Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas vienašalis sandoris kaip prievolinių santykių atsiradimo prielaida. Darbas pradedamas vienašalio sandorio sąvokos analize, bendrųjų bruožų atskleidimu ir jo reikšmingumo pagrindimu. Nuosekliai nagrinėjami būtini sandorio elementai: subjektai, valia, valios išraiška, turinys ir forma. Išskiriami, būtent, vienašalio sandorio elementams būdingi ypatumai. Taip pat autorė atskleidžia, kad vienašalis sandoris gali būti pirminiu prievolinių santykių atsiradimo pagrindu arba tik papildomu juridiniu faktu jau esamuose teisiniuose santykiuose. Antrame skyriuje autorė nagrinėja prievolinių santykių kilimo sąlygas pagal tokį sandorį. Šiame skyriuje išskiriamos dvi vienašalių sandorių grupės: vienašaliai sandoriai, kurie skirti juos sudarantiems asmenims ir tie, kurie adresuojami kitiems asmenims. Autorė analizuoja kiekvieno jų ypatumus ir prievolinių santykių kilimo sąlygas. Taip pat nagrinėjamas įstatyme numatytas teisinių padarinių kilimas pagal vienašalį sandorį ir privalomas vienašalio sandorio sudarymas. Trečiasis šio magistro baigiamojo darbo skyrius yra skirtas vienašalio sandorio įtakos apimties analizei. Išskiriami sandoriai, kurie įtakoja tik vieną sandorio šalį ir tie, kurie įtakoja abi šalis. Taip pat analizuojama, kaip teisių ir pareigų pagal tokius sandorius atsiranda tretiesiems asmenims. Šiame skyriuje aptariama vienašalio sandorio atsisakymo teisė ir jos įgyvendinimo sudėtingumas, priklausantis nuo jo įtakos apimties... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Authoress of this master‘s final thesis analyse unilateral legal transaction as the cause of the obligations. The thesis begins with analysis of the concept, common features and substantiation of the importance. Authoress coherently analyse essential elements of the legal transaction: subjects, will, expression of will, content and legal form. The elements of unilateral legal transaction are emphasized. Authoress reveals that unilateral legal transaction can be the prime assumption of the obligations or it can be only collateral fact in the legal relations. The conditions of occurrence of the obligations under unilateral legal transaction are researched in the second chapter. Two groups of legal transactions are separated: unilateral legal transactions that are intended to the formers and those, which are addressed to the other persons. The occurrence of the obligations indicated in the legal acts and obligatory formation of the unilateral legal transaction are analyzed as well. The third chapter is about the size of influence of the unilateral legal transaction. There are contracts which bring influence only to the one part of the contract and those, which bring influence to the both sides. Authoress analyse how rights and obligations can arise to the third persons under unilateral legal transaction. The right of rejection of the unilateral legal transaction is disputed as well. The implementation of this right depends on the size of influence to the sides of the contract... [to full text]

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos fundamentais do negócio jurídico associativo, na forma disciplinada pelo atual código civil. O legislador ampliou a disciplina referente à associação, pessoa jurídica de direito privado; definiu essa entidade e estabeleceu os elementos essenciais que seu estatuto deve conter. Inseriu regras acerca dos direitos dos membros e da transmissão da qualidade de associado. Tratou da sua exclusão e da necessidade da existência de uma justa causa para tanto. Foram elencadas normas acerca da convocação e competência da assembleia geral dos associados. Por fim, se estabeleceu regras acerca da dissolução dos entes e do destino do patrimônio remanescente, bem como da possibilidade de restituição da contribuição aos membros. Foi identificada omissão do legislador em relação a certos pontos, que serão estudados na presente tese de doutoramento, com auxílio de doutrina estrangeira, em especial a italiana. Para tanto, trataremos das principais características das associações, que as distinguem de outras pessoas jurídicas de direito privado, em especial as fundações e sociedades, analisando os seus elementos essenciais. Serão abordadas as formalidades previstas para sua constituição e aquisição da personalidade jurídica, bem como os efeitos da personificação. Será feita uma diferenciação entre as associações personificadas e não personificadas, para analisarmos se o regime jurídico aplicável a elas deveria ser distinto. Ademais, dentro da disciplina do negócio jurídico e do contrato, em especial, procuraremos identificar a natureza do ato constitutivo que dá origem à associação. A organização interna dessas entidades será estudada, envolvendo questões acerca da constituição, funcionamento, funções e competências dos seus órgãos, bem como a forma de tomada de deliberações e a disciplina de sua anulação, além dos problemas de conflitos de interesses e de responsabilidade dos administradores. Trataremos, ainda, das condições para alteração dos estatutos e das regras para retirada e exclusão dos membros e seus efeitos. Por fim, abordaremos a dissolução das associações. / The present work aims to analyze the basic aspects of the legal transaction with the purpose of creating an association, as regulated by the current civil code. The legislator broadened the discipline referring to the association, a legal entity of private law. He defined this entity and set the essential elements that its bylaws must contain. He inserted rules concerning the rights of the members and the transmission of the quality of associate. He dealt with their exclusion and the necessity of the existence of a fair cause for it. Norms concerning the call and the competence of a general meeting of the associates have been foreseen. Finally, rules concerning the dissolution of the entities and the destination of the remaining assets have been established, as well as the possibility of the restitution of the contributions to the members. However, the legislator omitted some points, that will be studied in the present thesis with reliance on foreign doctrine, in particular the Italian one. In order to achieve that, we will deal with the main characteristics that distinguish the associations from other legal entities of private law, in special foundations and business entities such as partnerships and corporations. The formalities foreseen for its constitution and the acquisition of the legal entity will be discussed, as well as its effects. Differences between the associations with and without legal entity will be established, to conclude wether their applicable legal regime needs to be special. Moreover, dealing with the disciplines of the legal transaction and of the contract, specially, we will try to identify the nature of the constituent act that originates the association. The internal organization of these entities will be studied, involving questions regarding the constitution, operations, functions and abilities of its bodies. Besides that, the form of deliberating and the process to invalidate them will be analyzed, as well as the problems of conflicts of interests and responsibility of the managers. We will then have mentioned the conditions for alteration of the bylaws, the appraisal rights and the exclusion of the members and its effects. Finally, we will approach the dissolution of the associations.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os aspectos fundamentais do negócio jurídico associativo, na forma disciplinada pelo atual código civil. O legislador ampliou a disciplina referente à associação, pessoa jurídica de direito privado; definiu essa entidade e estabeleceu os elementos essenciais que seu estatuto deve conter. Inseriu regras acerca dos direitos dos membros e da transmissão da qualidade de associado. Tratou da sua exclusão e da necessidade da existência de uma justa causa para tanto. Foram elencadas normas acerca da convocação e competência da assembleia geral dos associados. Por fim, se estabeleceu regras acerca da dissolução dos entes e do destino do patrimônio remanescente, bem como da possibilidade de restituição da contribuição aos membros. Foi identificada omissão do legislador em relação a certos pontos, que serão estudados na presente tese de doutoramento, com auxílio de doutrina estrangeira, em especial a italiana. Para tanto, trataremos das principais características das associações, que as distinguem de outras pessoas jurídicas de direito privado, em especial as fundações e sociedades, analisando os seus elementos essenciais. Serão abordadas as formalidades previstas para sua constituição e aquisição da personalidade jurídica, bem como os efeitos da personificação. Será feita uma diferenciação entre as associações personificadas e não personificadas, para analisarmos se o regime jurídico aplicável a elas deveria ser distinto. Ademais, dentro da disciplina do negócio jurídico e do contrato, em especial, procuraremos identificar a natureza do ato constitutivo que dá origem à associação. A organização interna dessas entidades será estudada, envolvendo questões acerca da constituição, funcionamento, funções e competências dos seus órgãos, bem como a forma de tomada de deliberações e a disciplina de sua anulação, além dos problemas de conflitos de interesses e de responsabilidade dos administradores. Trataremos, ainda, das condições para alteração dos estatutos e das regras para retirada e exclusão dos membros e seus efeitos. Por fim, abordaremos a dissolução das associações. / The present work aims to analyze the basic aspects of the legal transaction with the purpose of creating an association, as regulated by the current civil code. The legislator broadened the discipline referring to the association, a legal entity of private law. He defined this entity and set the essential elements that its bylaws must contain. He inserted rules concerning the rights of the members and the transmission of the quality of associate. He dealt with their exclusion and the necessity of the existence of a fair cause for it. Norms concerning the call and the competence of a general meeting of the associates have been foreseen. Finally, rules concerning the dissolution of the entities and the destination of the remaining assets have been established, as well as the possibility of the restitution of the contributions to the members. However, the legislator omitted some points, that will be studied in the present thesis with reliance on foreign doctrine, in particular the Italian one. In order to achieve that, we will deal with the main characteristics that distinguish the associations from other legal entities of private law, in special foundations and business entities such as partnerships and corporations. The formalities foreseen for its constitution and the acquisition of the legal entity will be discussed, as well as its effects. Differences between the associations with and without legal entity will be established, to conclude wether their applicable legal regime needs to be special. Moreover, dealing with the disciplines of the legal transaction and of the contract, specially, we will try to identify the nature of the constituent act that originates the association. The internal organization of these entities will be studied, involving questions regarding the constitution, operations, functions and abilities of its bodies. Besides that, the form of deliberating and the process to invalidate them will be analyzed, as well as the problems of conflicts of interests and responsibility of the managers. We will then have mentioned the conditions for alteration of the bylaws, the appraisal rights and the exclusion of the members and its effects. Finally, we will approach the dissolution of the associations.

L’assistance dans l’élaboration d’un acte juridique est une technique ancienne à laquelle le législateur continue aujourd’hui d’avoir recours. Pourtant, elle semble susciter peu d’intérêt, de sorte que la légimité de son existence peut être mise en doute. L’objet de cette démonstration est donc de comprendre ce phénomène d’assistance afin de savoir s’il renvoie à une institution singulière et autonome. Apparaissant sous une double forme à l’occasion de la formation d’un acte juridique, l’assistance peut être tantôt “habilitante”, tantôt “facilitante”. Si ce dualisme est utile dans la détermination du régime, il est avant tout, sur le plan notionnel, source de confusion. Dans tous les cas, l’assistance affiche toutefois une unité substantielle. Caractérisée comme un “être avec” et un “agir avec”, l’assistance est une technique de protection intermédiaire refusant toute substitution qui consiste pour l’assistant à être aux côtés de l’assisté afin de l’aider à exprimer une volonté en conformité avec ses intérêts. Ce phénomène se doit par conséquent d’obéir à des règles clairement identifiées, ce qui n’est pas toujours le cas à ce jour. Tout en mettant en évidence le droit positif, cette étude se propose donc d’apporter certaines précisions dans le fonctionnement de l’assistance envisagé à la fois dans la seule relation établie entre les deux principaux protagonistes, mais aussi au-delà. Si l’assistance se déploie entre l’assisté et l’assistant, elle rayonne nécessairement sur l’acte juridique ainsi passé et sur des tiers à la relation d’assistance. / Assistance is a method that the legislator has had recourse to for long in the drafting of a legal transaction and it still does nowadays. However, it seems to arouse so few interest that the legitimacy of its existence may be doubted. The purpose of this demonstration therefore is to understand this practice and determine whether it can be considered as a singular and autonomous institution or not. Assistance can play two parts during the drafting of a legal transaction, sometimes as an “enabler”, sometimes as a “facilitator”. While this duality proves to be useful in the determination of the regime, it mostly brings a lexical confusion. In any case though, assistance conveys a substantial unity. Both defined as “being with” and “acting with”, assistance is an intermediary protection technique that excludes any kind of substitution and consists, for the designated assistant, in standing by the assisted to help him to state a will in accordance with his interests. As a consequence, it has to comply with clearly identified rules, which is, to date, not necessarily the case. Whilst presenting the positive law, this study aims at clarifying the functioning of assistance, both taken as the relationship established between the two main protagonists and beyond. Although assistance mainly concerns the assistant and the assisted, it inevitably has an impact on the legal transaction concluded thereby and the related third parties.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HAMID C B JR.pdf: 1174776 bytes, checksum: 128318ada1c92e63a1f02c4e4fac0fee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-27 / This work verifies the possibility of typically void transactions having their effects preserved in spite of the nullity of the transaction. It starts with the study of legal transactions as regards their existence, in a summary fashion, their validity and effectiveness. Afterwards the hypothesis of absolute nullity and mere voidability are studied in order to verify which criterion could justify the preservation of the typically void transactions. In the first chapters the examination of validity and the effects of the legal transaction is done with the study of some aspects concerning the existence. The study has the objective of identifying the elements and the conditions of effectiveness. In order to reach the specific studies of the void legal transaction, the distinctions between nullity and voidability and the nature of the referred invalidity have been examined. In this context, each situation foreseen in the Civil Code as a hypothesis of nullity and voidability has been analyzed, as well as some characteristics of the law suits filed in order to dissolve or declare the nullity of the transaction. The direct and indirect effects of the void legal transactions and the principles that can justify their preservation are analyzed and confronted with their purpose to the institute. In a proper chapter, the situations in which the effectiveness of a typically void transaction could be preserved in light of the applicability of principles and values that could justify such conclusion have been studied. In the final chapter presents jurisprudence that demonstrates the existence of concrete situations to which the conclusions of this work are applied / O trabalho objetiva verificar a possibilidade de negócios tipicamente nulos, apesar da nulidade, terem seus efeitos preservados. Para tanto, inicia com o estudo dos negócios jurídicos nos planos da existência, de modo breve, da validade e da eficácia. Posteriormente, estuda as hipóteses de nulidade e anulabilidade, para então verificar quais critérios podem justificar a preservação dos negócios tipicamente nulos. Nos capítulos iniciais, examina a validade e os efeitos dos negócio jurídico, com o estudo de alguns aspectos relativos à existência. Cuida de identificar seus elementos e suas condições de eficácia. Para alcançar o estudo específico dos efeitos do negócio nulo, examina as distinções entre nulidades e anulabilidadese e a natureza dessas invalidades. Nesse contexto, cada uma das situações previstas no Código Civil como hipótese de nulidade e anulabilidade é analisada, assim como determinadas características das ações ajuizadas com o fim de desconstituir ou declarar a nulidade do negócio. Os efeitos dos negócios inválidos, indiretos e diretos, e os princípios que podem justificar a preservação deles são analisados, em confronto com sua utilidade para o instituto. Em capítulo próprio, examina as situações em que a eficácia de um negócio tipicamente nulo poderia ser preservada, em face da incidência de princípios e valores que pudessem justificar tal conclusão. No capítulo final, apresenta jurisprudência que demonstra a existência de situações concretas, casuísticas, que se sujeitam às conclusões a que chegou

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-06T12:55:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ceres Linck dos Santos.pdf: 1031580 bytes, checksum: 24bb61e10b252149d812fef8fb81f2fa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-06T12:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ceres Linck dos Santos.pdf: 1031580 bytes, checksum: 24bb61e10b252149d812fef8fb81f2fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-07 / This study aims to analyze the structure of the legal transaction in the tripartite plan, focusing on the invalidities and on the principle of conservation, as normative source for the appearance of interpretations or techniques that aim at the effectiveness of the negotiation declaration and the effectiveness of the law. In the investigation of the limits of freedom and of private autonomy for the practice of legal transactions, it assesses the public interest should always be considered supreme in relation to private interest or in what form they are related. Subsequently, a number of invalidity treatment institutes, such as reduction and substantial conversion, are analyzed. In the end, it focuses on the autonomy provided for in article.217, item I of the Federal Constitution, aimed at the organizational and functional regulation of leading sports organizations and associations, analyzing the applicability of the conservation principle and techniques for dealing with disability in the scope of the legal relations of sports law, exemplifying two practical cases / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura dos negócios jurídicos no plano tripartite, focando nas invalidades e no princípio da conservação, enquanto fonte normativa para o surgimento de interpretações ou técnicas que visem à eficácia da declaração negocial e à efetividade do direito. Na investigação dos limites da liberdade e autonomia privada para a prática de negócios jurídicos, avalia-se se o interesse público deve ser considerado sempre supremo em relação ao interesse privado ou de que forma se relacionam. Posteriormente, analisa-se, pontualmente, alguns institutos de tratamento de invalidades, como a redução e a conversão substancial. Ao final, foca-se na autonomia prevista no art.217, inciso I da Constituição Federal, destinada à regulamentação organizacional e funcional de entidades desportivas dirigentes e associações, analisando-se a aplicabilidade do princípio da conservação e de técnicas de tratamento das invalidades no âmbito das relações jurídicas de direito desportivo, exemplificando com dois casos práticos

In August 2014, the Peruvian Supreme Courten acted  the  Fifth  Civil  Cassation Plenary, which establishes that any challenging madeto an associative agreement must be realized through the procedure referred to in the article92 of the Peruvian Civil Code. The comments and criticisms to this decision have not beenfew, considering the complexity of the theme discussed in the aforementioned decision.In this context, with the present article the author realizes a thorough critique of such Cassation Plenary. Based on the analysis of civil and procedural legal concepts, he reaches a conclusion: That the plenary decision, besides of having multiple legal errors, won't accomplish its purpose. / En agosto de 2014, la Corte Suprema promulgó el Quinto Pleno Casatorio Civil, en elque dispone que todo cuestionamiento a un acuerdo asociativo deba realizarse mediantela impugnación contemplada en el artículo 92del Código Civil. Los comentarios y las críticas a esta decisión no han sido pocas, tomandoen cuenta la complejidad del tema discutido.En ese contexto, mediante el presente artículo, el autor realiza una crítica completa sobre el Pleno Casatorio. Basándose en un análisis de conceptos jurídicos civiles y procesales, llega a una conclusión: La decisión plenaria, además de tener múltiples errores jurídicos, no logra finalmente lo que se buscaba con ella.

Electronic Legal Transaction: Comparative analysis with emphasis on the use of electronic signature under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany Abstract (English) Objectives. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of electronic legal transactions under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany, while emphasising the utilisation of higher versions of electronic signature, especially of a qualified electronic signature, which has legal effects of a handwritten signature in legal transactions performed by electronic means (Chapters 6 to 10). At the same time, increased attention is also paid to entirely novel concepts of advanced and qualified electronic seal, which are intended exclusively for use by juristic persons. The laws under scrutiny are based especially on recently adopted Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, known as eIDAS. To provide a general background, the comparative analysis is preceded by a theoretical part (Chapters 2 to 4, partially Chapter 5), dealing with the concept of legal transactions (also termed "legal acts" or "legal action") in general, while also focusing on the traditional handwritten signature and its functions, especially in view of the German and Czech legal doctrines and with occasional references to common law, as well as to requirements ensuing...

Electronic Legal Transaction: Comparative analysis with emphasis on the use of electronic signature under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany Abstract (English) Objectives. This thesis provides a comparative analysis of electronic legal transactions under the EU law and laws of the Czech Republic and Germany, while emphasising the utilisation of higher versions of electronic signature, especially of a qualified electronic signature, which has legal effects of a handwritten signature in legal transactions performed by electronic means (Chapters 6 to 10). At the same time, increased attention is also paid to entirely novel concepts of advanced and qualified electronic seal, which are intended exclusively for use by juristic persons. The laws under scrutiny are based especially on recently adopted Regulation (EU) No 910/2014, known as eIDAS. To provide a general background, the comparative analysis is preceded by a theoretical part (Chapters 2 to 4, partially Chapter 5), dealing with the concept of legal transactions (also termed "legal acts" or "legal action") in general, while also focusing on the traditional handwritten signature and its functions, especially in view of the German and Czech legal doctrines and with occasional references to common law, as well as to requirements ensuing...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vania Wongtschowski.pdf: 1219651 bytes, checksum: fffdb173e199394f0de7ebad5e5ff21c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-26 / This is a master s dissertation with the objective of analyzing the conversion of legal transactions, as regulated by section 170 of the Civil Code, as follows: section 170. If however a null legal transaction contains the requirements of another, the latter shall survive if the purpose intended by the parties allows the assumption that they would have wanted it had they foreseen nullity . This section was inspired by paragraph 140 of the German Civil Code, section 393 of the Portuguese Civil Code and section 1424 of the Italian Civil Code, and is based upon the principle of maintenance of legal values, thus seeking to safeguard the relevance of transactional declarations and ensure that legal transactions may achieve their social function. Throughout the work, the author defends the idea that the purpose of the conversion of legal transactions should be perceived through a social and objective perspective, therefore removing the need to seek the internal will of the agents of the legal relationship in order to seek the practical effects that would arise out of the legal transaction were it not invalid or ineffective in an objective manner and on the basis of the transactional declaration. As such, based upon the analysis of the effects that would be achieved by such transaction, it is possible to conceive its conversion, causing the invalid or ineffective legal transaction to be perceived under a new label by means of an act of legal characterization so that effect can be given to such legal transaction. The conversion of legal transactions is consistent with the evolvement of civil law and the so-called socialization and functions of private law to the extent that it seeks to cause legal transactions achieve their social function, thus not frustrating the trust or the fair expectation of the other party or society / Trata-se de dissertação de mestrado que visa à análise do instituto da conversão do negócio jurídico, disciplinado no artigo 170 do Código Civil, com o seguinte teor: art. 170. Se, porém, o negócio jurídico nulo contiver os requisitos de outro, subsistirá este quando o fim a que visavam as partes permitir supor que o teriam querido, se tivessem previsto a nulidade . Este artigo foi inspirado no parágrafo 140 do Código Civil alemão, nos artigos 393 do Código Civil português e 1424 do Código Civil italiano, e tem como fundamento o princípio da conservação dos valores jurídicos, procurando salvaguardar a relevância da declaração negocial e garantir que o negócio jurídico possa atingir a sua função social. Sustentamos, ao longo do trabalho, que o instituto da conversão do negócio jurídico deve ser encarado sob uma perspectiva social e objetiva, eliminando-se a necessidade de se buscar a vontade interna dos sujeitos da relação jurídica, para se buscar, em uma base objetiva e tomando por base a declaração negocial, os efeitos práticos que adviriam do negócio jurídico, não fosse a sua invalidade ou ineficácia. Com base, assim, na análise dos efeitos que seriam alcançados por tal negócio, é possível se falar em sua conversão, o que fará com que o negócio inválido ou ineficaz seja encarado com uma outra roupagem, por meio de um ato de qualificação jurídica, a fim de que sejam atribuídos efeitos a tal negócio jurídico. O instituto da conversão do negócio jurídico está em consonância com a evolução do direito civil e com a chamada socialização e funcionalização do direito privado, na medida em que busca fazer com que o negócio possa atingir sua função social, não frustrando a confiança ou a justa expectativa da outra parte ou mesmo da sociedade