This thesis contends certain contentious court cases can be traced beyond their legal roots to deep, sometimes incommensurable philosophical disagreements. However, the unitary nature of the judicial system effectively forces the court to take sides, putting its institutional weight and moral authority behind one set of principles and not another. Following Cover, I contend that this encourages future litigants to rephrase their claims in the court’s preferred normative language, thus influencing our normative environment. The theories which guide judicial decisions, however, are generally insufficiently attentive to the court’s normative influence. In response, I attempt adapting Dworkin’s Law as Integrity around Cover’s more sociological view. Chapter 1 examines Cover’s view, Chapter 2 explores Syndicat Northcrest v. Amselem and Delmaagukw v. B.C. as case studies, and Chapter 3 adapts Dworkin around Covers view. My conclusions argue that further inspiration can be drawn from EU Coordinate Constitutionalism and Sui Generis aboriginal rights.

Family is the foundation society. Women are the backbone of families even in fundamental patriarchal society like Malaysia. However, Malaysia’s system of religious accommodation results in different rights available to individuals based on the states diverse religious affiliation. Contemporary family issues are inadequately addressed in current Malaysian Family Law: one for the Muslims and one for the non-Muslims. Most cases highlighted inconsistencies when conversion to Islam affected the rights of women during breakdown of marriage. In permitting a path to accommodate diversity, and to reach a new engagement between the civil and the Shariah courts, it is necessary to appreciate Malaysia’s history, sentiment, constraints and strengths. This paper proposes that not only Malaysia has adequate strengths to provide a strong platform to address the conflict, but possesses the mechanisms to create a dynamic set of joint governance of Family Laws to enhance religious accommodation.

Family is the foundation society. Women are the backbone of families even in fundamental patriarchal society like Malaysia. However, Malaysia’s system of religious accommodation results in different rights available to individuals based on the states diverse religious affiliation. Contemporary family issues are inadequately addressed in current Malaysian Family Law: one for the Muslims and one for the non-Muslims. Most cases highlighted inconsistencies when conversion to Islam affected the rights of women during breakdown of marriage. In permitting a path to accommodate diversity, and to reach a new engagement between the civil and the Shariah courts, it is necessary to appreciate Malaysia’s history, sentiment, constraints and strengths. This paper proposes that not only Malaysia has adequate strengths to provide a strong platform to address the conflict, but possesses the mechanisms to create a dynamic set of joint governance of Family Laws to enhance religious accommodation.

The human rights of women in The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) have been a subject of unresolved debate among sociologists, economists, and political scientists alike, as this region’s gender related human rights performance remains uniquely weaker compared to other geographic regions in the world. Most notably, the human rights of women in the region have been lagging in the area of family law. The following paper assesses gender inequity in the MENA region from a legal perspective, with a focus on family law and legal pluralism, and with the intent to shed light on domestic legal institutions as means of influencing the economic and political status of women both in the Middle East and globally.

Orientador: Elisabete Maniglia / Banca: Carlos Frederico Marés de Souza Filho / Banca: Antonio Alberto Machado / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe analisar e conceber instrumentos de construção de direitos étnicos e coletivos às comunidades tradicionais faxinalenses, localizadas no Centro-Sul do país. Isto, a partir de uma realidade agrária em que o modelo de desenvolvimento do agronegócio prevalece e recebe o incentivo do Estado brasileiro com o propósito de expansão do capital em detrimento do meio de vida dos povos tradicionais. A pesquisa apresenta as violações aos direitos coletivos e territoriais perpetrado pelos empreendimentos ligados ao agronegócio e pelos sujeitos que incorporam sua lógica de funcionamento. A partir de então, de forma crítica aos paradigmas vigentes no direito, vislumbra-se uma forma pluridimensional de manifestação do mesmo com o propósito de conceber uma retórica jurídica garantidora a estas comunidades. Além disso, aprecia-se a utilização da função social da propriedade em territórios tradicionalmente ocupados, relevando nesta análise a importância dos agentes que compõe este espaço social. Por fim, utilizam-se métodos e instrumentos jurídicos progressistas para possibilitar a efetivação de direitos étnicos e coletivos, potencializando um pluralismo jurídico emancipatório e que somente se justifica pela dinâmica das lutas sociais / Abstract: This paper aims to analyze and develop tools for the construction of ethnic and collective rights to faxinalenses traditional communities, located in the Mid-South of country. This, from an agrarian reality in which the model of agribusiness development prevails and receives encouragement from the Brazilian state with the purpose of capital expansion at the expense of the livelihoods of traditional peoples. The research shows collective and territorial rights violations perpetrated by the enterprises related to agribusiness and the individuals who embody its logic of operation. Thereafter, in order to critique current paradigms in the law, envisions a pluri-dimensional manifestation of the same in order to devise a legal rhetoric guarantor to these communities. It also assesses the use of the social function of property in territories traditionally occupied, emphasizing in this analysis the importance of the agents that make up this social space. Finally, using legal methods and progressive instruments to enable the realization of ethnic and collective rights, empowering a legal pluralism emancipatory that is only justified by the dynamics of social struggles / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1754017 bytes, checksum: a4b6b15cb715e56811db87fb72f33afe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The univocity of indolent and instrumental western reason in modernity mutes the knowledges and rationalities that are far from the self punctual model thematized by Charles Taylor (2011). This obscuration , in turn , is closely connected to the relationship of inequality and the peripheral and inferior status occupied by subjects (SOUZA , 2012). By conducting an empirical search with farmers living in two municipalities located in the state of Minas Gerais (Maravilhas and Porto Firme), we found that this sophisticated system of domination also includes rural areas, ranking these subjects, hindering them the dimension of recognition and citizenship and silencing his peasant ethos. From this finding, and believing that social position of subjects interferes in their relationship with the State and the laws, we analyzed the consequences that obscuration causes on daily interations between peripheral rural subjects and the laws - especially forestry legislation. In this sense, we seek to highlight the unfittings between Brazilian Forest Code and the reality of the subjects studied, which we are calling peasants or peripherals rural subjects. Through the perception that this law, despite of having been recently amended by the justification of small scale farmers inclusion, in fact, hás constributed too little to change the reality of these subjects, we will seek to problematize the place that Law occupies on modernity, questioning if a monistic and positivistic Law have effective possibility of inclusion of excluded subjects and peripherals. That's how we analyze if a pluralistic Law with close relationship with a decentralized democratic theory (WOLKMER, 2001) can be put as a tool to enable the Law to be a space of emancipation beyond the oppression that produces and thus contribute to the expansion of citizenship of peripheral subjects such as farmers, enabling them to have "right to have rights". / A univocidade da razão ocidental indolente e instrumental na modernidade silencia os saberes e as racionalidades que se distanciem do modelo do self pontual tematizado por Charles Taylor (2011). Este obscurecimento, por sua vez, encontra-se intimamente ligado à relação de desigualdade e ao status periférico e inferiorizado ocupado pelos sujeitos (SOUZA, 2012). Por meio da realização de uma pesquisa empírica junto a camponeses residentes em dois municípios brasileiros localizados no estado de Minas Gerais (Maravilhas e Porto Firme) foi possível identificar que este sofisticado sistema de dominação abarca também os espaços rurais, hierarquizando estes sujeitos, tolhendo-lhes a dimensão do reconhecimento e da cidadania e silenciando o seu ethos camponês. A partir desta constatação, e acreditando que o lugar social dos sujeitos interfere na sua relação com o Estado e com as leis, nos pusemos a analisar as consequências que o obscurecimento destes sujeitos rurais periféricos causa em sua relação cotidiana com as leis especialmente com a legislação florestal. Neste sentido, buscamos evidenciar os desencaixes entre o que dispõe o Código Florestal brasileiro e a realidade dos sujeitos pesquisados, a que temos denominado camponeses ou sujeitos rurais periféricos. Por meio da percepção de que esta lei, em que pese ter sido recentemente alterada sob o mote e justificativa de inclusão dos pequenos agricultores, tem, na prática, pouco contribuído para a alteração da realidade destes sujeitos, buscamos problematizar o lugar do Direito ocupado na modernidade, questionando em que medida um Direito calcado em bases monistas e positivistas tem possibilidade efetiva de inclusão de sujeitos excluídos e periféricos. É assim que analisamos em que medida uma proposta pluralista de Direito, com íntima relação com uma teoria democrática descentralizadora (WOLKMER, 2001), pode se colocar como um instrumento capaz de possibilitar ao Direito ser um espaço de emancipação, para além da opressão que produz, e assim contribuir para a ampliação da cidadania de sujeitos periféricos, como os camponeses, possibilitando-os ter direito a ter direitos .

Historically South African law has been dominated by Western law. Indigenous law and the jural postulates which underpin that law are insufficiently accommodated in the South African legal order. The Western component of the official legal system is regarded as institutionally and politically superior and is as such perceived to be the dominant system. In contrast indigenous law is regarded as a servient system. The monopolistic control of the legal order by the Western section of the population resulted in the creation of a legal order primarily suited to its own needs. The fact that few of the values of indigenous law are reflected in the official legal system and the fact that there is a measure of conflict and tension between the fundamental precepts of indigenous law and those of Western law, gave rise to a crisis of legitimacy of the official legal system in South Africa. This in turn lead to the emergence of unofficial alternative structures for the administration of justice. Indigenous law should receive full recognition and enjoy the same status as Western law. To accomplish this, legislative measures which entrench a distorted indigenous law, limit the application of indigenous law, or affect its status in the South African legal order, should be revoked. Even in a multicultural society such as that of South Africa, there is a common nucleus of core values that are shared by the whole society. But different cultures have different conceptions of these basic values and their role in legal, political and social ordering. The Bill of Rights should give due recognition to the postulates which underscore both Western and indigenous law. This should be done by providing that the values the Bill entrenches, must be interpreted in their proper cultural perspective where circumstances so demand. But this will be possible only if the level of knowledge of indigenous law and its fundamental precepts is drastically improved. / LL.D

With Legal pluralism, a state has more than one legal system in which rights can be attributed to citizens through private or religious actors. Lebanon has established religious family law through the constitutional charter, in which personal status is delegated to the country’s different confessions to govern. Citizens of different confessions are thus assigned different rights which particularly tends to affect the rights of women.  In this study, the impacts of Lebanon's legal pluralism on the legal status of women is being examined to give an understanding of how the legal system from a gender perspective, and to examine how the outcome affects women’s everyday life by the coexistence of religious and civil courts. The study also examines how Lebanon, with its current constitution, can fulfill the international law obligations stemming follow from the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Through legal methods and semi-structured interviews made with civil society, legal and academic persons in Beirut - the current laws in Lebanon were analyzed based on the concepts of gender, male dominance, and private and public sphere to visualize the relationship of gender and its significance in the Lebanese legal system. The results of the study show that legal pluralism in Lebanon can be understood in relation to how the complex history of the country has influenced the formation of the judicial system in which a male norm is dominating. The rights of women have been thrust to the private sphere and a masculine norm permeates the Constitution, family law and civil laws, which creates gender segregation in society. Thus, gender affects the legal status of women and the impacts of legal pluralism affect their daily lives negatively as their legal status is subordinate to men regarding marriage and its dissolution, custody of children, and nationality.                       Regarding the Conventional right, the study shows that the current constitution allows for space to fulfill CEDAW. Thus, the protection of the Convention is not being fully implemented in neither the personal status related laws or civil laws. However, Lebanon has reservations towards key articles of the Convention which result in that the full potential of the Convention is not maintained. / Rättslig pluralism innebär att en stat har fler än ett rättssystem och att rättigheter tillämpas av statliga och privata aktörer. Libanon har genom konstitutionen etablerat religiös familjerätt som innebär att medborgare tillskrivs olika rättigheter efter trosbekännelse vilket särskilt påverkar kvinnor rättsliga ställning. I denna studie undersöks hur rättslig pluralism kan förstås ur ett genusrättsvetenskapligt perspektiv samt hur det påverkar kvinnors rättsliga ställning i Libanon. Studien undersöker även hur Libanon, med den nuvarande konstitutionen, kan uppfylla de internationella förpliktelser som följer av konventionen om avskaffande av alla former av diskriminering mot kvinnor (CEDAW). Genom rättsdogmatisk metod, genusrättsvetenskap samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer med civilsamhället, akademiker samt rättstillämpare i Beirut, har gällande rätt i Libanon analyseras utifrån begreppen genus, manlig dominans och privat och offentlig sfär för att visualisera förhållandet mellan kön och dess betydelse i det libanesiska rättssystemet. Resultaten visar att rättslig pluralism i Libanon kan förstås i förhållande till landets komplexa historia som har påverkat bildandet av det rättsliga systemet där en manlig norm präglar konstitutionen, familjerätten och civilrättsliga lagar vilket skapar könssegregering i samhället. Utfallet påvisar att det råder motsättningar mellan konstitutionella rättigheter vilket påverkar att kvinnors rättsliga ställning främst behandlas inom den privata sfären och blir undantaget som rättighetsinnehavare. I det dagliga samhället underordnas kvinnors rättsliga ställning avseende äktenskapet och dess upplösning, vårdnad av barn och nationalitet, i förhållande till den rättsliga ställning som män innehar. Avseende folkrättsliga förpliktelser visar studien att den nuvarande konstitutionen ger utrymme att uppfylla CEDAW. Dock följer av gällande rätt och Libanons reservationer mot centrala artiklar i konventionen hinder vilka innebär att konventionen inte upprätthålls.

Les conflits de normes ont fait l'objet d'analyses spécifiques dans le cadre du droit international privé, du droit transitoire ou encore de la logique juridique. Ils n'ont pas pour autant été systématisés afin d'extraire les conditions de leur émergence au sein des disciplines juridiques, plus particulièrement le droit du travail et le droit des affaires, et les effets de leur solution sur les situations appréhendées par le droit. Une perspective interdisciplinaire peut, en outre, être retenue. L'étude des conflits de normes envisagée sous l'angle d'une conception pluraliste du droit élargit le problème qu'ils posent traditionnellement et tente de trouver, dans le contexte actuel de la mondialisation, la voie d'une redéfinition de l'articulation des normes et d'un renouvellement du droit. Elle enrichit l'approche du droit déclinée sous forme d'organisations. Ces dernières sont fondées sur des mécanismes et des intérêts et produisent du droit, conformément à la théorie d'Hauriou et de Romano. Dès lors, compte tenu de l'hétérogénéité des intérêts surgissant de toute part sur la scène internationale, les organisations étatiques, privées, européennes, internationales, générant leur propre ordre juridique se confrontent. L'interaction entre les ordres juridiques se matérialise par des conflits de normes qui fragilisent leur autonomie intrinsèque. Leur revendication d'indépendance fait obstacle à l'interdépendance qui caractérise originellement leur relation. Néanmoins, la restauration de l'autonomie et le renforcement de l'interdépendance des organisations sont essentiels afin de garantir l'équilibre entre les intérêts économiques et sociaux, général et particuliers. Ils permettent de maîtriser le conflit de normes qui n'est plus subi mais choisi, ou de le faire disparaître. / Conflicts of norms made the object of specific analysis as part of private international law, as transitional law or else as legal logic. They were not systematized therefore to extract the conditions of their emergence within legal disciplines, more particularly labour law and company law, and the effects of their resolution on situations caught by law. An interdisciplinary perspective can, besides, be kept. And the study of conflicts of norms considered from the angle of a pluralist conception of law enlarges the problem which they put down traditionally and try to find, in the present situation of globalization, the way of a redefining of the articulation of norms and of a renewal of law. It enriches the approach of law declined in form of organizations. These last are founded on mechanisms and interests and produce law, in accordance with the theory of Hauriou and Romano. Since then, considering the heterogeneity of interests coming into sight on the international stage from everywhere, the international, european, private, state organizations, generating their own legal order are confronted. The correlation between legal orders materializes by conflicts of norms which weaken their intrinsic autonomy. Their claim of independence stands in the way of the interrelationship which characterizes their relation originally. However, the restoration of the autonomy and the strengthening of the interrelationship of organizations are essential to guarantee balance between economic and social interests, general and individual interests. They allow to control the conflict of norms which is not undergone any more but chosen, or to remove it.

Orientadores: Lucia da Costa Ferreira, Carlos Alfredo Joly / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas. / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T21:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mendes_AnaBeatrizVianna_D.pdf: 3210103 bytes, checksum: df2cf4871107f1a67eee53e11bd9b814 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Sob um prisma interdisciplinar, focado nas ciências humanas, este trabalho se dedica ao estudo de situações de ação que ocorreram em áreas destinadas à conservação ambiental. Selecionamos unidades de conservação (UCs) que carregam pressupostos distintos em relação à possibilidade de conservação ambiental e presença humana: o Parque Nacional do Jaú e a Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá, ambos situados no Amazonas. A análise de situações de ação observadas nestas UCs, a partir da ótica do pluralismo jurídico, permitirá discutir se e como as normas positivadas pelo Estado são impostas e como são manipuladas, negociadas e subvertidas no âmbito local. Tais situações de ação não envolvem apenas questões de direitos e deveres socioambientais vistos sob a ótica jurídica estatal - trata-se aqui da sobreposição de dois bens tutelados constitucionalmente: meio ambiente e diversidade cultural. Elas nos levam a refletir também sobre a importância e os limites do conhecimento científico, do direito positivado e do próprio Estado como entes legítimos para definir e gerir as políticas públicas brasileiras, notadamente as destinadas à proteção ambiental e à proteção da diversidade cultural. A partir do reconhecimento de que o direito estatal não tem o monopólio dos Direitos que regem a sociedade, e de que a ciência não tem o monopólio da verdade, este trabalho desnuda algumas fragilidades nas formas modernas de conhecimento e de juridicação, evidencia a crise das instituições estatais na criação, legitimação e efetivação de direitos e políticas públicas, e ressalta a importância da participação dos grupos sociais locais para a definição das regras e acordos socioambientais e, em última medida, para a efetivação da democracia / Abstract: From an interdisciplinary approach, focused on human sciences, this work is concerned with action situations that have occurred in protected environmental areas. We have selected two protected areas that have different presuppositions in relation to the possibility of conservation and human presence: Parque Nacional do Jaú (Jaú National Park and Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável de Mamirauá (the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve), both located in the Amazon. From a juridical pluralistic viewpoint, the analysis of action situations observed in these protected areas allows us to discuss if and how the positivated norms are imposed and how they are manipulated, negotiated and subverted on the local level. These action situations do not involve only questions regarding socio-environmental rights and obligations seen from a state juridical point of view - here we are dealing with the superposition of two constitutionally protected domains: environment and cultural diversity. These actions also lead us to reflect on the importance and limits of scientific knowledge, on the positivated rights, and on the State itself as legitimate delineators, capable of defining and managing Brazilian public policies, in particular those destined to the protection of the environmental and cultudiversity. After recognizing that state law does not have a monopoly on the Laws that regulate society, and that science does not have a monopoly on the truth, this work reveals some fragile settings in modern forms of knowledge and jurisdiction, highlighting the crisis of the state institutions in creating, legitimating and effectuating public policies and rights, and stresses the importance of the participation of local social groups in defining socio-environmental rules and agreements and, last but not least, effectuating democracy / Doutorado / Doutor em Ambiente e Sociedade