One of the lasting concerns in audiology is the unexplained individual differences in speech perception performance even for individuals with similar audiograms. One proposal is that there are cognitive/perceptual individual differences underlying this vulnerability and that these differences are present in normal hearing (NH) individuals but do not reveal themselves in studies that use clear speech produced in quiet (because of a ceiling effect). However, previous studies have failed to uncover cognitive/perceptual variables that explain much of the variance in NH performance on more challenging degraded speech tasks. This lack of strong correlations may be due to either examining the wrong measures (e.g., working memory capacity) or to there being no reliable differences in degraded speech performance in NH listeners (i.e., variability in performance is due to measurement noise). The proposed project has 3 aims; the first, is to establish whether there are reliable individual differences in degraded speech performance for NH listeners that are sustained both across degradation types (speech in noise, compressed speech, noise-vocoded speech) and across multiple testing sessions. The second aim is to establish whether there are reliable differences in NH listeners' ability to adapt their phonetic categories based on short-term statistics both across tasks and across sessions; and finally, to determine whether performance on degraded speech perception tasks are correlated with performance on phonetic adaptability tasks, thus establishing a possible explanatory variable for individual differences in speech perception for NH and hearing impaired listeners.

Purpose: To identify effects of variability of visual input on development of conceptual representations of academic concepts for students with normal language (NL) and language-learning disabilities (LLD). Method: Students with NL (n=38) and LLD (n=11) participated in a computer-based training for introductory biology course concepts. Participants were trained on half the concepts under a low-variability condition and half under a high-variability condition. Participants completed a post-test in which they were asked to identify and rate the accuracy of novel and trained visual representations of the concepts. We performed separate repeated measures ANOVAs to examine the accuracy of identification and ratings. Results: Participants were equally accurate on trained and novel items in the high-variability condition, but were less accurate on novel items only in the low-variability condition. The LLD group showed the same pattern as the NL group; they were just less accurate. Conclusions: Results indicated that high-variability visual input may facilitate the acquisition of academic concepts in both NL and LLD college students. Specifically, it may be beneficial for generalization to novel representations of concepts. Implicit learning methods may be harnessed by college courses to provide students with basic conceptual knowledge when entering courses or beginning new units.

Purpose: This study examines potential cross-linguistic effects on accuracy of codas in newly learned English-like nonwords produced by bilingual Spanish-English-speaking children. Methods: Forty-two bilingual Spanish-English-speaking second-graders (age 7-9) were matched individually with monolingual peers on age (+/- 6 months), sex, and percentile score on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (GFTA-2; Goldman & Fristoe, 2000), and matched for group on mother's level of education. Participants named various sea monsters as part of computerized word-learning games. Sixteen syllable-final coda consonants were analyzed for accuracy. These were drawn from thirteen nonwords distributed across five word-learning tasks. Results: Bilingual children were less accurate than monolingual children in production of both shared and unshared codas, though the gap was greater for unshared codas. Both bilingual and monolingual children were more accurate in production of shared codas than unshared codas. Conclusion: The results suggest that native language phonotactics influence accuracy of coda production in bilingual Spanish-English-speaking school-age children during word learning. Influences of native phonology on word learning could potentially impact academic achievement through vocabulary learning in the classroom.

Adults with language impairment have poor language skills, but may or may not have reading deficits. For those identified with literacy difficulties as children, deficits in the skills related to sublexical level decoding skills can persist into adulthood. Decoding deficits, current or remediated, would implicate the sublexical interaction of orthography and phonology. In addition, the heterogeneous reading profiles of adults with language impairment provide an opportunity to examine whether the deficits in this bidirectional link between orthography and phonology are related to reading deficit specifically or language impairment globally. Sixty adults, 30 with language impairment and 30 with typical language, participated in this study. Nonword stimuli, orthogonally varied based on orthographic and phonological neighborhood density, were presented in two sublexical tasks, nonword repetition and nonword spelling. The experiment revealed a pattern of similar responses for adults with and without language impairment. However, adults with impaired language had significantly poorer performance on both the nonword repetition task and the nonword spelling task. Additional analyses indicated that both language and literacy measures predicted the overall performance on the orthogonally varied nonword repetition and nonword spelling tasks. This study highlights the existence of a bidirectional influence between phonological and orthographic processing. For adults with language impairment it appears that this bidirectional link is intact at the sublexical level.

While human speech and the human voice generate acoustical energy up to (and beyond) 20 kHz, the energy above approximately 5 kHz has been largely neglected. Evidence is accruing that this high-frequency energy contains perceptual information relevant to speech and voice, including percepts of quality, localization, and intelligibility. The present research was an initial step in the long-range goal of characterizing high-frequency energy in singing voice and speech, with particular regard for its perceptual role and its potential for modification during voice and speech production.In this study, a database of high-fidelity recordings of talkers was created and used for a broad acoustical analysis and general characterization of high-frequency energy, as well as specific characterization of phoneme category, voice and speech intensity level, and mode of production (speech versus singing) by high-frequency energy content. Directionality of radiation of high-frequency energy from the mouth was also examined. The recordings were used for perceptual experiments wherein listeners were asked to discriminate between speech and voice samples that differed only in high-frequency energy content. Listeners were also subjected to gender discrimination tasks, mode-of-production discrimination tasks, and transcription tasks with samples of speech and singing that contained only high-frequency content. The combination of these experiments has revealed that (1) human listeners are able to detect very subtle level changes in high-frequency energy, and (2) human listeners are able to extract significant perceptual information from high-frequency energy.

Asymmetries of the vocal folds and vocal fold vibration are key features underlying unilateral vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI). The knowledge of what particular asymmetries contribute to breathy voice and which asymmetries must be eliminated to re-establish normal voice will be important to improving evaluation and treatment of VFMI. It was hypothesized that several structural and vibratory asymmetries should lead to predictable changes in the glottal area, flow, and acoustic waveforms, and subsequently a perceived breathy voice quality. The purpose of this project was threefold: 1) to determine how specific vocal fold structural and vibratory asymmetries alter vocal function and perceived voice quality, 2) to determine the improvement in vocal function and voice quality in an abnormal voice with elimination of individual asymmetries, and 3) to develop a battery of vocal function measures that vary with dysphonia in a predictable manner. The approach was to use a computational kinematic model of vocal fold vibration that allows for differential left/right control of parameters such as vocal fold adduction, medial surface bulging, vibratory nodal point, phase, amplitude of vibration, and fundamental frequency. The resultant signals were subjected to aerodynamic and acoustic measurement as well as perceptual rating of voice quality. Results revealed that the degree of vocal process separation was the most influential parameter tested, though asymmetry of bulging, nodal point ratio, and starting phase worsened normal voice quality. Conversely, increased symmetry of bulging, nodal point ratio, amplitude of vibration and starting phase improved disordered voice quality. The amount of improvement to disordered voices varied based on the number of other asymmetries present. None of the six vocal function measures tested were primarily responsive to one particular model parameter, though four measures generally decreased as vocal process separation increased: maximum flow declination rate (MFDR), spectral slope (B0-B2), cepstral peak prominence (CPP), and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR). Two of the measures, MFDR and CPP, co-varied with each of the five parameters and robustly correlated with perceived severity.

Poucos são os dados epidemiológicos sobre as alterações da comunicação em serviços de saúde mental. Porém, através de experiências clínicas e de estudos realizados em instituições psiquiátricas, foram observadas em indivíduos com diagnóstico de transtornos mentais, principalmente de esquizofrenia, variações dos aspectos comunicativos, sendo a linguagem o componente mais afetado. Nestes indivíduos, o relacionamento e a vida em sociedade estão prejudicados, e essas questões estão intimamente ligadas aos processos de comunicação. Então, conhecer e avaliar seus comportamentos comunicativos permite desenvolver metodologias assistenciais adequadas, principalmente para os que utilizam serviços de saúde mental, na busca da reabilitação psicossocial. O tipo de estudo é descritivo exploratório, realizado em um Núcleo de Saúde Mental (NSM) localizado em uma cidade do interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, e teve como principal objetivo descrever o comportamento comunicativo de indivíduos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. A amostra foi constituída por 50 indivíduos com o referido diagnóstico, usuários do NSM, com faixa etária entre 19 e 75 anos e com, no mínimo, dois anos de escolaridade. Primeiramente, foi realizado um levantamento nos prontuários desses indivíduos no NSM, extraindo-se os dados pessoais e o subtipo de esquizofrenia. Posteriormente, para a avaliação, foi utilizada a Bateria Montreal de Avaliação da Comunicação - Bateria MAC, constituída por 14 tarefas que avaliam os aspectos discursivo, pragmático-inferencial, léxico-semântico e prosódico da linguagem. A análise foi realizada por meio de estatística simples descritiva utilizando-se o Programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0, e, relacionou-se também, as informações extraídas dos prontuários relativas aos dados pessoais dos participantes, possibilitando, desta forma, uma relação entre os dados obtidos através da Bateria MAC e as características dos usuários. Os resultados mostraram que a maior parte da amostra era do sexo masculino, com baixa escolaridade, praticante do catolicismo e com esquizofrenia do subtipo paranoide. Todas as tarefas avaliadas apresentaram uma porcentagem considerável de alterações, porém, as maiores alterações, ocorreram nas tarefas de evocação lexical com critério semântico, atos de fala indiretos, discurso conversacional e discurso narrativo, e, as menores alterações, ocorreram nos componentes prosódicos no nível de compreensão, destacando-se que, o nível da produção nos aspectos lingüísticos e emocionais da prosódia, também apresentou alteração considerável, permitindo a conclusão de que o comportamento comunicativo de indivíduos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia é desviante em todos os aspectos da linguagem. Os aspectos mais prejudicados foram o discurso e a pragmática, que não devem ser relacionados unicamente aos aspectos lingüísticos, mas também às características de alteração do pensamento e da cognição, além do embotamento afetivo e das questões sociais envolvidas nesse transtorno. Através deste estudo foi possível compreender que não existem características únicas para descrever o comportamento comunicativo de indivíduos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, sendo importante valorizar o contexto social, cultural e econômico destes indivíduos. Criar possibilidades comunicativas para envolvê-los na sociedade certamente contribui de maneira significativa na sua assistência e na formulação de programas de intervenção, tarefa esta, própria do fonoaudiólogo. / The epidemiological database regarding changes in the communicative behavior available in mental health systems is really low. However, by means of clinical experiments and studies conducted in psychiatric institutions, it was noted that individuals with a diagnosis of mental disorder, mainly schizophrenia, had disturbances regarding their communicative skills, in which the language was the most affected subject. Those individuals had their social life and relationships damaged, this is closely related to the communicative process. Therefore, knowing and evaluating their communicative behavior allows the development of better suited treatment methods, mostly towards the ones who rely on the mental health system seeking psychosocial rehabilitation. The kind of study is exploratory-descriptive and it\'s conducted in a Mental Health Service (MHS) located in a city in the countryside of São Paulo, Brazil, and its main objective was to describe the communicative behavior of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The sample was made up of 50 individuals with the aforementioned diagnosis, patients of the MHS, aged 19-75 and with at least 2 years of school. First off, a research was conducted on their medical records in the MHS in search of their personal background and the subtype of their schizophrenia. Afterwards, the Montreal Communication Evaluation Battery - MCE Battery- was used for evaluation. It is made up of 14 tasks that evaluate the speech, the inferential pragmatic, the lexical-semantic and the prosodic aspects of the language. The research was made by means of simple descriptive statistics using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 16.0 program and it also included the databases acquired from the medical records regarding the patients personal background. This way the research made it possible to establish a relation between the MCE battery and the personal background of each patient. The results show that most of the subjects are males, with poor education, practitioner of catholicism and affected by the paranoid subtype of schizophrenia. All the tasks evaluated showed a significant percentage of disturbances, however, most disturbances took place upon the tasks of lexical evocation with semantic criteria, acts of indirect speech, conversational speech and narrative speech, while only a few disturbances were related to the prosodic components in the comprehensive level, it should be highlighted that the productive level in the prosodic emotional and linguistic aspects suffered significant disturbances, allowing us to conclude that the communicative behavior in individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia is abnormal in all aspects of the language. The most damaged aspects were the speech and the pragmatics, which should not be entirely related to the linguistic aspects, but also to the disturbance related to their thoughts and cognition, and also the affective dullness and the social matters related to this disease. Throughout this study it was possible to understand that there are no special aspects to describe the communicative behavior of individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, as it is important to take into account the social, the cultural and the economic context of those individuals. Coming up with communicative possibilities to involve those individuals in society certainly contributes in a significative way in aiding them and in the creation of intervention programs. This task belongs to Speech Therapists.

A importância da Telessaúde no âmbito da medicina propagou-se de forma exponencial, demonstrando capacidade de maximizar resultados, sendo utilizada rapidamente na área de Fonoaudiologia, podendo ser denominada de Telefonoaudiologia. Os resultados nesta área tornaram-se produtivos, possibilitando educação continuada mediada por tecnologia aos profissionais e disponibilizando atendimentos aos usuários que se encontram distantes dos centros médicos, tanto para realização de diagnósticos quanto para tratamento. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver um instrumento para criar linhas de orientação das pesquisas dos projetos elaborados pelos docentes do Departamento de Fonoaudiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru na área de Telessaúde, para identificar os pontos fortes e fracos destes projetos, como também as possíveis causas. Para isso, inicialmente foi aplicado um questionário específico, abordando quatro competências distintas: administrativa, tecnológica, financeira e de sustentabilidade. A pesquisa identificou que 11 docentes do Departamento de Fonoaudiologia desenvolviam projetos na área de Telessaúde. Dessa forma, os mesmos foram entrevistados para a aplicação do questionário, cujos resultados foram inseridos em planilha específica, analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e interpretados com a aplicação da Matriz SWOT, que possibilitou identificar os pontos fortes e pontos fracos dos projetos. Além disso, foi utilizado o Diagrama de Ishikawa para identificar os efeitos observados e posteriormente a identificação das causas. A interpretação dos resultados obtidos por meio da análise de trinta e dois projetos possibilitou verificar que o desempenho produtivo está concentrado na competência administrativa, também denominada de pontos fortes, obtidos a partir da pontuação máxima de 1034 pontos (87,33%) em relação ao total de pontos. Foram constatados como pontos fortes a missão do projeto, a qualidade das informações, os canais de comunicação e os benefícios proporcionados aos usuários, tendo como principais causas a utilização de multimeios específicos, a educação continuada, a quantidade de informações disponibilizadas e o comprometimento do capital humano. Em relação aos pontos fracos dos projetos de Telessaúde, constatou-se que a competência de sustentabilidade apresentou uma pontuação de 250 pontos (65,10%), indicando como fatores negativos a ausência de especialização da mão de obra em determinadas etapas do projeto, a falta de atualização de hardware e software, a exclusão digital dos usuários e a obsolescência do projeto. As principais causas desses pontos fracos estão concentradas na dificuldade de suporte técnico, profissionais para divulgação e treinamento, estratégias de marketing e a manutenção dos projetos desenvolvidos. Conclui-se que os pontos fortes estão concentrados na competência administrativa, sendo que o domínio desta competência proporciona a elaboração de planejamentos estratégicos, criando ações para tornar as instituições mais produtivas e competitivas. Os pontos fracos dos projetos estão identificados na competência de sustentabilidade, necessitando de ações específicas para diminuir os efeitos negativos durante a execução destes projetos pelos seus responsáveis. A pesquisa mostrou que o domínio dos pontos fortes e pontos fracos dos projetos, associados a especialização do capital humano, a maximização do tempo e a atualização dos recursos digitais são insumos importantes para ampliar os benefícios dos projetos de Telessaúde, rumo a vantagem competitiva organizacional. / Telehealth is a most important subject in medicine department because it shows how to maximize results and how to be used by Speech Therapy, being called Telepractice in Speech. Results in this area have become productive. It allows to professionals continued education mediated by technology and treatment or diagnostic by distance to users of medical centers. This work aim to develop a tool that would be able to create project research sides elaborated by teachers relationed to Fonoaudiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru in Telehealth field. Thus, strengths and weak points and their causes and effects would be identified. First of all, a specific questionary was applied which addressed four topics: administrative, technological, financial and sustainability. The research identified that 11 teachers have been a project in Telehealth area. These teachers were interviewed to questionary application and its results were inserted in a specific spreadsheet. They were analyzed through descriptive statistics and interpreted by SWOT analysis that allows identify strengths and weak points present in projects. Besides, Ishikawa diagram was used to identify effects and, after that, causes. There were 32 projects. After analysis, it was verified that productive performance is focused in administrative skill, also called strengths which effect was acquired through maxim punctuation of 1034 points (87.33 per cent). It was checked many strengths such as project mission, information quality, communication channels and their benefits to users, being their causes using specific technologies, continued education, quantities of disponibilized information and human capital commitment. In relation to weak points, it was verified that sustainability skill presented 250 points (65.10 per cent), showing negative facts such as missing specialization work force in some phases of projects, missing actualized hardware and software, user digital exclusion and project obsolescence. These weak points are focused by difficulties to get technical support, professionals for releasing and training, marketing strategies and manutention of developed projects. In conclusion, it is known that strengths are focused in administrative skills because they provide strategic planning elaboration, creating actions to organization become more productive and competitive. Weak points are identified in sustainability skill, needing specific actions to decrease negative effects during project execution by responsible professionals. This research showed that weak points and strengths and human capital, time increasing and actualized digital resources are important inputs to extend Telehealth project benefits, intending to organization advantage competitive.

Desde o início do aprendizado escolar, estamos envolvidos com a leitura, e é por meio dela que adquirimos o conhecimento. Ler é compreender e compreender é, sobretudo, um processo de construção de significados sobre o texto, é um processo que envolve ativamente o leitor, não se pode falar em leitura se não houver compreensão. Há evidências que o uso de estratégias de leitura melhora a compreensão, principalmente para os escolares que lutam com dificuldades de aprendizagem. A tradução de instrumentos estrangeiros vem sendo foco de estudos nos últimos anos, devido à escassez de instrumentos. Tal procedimento ameniza a carência e possui grande relevância científica. Tendo em vista a complexidade da aprendizagem e os crescentes problemas educacionais brasileiros, percebe-se a relevância deste estudo, ao buscar a influência da fonoaudiologia na compreensão de leitura em adolescentes com dificuldade de leitura. Esta pesquisa teve a intenção de contribuir tanto para área da saúde, como para subárea da tradução chamada de científico-técnica. O objetivo do presente estudo é traduzir e adaptar o programa Structure Your Reading (SYR) (EHREN, 2008), do Inglês americano para o Português do Brasil. O processo de tradução e adaptação do material foi realizado de acordo com estudos de adaptação e validação de instrumentos, sendo tradução, retrotradução, banca de especialistas e estudo piloto, obtendo-se a versão final. Assim, a tradução e adaptação atenderam às equivalências teórica, semântica e cultural. Para verificar a aplicabilidade do instrumento participaram do estudo piloto, 5 escolares, com 14 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos. Esta etapa revelou a aplicabilidade do instrumento, devido à aceitabilidade e a compreensão dos escolares para tarefas. Sendo assim, concluiu-se que o material ESTRUTURE Sua Leitura, foi traduzido e adaptado de forma satisfatória para língua portuguesa, mostrando-se pertinente para programa de compreensão de leitura, manteve a capacidade de reprodução dos objetivos e competências do mesmo na língua inglesa, também foi possível concluir que os escolares compreenderam as atividades propostas pelo ESL, apresentando bom desempenho no programa. / From the beginning of school learning, we are involved with reading, and it is through it that we acquire knowledge. To read is to understand and to understand is, above all, a process of constructing meanings about the text. It is a process that actively involves the reader. One cannot talk about reading if there is no understanding. There is evidence that the use of reading strategies improves comprehension, especially for students struggling with learning difficulties. The translation of foreign instruments has been the focus of studies in recent years due to the scarcity of instruments. This procedure smooths the lack thereof and has important scientific relevance. Considering the complexity of learning and the growing of educational problems in Brazil, the relevance of this study is in the search for the influence of speech-language pathology in reading comprehension in adolescents with reading difficulties. This research was intended to contribute to both the health field and to the sub-field of the so-called scientific-technical translation. The purpose of the present study was to translate and adapt the Structure Your Reading (SYR) program (EHREN, 2008), from American English to Brazilian Portuguese. The process of translation and adaptation of the material was realized carried out as suggested by the studies of adaptation and validation of instruments, being translation, back-translation, specialist banking, and pilot study to obtain the final version. Thus, the translation and adaptation carried out met the theoretical, semantic and cultural equivalences. To verify the applicability of the instrument, five 14-year-old students of both genders participated in the pilot study. This stage revealed the applicability of the instrument, due to students\' acceptability and understanding of tasks. Thus, it was concluded that the material ESTRUTURE Sua Leitura (ESL) was adequately translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese, showing relevance to a reading comprehension program, while maintaining the ability to reproduce its objectives and competencies from its original version in American English. It was also possible to conclude that the students understood the activities proposed by the ESL, showing good performance in the program.

Introdução: A aringectomia subtotal permite a preservação da função da laringe com um bom controle oncológico local da doença, além de manter uma comunicação satisfatória, traqueostomia temporária e disfagia passível de terapia fonoaudiológica. Objetivos: Descrever resultados da avaliação vocal, estruturas remanescentes, comportamento laríngeo em tarefas específicas e resultados da avaliação de deglutição; e comparar a funcionalidade das estruturas remanescentes com os parâmetros de voz e deglutição após laringectomia com cricohioidoepiglotopexia (CHEP) e traqueohioidoepiglotopexia (THEP). Método: Estudo transversal observacional comparativo em que participaram 15 indivíduos submetidos à laringectomia subtotal reconstruídos com CHEP (12) e THEP (3), após restabelecimento da alimentação via oral. Foram avaliados por meio da captação/registro de amostra de fala para análise perceptivo-auditiva, acústica e de agradabilidade da voz; nasofibrolaringoscopia para análise estrutural e exames de deglutição. Resultados: Foi observado grau acentuado de tensão e de desvio de loudness e as vozes foram consideradas desagradáveis. Quanto às estruturas remanescentes, a maioria apresentou atividade supraglótica vestibular mediana e anteroposterior moderadas durante fonação de vogais. A penetração laríngea silente foi encontrada na maioria dos indivíduos, mas nem sempre seguida de aspiração. Na comparação entre as estruturas remanescentes e os resultados funcionais de voz e deglutição, não houve significância estatística em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Conclusão: Indivíduos submetidos à laringectomia subtotal mantêm disfonia acentuada e comumente episódios de penetração silente sem aspiração laringo-traqueal. Não houve significância estatística na comparação entre a funcionalidade das estruturas remanescentes e os parâmetros vocais e deglutição; o número de aritenóides preservado não se mostrou fator prognóstico para parâmetros positivos na avaliação vocal e eficiência da deglutição. Os diferentes ajustes neolaríngeos inviabilizaram estudo de correlação entre as variáveis / Introduction: Subtotal laryngectomy preserve larynx functions and allows adequate local oncological control and also provide an effective communication to the individual, temporary tracheostomy and dysphagia liable to speech-therapy intervention. Purposes: Describe results of vocal assessment, remaining structures, laryngeal behavior in specific tasks and the evaluation of swallowing; and also compare the functioning of remaining structure to voice and swallowing parameters after laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (CHEP) traqueohyoidoepiglottopexy (THEP). Methods: Comparative observational cross-sectional study which counted on 15 individuals who underwent subtotal laryngectomy reconstructed with CHEP (12) and THEP (3), after re-establishment of oral feeding route. All individuals were assessed through capture/record of a speech sample for both perceptual-acoustic and voice pleasantness analysis, nasofibrolaryngoscopy for structural analysis, and swallowing examination. Results: We noticed pronounced level of tension and loudness deviation and the voices were considered little pleasant or unpleasant. Concerning remaining structure, the majority of individuals presented median vestibular supraglottic activity and moderated activity anteroposterior during phonation of vowels. Silent larynx penetration was found in the most part of individuals, although not commonly related to aspiration. The comparison between remaining structures and functioning results of voice and swallowing pointed no statistical significance among the assessed parameters. Conclusion: Individuals who underwent subtotal laryngectomy maintain pronounced dysphonia e often episodes of silent penetration without laryngotracheal aspiration. There was found no statistical significance between remaining structure functioning and both vocal and swallowing parameters; quantitatively, the maximum phonation time of arytenoid cartilage may influence on both voice pleasantness and perceptual-acoustic analysis