access to the land and land security. A multiple case study was conducted in three municipalities: Cotonou, Porto-Novo, and Bohicon. This study led to two main conclusions. First, the RFU is recognized as the key instrument of local taxation, but it is minimally implemented. This particular functioning is an optimal adaptation to a context made of: 1) professional rivalries in a compartmentalized administration, 2) political and financial stakes related to different sources of local revenues, and 3) political and institutional tensions provoked by the late decentralisation. Then, the RFU’s impacts in terms of national professional capacities are insufficient to reform urban management from inside municipal administration. Second, a key function of the RFU that is centralizing information on presumed landowners is impeded by the commodification of land information and by the territorialisation of land regulatory modes. This affects the implementation of the RFU as it takes part in this land information market, but with little success; and its impact is differentiated according to the ‘land regulation territory’ it applies. Finally, ‘managing the city’ in Benin is not an automatic task, even with the introduction of management instruments such as the RFU. Administration and politics continue to shape municipal policies, and the pluralistic city is managed in a differentiated manner. To the designers of public action (policies), this dissertation encourages to take into account existing regulation modes in African societies, even if they are multiple and complex, and it recognises the singular process of institution building in Africa.

Cette thèse de doctorat repose essentiellement sur notre analyse critique des études et des projets menés par différents consultants (syriens, européens, internationaux) et sur nos enquêtes de terrain à Damas, capitale de la Syrie. En 2004, près de 40 % de la population de l’agglomération de Damas vivaient dans des zones non-réglementaires. Celles-ci représentent donc une composante essentielle de l’expansion urbaine. Premièrement, la thèse analyse le phénomène de l’habitat non-réglementaire à Damas. Elle explique le marché foncier et les caractéristiques des lotissements clandestins dans trois études de cas, deux quartiers: Assad Al Din et Daf Al Chok et un village : Al Bahdalya. Elle montre également comment le maître d’œuvre effectue les étapes de sa construction. Deuxièmement, la thèse traite de la politique urbaine. Elle présente les consultants : MAM, Cities Alliance, Al Diwan, qui ont mené des études et des projets pour les zones étudiées. Elle examine ici leurs études et projets dans une analyse critique approfondie. Troisièmement, la thèse traite de la politique urbaine à l’épreuve des usagers. Elle étudie les caractéristiques socioéconomiques des habitants interviewés des zones étudiées, leur mobilité résidentielle et leurs attitudes à l’égard des projets et des études proposés. Certains des chefs de ménage interviewés pensent qu’ils seront logés, mais beaucoup pensent qu’ils seront expulsés. C'est pourquoi la thèse traite finalement la question du relogement en s’appuyant sur notre enquête de terrain dans une banlieue de relogement Al Hussainyah. / This dissertation is mainly based on our critical analysis of studies and projects by different consultants (Syrian, European, international) and on our fieldwork in Damascus, capital of Syria. In 2004, nearly 40 % of the population in the urban district of Damascus lived in informal settlements. Therefore, these settlements represent an essential component of urban expansion. Firstly, the dissertation analyzes the phenomenon of informal habitat in Damascus. It explains the land market and the characteristics of illegal settlements in three case studies, two neighborhoods: Assad Al Din and Daf Al Chok and a village: Al Bahdalya. It also shows how the builder performs the different phases of construction. Secondly, the thesis deals with urban policy. It presents the consultants: MAM, Cities Alliance, Al Diwan, who have undertaken studies and projects for the areas mentioned above. Here, the dissertation examines their studies and projects to provide critical, in depth analysis. Thirdly, the dissertation deals with the urban policy as perceived by the citizens. It studies socioeconomic characteristics of the interviewed inhabitants in the areas studied here, residential mobility and their attitudes towards projects and studies proposed to them. Some of interviewed household’s heads think they will be given a house, but many think they will be evicted. That is why the dissertation finally addresses the issue of relocation which is based on our fieldwork in the re-housing suburb of Al Hussainyah.