This article deploys Tango along with the lawsuits concerning to whom participated in the elaboration of “La Cumparsita” and its lyrics as a frame of reference for discussing about copyrights and intellectual property. In addition to giving an opinion about the procedure to arrive at the final solution related to the adjudication of the copyrights along its effects of that in each one of the beneficiaries, the author tell us a little bit of the process of creating this musical composition as well as the scope it had during its time. / El presente artículo utiliza al Tango, a los pleitos y personajes que participaron en la elaboración de La cumparista y sus letras, como marco referencial para hablar sobre los derechos de autor y la propiedad intelectual. Además de opinar acerca del procedimiento para llegar a la solución final acerca de la adjudicación de los derechos de autor y los efectos de esta en cada uno de los beneficiarios, el autor nos cuenta un poco sobre el proceso de creación de esta composición musical así como el alcance que tuvo en su momento.

Submitted by Raphael Carvalho (raphael.carvalho@fgv.br) on 2013-05-16T21:24:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Profissional - Raphael Carvalho.pdf: 960897 bytes, checksum: 8987237f8ccc03eb3e0d1492b57bbe27 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2013-05-17T13:38:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Profissional - Raphael Carvalho.pdf: 960897 bytes, checksum: 8987237f8ccc03eb3e0d1492b57bbe27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-17T12:37:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Mestrado Profissional - Raphael Carvalho.pdf: 960897 bytes, checksum: 8987237f8ccc03eb3e0d1492b57bbe27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-31 / This paper analyzes the purchases of dugs registere d in the Banco de Preços em Saúde of Ministério da Saúde in order to assess how diffe rent are the prices paid by the public sector and the private sector when they acqu ire the same good. Additionally, are tested if the experiences of municipals health consortia’s affects the prices paid for purchase of drugs by municipal institutions and if the purchases originated in lawsuits have an effect on the unit price. The analysis poin ts, respectively, for evidence that the public procurement are more expensive, that loc al institutions are more efficient and that the purchases caused by lawsuits are more expensive. / Essa dissertação analisa as compras de medicamentos registradas no Banco de Preços em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde com o objetivo de avaliar o quão diferentes são os preços pagos pelo setor público e pelo setor privado quando estes adquirem o mesmo bem. Adicionalmente, são testados se a experiência formação de consórcios municipais de saúde afetam os preços pagos pela aquisição de medicamentos por parte de instituições municipais e se as compras originadas em demandas judiciais têm efeito sobre o preço unitário. A análise aponta, respectivamente, para evidências de que as compras públicas são mais caras, que as instituições municipais são mais eficientes e que as compras originadas por demandas judiciais são mais caras.

In 1995 Congress passed the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act to address several perceived abuses in securities fraud class actions. In the aftermath of Enron, WorldCom, and other high profile securities litigation, critics suggest that the law made it easier for firms to escape securities fraud liability and thus created a climate conducive to fraud. Proponents maintain that the PSLRA has deterred the filing of nonmeritorious cases. This article explores whether the PSLRA achieved Congress's twin goals of "curb[ing] frivolous, lawyer-driven litigation, while preserving investors' ability to recover meritorious claims." The empirical evidence suggests that, in many respects, the PSLRA did achieve several of Congress' goals. There has been a reduction in the number of securities class actions filed. The PSLRA has improved overall case quality, particularly in the circuit with most stringent interpretation of the heightened pleading standard. In general, Congress seems to have achieved its goal of reducing the race to the court by increasing the filing delay in securities class actions. However, a stricter interpretation of the pleading standard does not affect this. The PSLRA does little to reduce the incidence of litigation for high technology issuers, but the evidence suggests that the litigation risk has substantially decreased for these issuers. Overall, the monitoring of attorney's effort increased, but institutional investors are no better at monitoring than other lead plaintiffs. The findings also suggest that lead plaintiffs forcing plaintiff's attorneys to compete for designation as lead counsel has resulted in lower attorney's fees. The observed effect is greater when the lead plaintiff is an institutional investor.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-06-16T18:36:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 moral_seducao.pdf: 3069828 bytes, checksum: 3a24b5298bb3d59269740d1baa4bd844 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T18:36:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 moral_seducao.pdf: 3069828 bytes, checksum: 3a24b5298bb3d59269740d1baa4bd844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-30 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação busca compreender como a mulher foi julgada pelos operadores do Direito e pela sociedade caxiense, entre 1900 e 1950, quando transgrediu as normas definidas pelos Códigos Penais de 1890 e 1940, bem como pelo Código Civil de 1916. Para compreender como as transgressões foram julgadas, são analisados os discursos de todos os personagens envolvidos nos processos-crime de defloramento, sedução e estupro, porém com mais ênfase no discurso dos operadores do Direito. Para que esse discurso seja melhor compreendido, objetiva-se identificar o processo de modernização e higienização imposto pelo Poder Público em Caxias do Sul, no período estudado. O modelo de ordem e progresso instalado a partir de 1889 exigiu que a sociedade fosse higienizada e normalizada, principalmente no que tange às relações sexuais, amorosas e afetivas, que estavam diretamente relacionadas à moral e à honra familiar. O discurso dos operadores do Direito, presente nos processos-crime, possibilita identificar o perfil de homens e mulheres que transgrediram as normas, principalmente aquelas relacionadas à sexualidade. Nessa etapa, por meio de pistas e indícios, intenta-se elaborar inferências sobre a abrangência do comportamento transgressor da mulher, uma vez que ela era responsável pela honra, pela moral e pela honestidade da família. / The aim of this dissertation is trying to understand how women were judged by legal practitioners and the society of the city of Caxias do Sul, between 1900 and 1950, when they crossed the boundaries of the norms defined by the Penal Codes of 1890 and 1940, as well as by the Civil Code of 1916. In order to understand how these transgressions were judged, the discourses of all the characters involved have been analyzed, in the law suits involving deflowering, seduction and rape, with a greater emphasis on the discourse of the legal practitioners. So that this discourse might be better comprehended, it tries to identify the process of modernization and hygiene imposed by the Public Power in Caxias do Sul, during the period studied. The model of order and progress initiated in 1889 demanded that society was hygienic and normalized, especially in sexual intercourse and romantic relationships, directly linked to the family’s moral and honor. The discourse of the legal practitioners present in the lawsuits, allows it to identify the profile of men and women that infringed the norms, especially those related to sexuality. At this point, given the clues and indicia, it searches to infer about the range of the transgressive behavior of these women, given that they were responsible by the honor, the moral and honesty of the family.

This dissertation examines the relationship between three sets of variables: corporate governance and monitoring, the quality of disclosure in annual reports and securities class action litigation. In the first section, I present a game-theoretic model in which shareholders select from ex ante monitoring or ex post litigation mechanisms available to them in order to mitigate the agency problem. Firm characteristics determine the choice of which of these two mechanisms is appropriate for a particular company. I then test predictions from this model and find that firms with poor monitoring are much more likely than those with good monitoring to be sued even after controlling for the common determinants of a lawsuit. The second section of the dissertation relates the quality of disclosure in annual reports to litigation. I use a dataset containing annual reports filed electronically with the SEC in the period 1996-2005. Using two content analysis software programs that analyze the categories of words used in these annual reports, I find that firms that use more numbers, past and future words, and other informative words are much less likely to be sued, even after controlling for the common determinants of lawsuits. In order to avoid subjectively choosing categories, I use principal components analysis to identify the major components of annual report disclosure. When these components are used as regressors to identify causative factors of lawsuits, one component named 'informativeness' has significant power to explain subsequent lawsuits. In head-to-head comparisons of the 'informativeness' principal component with Standard & Poor's Transparency and Disclosure score, my informativeness measure is more effective than the S&P score in predicting the likelihood of a lawsuit. Finally, in cross-sectional tests, I find support for the theory that firms with good boards and managers who are not entrenched have better disclosure practices. Further, monitoring by institutional investors, independent boards and analysts appears to induce better corporate disclosure. / text

The foster care system is responsible for taking care of society’s most vulnerable children and it is important that the system can be reformed as needed to meet the needs of these children. Institutional reform litigation is an ineffective method of improving the child welfare system and should no longer be relied upon. Although widely used institutional reform litigation is not efficient or effective in improving the foster care system. Litigation is unsuccessful in achieving reform because it does not embrace collaboration, cooperation, or communication but instead fosters a hostile environment in which the agencies under court mandate are expected to enact change. In 2006, two new organizations were established in California, the California Blue Ribbon Commission on Children in Foster Care and the California Child Welfare Council. Both of these organizations created recommendations for improving foster care. Unlike institutional reform litigation, these two organizations worked collaboratively with various agencies and government branches in order to come up with recommendations that were feasible. These two organizations provide a method of reform that is less myopic and more supportive, allowing for meaningful improvements within California’s foster care system.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos conhecer as demandas judiciais relacionadas à obtenção de medicamentos no município de Niterói no ano de 2010 e as estratégias desenvolvidas pela gestão municipal para lidar com este problema. Foi realizado estudo exploratório-descritivo, de abordagem quali-quantitativa, que seguiu dois caminhos metodológicos complementares: (1) levantamento e análise das demandas judiciais para obtenção de medicamentos registrados junto à Superintendência de Assessoria Jurídica da FMS, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2010; e (2) entrevistas com 11 profissionais, gerentes e gestores envolvidos com os fluxos de atendimento das demandas judiciais no município em questão. Das 123 ações judiciais contra a FMS para obtenção de produtos e procedimentos em saúde em 2010, 98 (80,3%) visavam à obtenção de medicamentos, correspondendo a 342 medicamentos solicitados e 182 fármacos diferentes. destacaram-se, pela frequência nas ações, os seguintes medicamentos: losartana potássica, sinvastatina, ácido acetilsalicílico, furosemida e cloridrato de metformina, utilizados para problemas de saúde de elevada prevalência na população e frequentemente atendidos na atenção básica. Cabe ser assinalado que 48,6% dos medicamentos solicitados faziam parte de algum tipo de lista oficial, indicando possíveis problemas com a gestão da assistência farmacêutica no município. Os relatos dos entrevistados apontaram, entre outros: (a) dificuldades importantes presentes na gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica local, onde convivem o desabastecimento da rede e restrições orçamentárias e financeiras, como elementos que ajudam a agravar a situação estudada; (b) problemas no atendimento dos usuários pela via dos processos administrativos que, criados para facilitar o acesso do usuário aos medicamentos não disponíveis na rede, acabam sendo fontes de ações judiciais; (c) necessidade de maior empenho dos gestores na busca de soluções através de articulações interinstitucionais. O acesso a medicamentos pela via judicial tem contribuído para o desvio de recursos da atenção básica, assim como de outras contas municipais, através das multas e bloqueios determinados pelo Poder Judiciário, em decorrência do não-cumprimento dos mandados judiciais em tempo oportuno. O fenômeno da judicialização de medicamentos é um problema que dificilmente será resolvido em curto espaço de tempo e eventuais abusos que envolvem esse fenômeno devem ser identificados e combatidos de forma rigorosa. Entretanto, o Poder Público, por meio das diversas esferas governamentais, deve proporcionar à população meios eficazes para acesso aos medicamentos necessários e adequados aos pacientes. Apenas dessa maneira será possível reduzir a demanda judicial, sem comprometer o direito constitucional à saúde. / This study aimed to know the lawsuits related to obtaining medicines in the city of Niterói in 2010 and the strategies developed by the local administration to deal with this problem. An exploratory descriptive study, with qualitative and quantitative approach, was conducted and followed two complementary methodological approaches: (1) survey and analysis of lawsuits to obtain registered medicines at the Legal Advisory Board of Municipal Health Foundation from January to December 2010; and (2) interviews with 11 professionals and managers involved with the flow of litigation service in this municipality. Of the 123 lawsuits against the Municipal Health Foundation to obtain products and health procedures in 2010, 98 (80.3%) sought to obtain medicines, corresponding to 342 requested medicines and 182 different drugs. Considering the frequency of actions, the following medicines stood out: losartan-K, simvastatin, aspirin, furosemide and metformin hydrochloride, used for health problems of high prevalence in the population and often seen in primary care. It should be noted that 48,6% of medicines requested were part of some kind of official list, indicating possible problems with the management of pharmaceutical services in the municipality. The reports of the respondents pointed out, among other things: (a) major difficulties in managing the local Pharmaceutical Care, where the shortage of the network and financial and budgetary constraints coexist, as elements that help to aggravate the situation studied; (b) problems in service to users by means of administrative procedures that, designed to facilitate user access to medicines not available in the network, originate lawsuits; (c) need for greater involvement of managers in finding solutions through joint institutions. Access to medicines through the courts has contributed to the diversion of resources in primary care, as well as other municipal accounts, through fines and blocks determined by the Judiciary as a result of on-compliance with court orders in a timely manner. The phenomenon of judicialization of medicines is a problem that can hardly be solved in a short time and possible abuses involving this phenomenon should be identified and addressed rigorously. However, the Government, through the various levels of government, must provide the population with effective means of access to necessary and appropriate medicines to patients. Only this way lawsuits can be reduced, without jeopardizing the constitutional right to health.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos conhecer as demandas judiciais relacionadas à obtenção de medicamentos no município de Niterói no ano de 2010 e as estratégias desenvolvidas pela gestão municipal para lidar com este problema. Foi realizado estudo exploratório-descritivo, de abordagem quali-quantitativa, que seguiu dois caminhos metodológicos complementares: (1) levantamento e análise das demandas judiciais para obtenção de medicamentos registrados junto à Superintendência de Assessoria Jurídica da FMS, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2010; e (2) entrevistas com 11 profissionais, gerentes e gestores envolvidos com os fluxos de atendimento das demandas judiciais no município em questão. Das 123 ações judiciais contra a FMS para obtenção de produtos e procedimentos em saúde em 2010, 98 (80,3%) visavam à obtenção de medicamentos, correspondendo a 342 medicamentos solicitados e 182 fármacos diferentes. destacaram-se, pela frequência nas ações, os seguintes medicamentos: losartana potássica, sinvastatina, ácido acetilsalicílico, furosemida e cloridrato de metformina, utilizados para problemas de saúde de elevada prevalência na população e frequentemente atendidos na atenção básica. Cabe ser assinalado que 48,6% dos medicamentos solicitados faziam parte de algum tipo de lista oficial, indicando possíveis problemas com a gestão da assistência farmacêutica no município. Os relatos dos entrevistados apontaram, entre outros: (a) dificuldades importantes presentes na gestão da Assistência Farmacêutica local, onde convivem o desabastecimento da rede e restrições orçamentárias e financeiras, como elementos que ajudam a agravar a situação estudada; (b) problemas no atendimento dos usuários pela via dos processos administrativos que, criados para facilitar o acesso do usuário aos medicamentos não disponíveis na rede, acabam sendo fontes de ações judiciais; (c) necessidade de maior empenho dos gestores na busca de soluções através de articulações interinstitucionais. O acesso a medicamentos pela via judicial tem contribuído para o desvio de recursos da atenção básica, assim como de outras contas municipais, através das multas e bloqueios determinados pelo Poder Judiciário, em decorrência do não-cumprimento dos mandados judiciais em tempo oportuno. O fenômeno da judicialização de medicamentos é um problema que dificilmente será resolvido em curto espaço de tempo e eventuais abusos que envolvem esse fenômeno devem ser identificados e combatidos de forma rigorosa. Entretanto, o Poder Público, por meio das diversas esferas governamentais, deve proporcionar à população meios eficazes para acesso aos medicamentos necessários e adequados aos pacientes. Apenas dessa maneira será possível reduzir a demanda judicial, sem comprometer o direito constitucional à saúde. / This study aimed to know the lawsuits related to obtaining medicines in the city of Niterói in 2010 and the strategies developed by the local administration to deal with this problem. An exploratory descriptive study, with qualitative and quantitative approach, was conducted and followed two complementary methodological approaches: (1) survey and analysis of lawsuits to obtain registered medicines at the Legal Advisory Board of Municipal Health Foundation from January to December 2010; and (2) interviews with 11 professionals and managers involved with the flow of litigation service in this municipality. Of the 123 lawsuits against the Municipal Health Foundation to obtain products and health procedures in 2010, 98 (80.3%) sought to obtain medicines, corresponding to 342 requested medicines and 182 different drugs. Considering the frequency of actions, the following medicines stood out: losartan-K, simvastatin, aspirin, furosemide and metformin hydrochloride, used for health problems of high prevalence in the population and often seen in primary care. It should be noted that 48,6% of medicines requested were part of some kind of official list, indicating possible problems with the management of pharmaceutical services in the municipality. The reports of the respondents pointed out, among other things: (a) major difficulties in managing the local Pharmaceutical Care, where the shortage of the network and financial and budgetary constraints coexist, as elements that help to aggravate the situation studied; (b) problems in service to users by means of administrative procedures that, designed to facilitate user access to medicines not available in the network, originate lawsuits; (c) need for greater involvement of managers in finding solutions through joint institutions. Access to medicines through the courts has contributed to the diversion of resources in primary care, as well as other municipal accounts, through fines and blocks determined by the Judiciary as a result of on-compliance with court orders in a timely manner. The phenomenon of judicialization of medicines is a problem that can hardly be solved in a short time and possible abuses involving this phenomenon should be identified and addressed rigorously. However, the Government, through the various levels of government, must provide the population with effective means of access to necessary and appropriate medicines to patients. Only this way lawsuits can be reduced, without jeopardizing the constitutional right to health.

Cette thèse est composée de trois chapitres distincts qui visent à analyser empiriquement la prise de décisions des entreprises et/ou des dirigeants dans le champ de la comptabilité financière. Le premier chapitre, co-écrit avec Francois Brochet et Sven Michael Spira, analyse comment le risque d’action collective sur les marchés financiers pour des raisons liées à des investissement discipline le comportement des dirigeants et réduit les coûts d’agence. Le deuxième chapitre étudie comment des changements de règlementation sur le marché du travail crée des incitations pour les dirigeants à manipuler leurs comptes autrement, ce qui est néfaste pour l’entreprise. Le troisième chapitre, co-écrit avec Renaud Coulomb et Marc Sangnier, étudie comment les connections politiques conduisent les dirigeants des entreprises à commettre des délits d’initiés présumés. / This dissertation is composed of three distinct chapters that empirically investigate various forms of decision-making by firms and/or managers in the field of empirical financial accounting. The first chapter presents a work joint with Francois Brochet and Sven Michael Spira, analyzing how the risk of securities lawsuit for investment-related reasons disciplines managers and reduce agency concerns with respect to investment. The second chapter examines how changes in labor regulation affect managers’ incentives to manipulate earnings using other tools that are ultimately detrimental to firms. The third chapter, joint with Renaud Coulomb and Marc Sangnier, explores how political connections lead directors to engage in plausibly fraudulent insider trading in financial markets.

The women's liberation movement in the 1970s and 1980s utilized various means for activism and demonstrations, but women also used the judicial system to fight for equality in the workplace. This study focuses specifically on the field of journalism and how female reporters used the courts to fight the gender discrimination that was widespread and unbridled before the creation of legislation that outlawed it. The lawsuit filed by Mary Lou Butcher and approximately 90 other women against The Detroit News is one such case that exemplifies the process of filing a gender discrimination lawsuit, as well as the events that led to the suits and the impact that it and similar lawsuits had on the field of journalism and the women's liberation movement as a whole. Using textual analysis to examine the coverage of these lawsuits by industry literature and by the publications challenged by the lawsuits demonstrates what the field of newspapers and magazines was like during the time of the cases. Comparing the same media during the times of the lawsuits and post-settlement reveal how they contributed to an adjusted view of female journalists and aided women's acceptance in American newsrooms.