Orientador: Eliana Marisa Ganem / Resumo: Introdução.Os avanços tecno-científicos do último século prestigiam a tecnologia e as ciências experimentais, resultando em desequilíbrio de valores e desumanização dos profissionais de saúde, dentre os quais, os anestesiologistas. Nesse universo, observam-se hospitais e enfermarias, depositários de sofrimentos humanos em nome da luta obstinada pela vida, ainda investindo na prática de distanásia, quando a conduta mais digna seria a ortotanásia. Objetivos. Avaliar se os anestesiologistas brasileiros conhecem os institutos da distanásia e ortotanásia; investigar a preferência dos anestesiologistas entre as práticas da distanásia e ortotanásia, diante da terminalidade de paciente com doença incurável; investigar se a distanásia ainda é praticada e, por fim, investigar como o ensino da graduação médica contribuiu para a abordagem teórica e prática de questões relacionadas a morte. Métodos. A pesquisa consistiu na aplicação de um questionário online, elaborado pelos pesquisadores, ainda não validado. O convite à participação se fez por correio eletrônico a todos os anestesiologistas filiados à Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA), explicando a natureza e a finalidade da pesquisa e direcionando os interessados, por meio de um link, ao Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) e ao questionário. Foram incluídos na pesquisa os 30 primeiros questionários respondidos na integralidade, de cada uma das cinco regiões politico-a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Background. The technological and scientific advances of the last century have honored technology and experimental sciences, resulting in imbalance between society values and dehumanization of health professionals, where anesthetists are included. In that universe, we can observe that the hospitals are used as deposits of human suffering in the name of the obstinate struggle for life and dysthanasia is still practiced, when the most dignified conduct would be orthothanasia. The objectives of this study are: evaluate whether Brazilian anesthesiologists know the institutes of dysthanasia and orthothanasia; investigate the preference of the anesthesiologists between dysthanasia and orthothanasia practices, considering the terminally ill patients with incurable disease; investigate whether dysthanasia is still practiced, and finally to investigate how medical education, during graduation in Medical schools have been contributing to theoretical and practical approach to issues related to death. Methods. This research consists in the application of an online questionnaire, prepared by the researchers, not validated yet. The invitation to participate was sent by e-mail to all anesthesiologists affiliated with the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), which has explained the nature and purpose of the research and directed the interested parties, through a link, to the Informed Consent Form (TCLE) followed by the questionnaire. The first 30 completed questionnaires from each of t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Estudo sobre os direitos materiais constitutivos da democracia enquanto norma constitucional. Partimos de uma análise das origens históricas do constitucionalismo moderno, onde traçamos a aproximação entre o movimento teórico que embasou o constitucionalismo e o princípio democrático. A soberania é objeto de estudo a partir de suas origens, demonstrando a influência de sua formação teórica absolutista nas posteriores concepções de soberania do povo, correntemente associadas à democracia. A democracia é objeto de estudo específico na terceira parte, especialmente a idéia de democracia direta como essência da democracia, o princípio representativo, a democracia como forma de governo, democracia e república, igualdade democrática formal e substancial, bem como sua relação com o Estado social e o Estado de Direito. Desta relação surge a democracia como norma constitucional dotada de um conteúdo jurídico-material, cogente, que lhe é constitutivo, e que legitima democraticamente a atuação contramajoritária do Judiciário / Study on the rights of the constituent materials democracy as a constitutional rule. We start from an analysis of the historical origins of modern constitutionalism, where do we draw the connection between the theoretical movement that based constitutionalism and democratic principle. Sovereignty is an object of study from its origins, demonstrating the influence of his theoretical training in new concepts of absolute sovereignty of the people, commonly associated with democracy. Democracy is the object of special study in the third part, especially the idea of direct democracy as the essence of democracy, the principle of representative democracy as a form of government, democracy and republic, democratic equality, formal and substantial, and their relation with the State social and rule of law. This relationship appears to democracy as a constitutional rule endowed with a legal content-material, cogent, it is constitutive, and that democratically legitimized the role of the judiciary.

Bien que profondément réformé ces vingt dernières années, l’office du juge administratif de la légalité reste caractérisé par certaines insuffisances. Faute de pouvoir se saisir d’office de certaines conclusions ou de tout moyen d’annulation, le juge chargé de censurer les actes administratifs illégaux est parfois contraint de rejeter des requêtes en annulation pourtant recevables et fondées. Cette défectuosité du contrôle juridictionnel opéré trouve son origine dans l’insuffisante prise en considération de la singularité de la fonction juridictionnelle exercée, qui ne consiste pas exclusivement à trancher un litige mais également à contrôler la légalité d’un acte. Le parachèvement de l’office du juge administratif de la légalité suppose son émancipation des éléments constitutifs de l’instance tels que fixés par les parties afin de lui conférer les pouvoirs adaptés à l’accomplissement de la mission qui lui incombe. A cette fin, l’étude des fondements de la prohibition de l’autosaisine permet de démontrer qu’aucun obstacle d’ordre théorique ou pratique ne s’oppose véritablement ni à la consécration des conclusions d’ordre public, ni à la généralisation des moyens d’ordre public. Seules des limites d’ordre conceptuel, nécessairement contingentes et dès lors surmontables, expliquent l’inertie à laquelle s’astreint encore le juge administratif de la légalité dans la détermination de la matière litigieuse. / Although profoundly reformed in the course of the past twenty years, the judicial recourse for abuse of power led by the administrative judge still falls short.Prevented to review, on its own initiative, the legality of the whole administrative act, the judge is sometimes bound to reject some complaints although they were admissible and well-founded. This deficiency in judicial review originated in the insufficient consideration of the unique nature of the judicial recourse for abuse of power which does not only entail settling a case but also ensuring the legality review of administrative decisions.To ensure the completion of his powers the administrative judge will need to liberate himself from the sole content of the submissions and arguments of the applicants and be allowed to expand his powers in order to accomplish his purpose.The analysis of the rationale to this prohibition of judge-initiated legal argumentsdemonstrates that there isn’t any theoretical or practical obstacle to the possibility for the administrative judge to automatically examine the legality of public policy arguments and conclusions. Only conceptual limitations, necessarily incidental, explain the inertia of the administrative judge in the determination of the matter at hand.

The Legality of Unilateral Countermeasures in International Law Abstract The aim of this thesis is to examine the legality of unilateral countermeasures in international law. The term refers to measures adopted by a State in response to a wrongful act committed by another State in order to induce the wrongdoing State to comply with its obligations of cessation and / or reparation. Given the decentralized character of contemporary international law, countermeasures represent the effective mechanism of enforcement equally available (at least formally) to all States to seek the restoration of the legal relationship with the responsible State. Nevertheless, like other forms of self-help, countermeasures are liable to abuse, which is only aggravated by the controversial history of reprisals and factual inequalities between States. For this reason, countermeasures are lawful only if certain conditions are met. These conditions, nowadays codified in Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, are the main subject of interest of this thesis, which is divided into four chapters. Chapter One deals with the concept of State responsibility and the enforcement of international law. Chapter Two is concerned with the role of countermeasures in international law, the International Law...

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"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures En vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître en droit (L.L.M)" / L'interprétation est un domaine du droit très complexe, dont l'intérêt est de définir ou de déterminer le sens et la portée des règles de droit en vigueur. L'interprétation va ainsi clarifier un texte juridique. Là où l'obscur réside, l'interprétation, telle une lanterne, vient éclaircir l'acte juridique. L'interprète aura alors recours à une argumentation pour convaincre son auditoire. Certains États interpréteront de manière extensive les textes juridiques. Ce phénomène se constate notamment au moment de l'interprétation des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité. Face au pouvoir discrétionnaire des États, la mise en place d'un régime juridique donné éviterait toutes interprétations abusives. La première partie de cette étude aura pour objet d'étudier les différentes règles en matière d'interprétation, telles précisées dans la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités de 1969. La deuxième partie sera consacrée d'une part à un historique des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité et d'autre part à l'application des règles d'interprétation à deux études de cas. L'historique retracera l'évolution des résolutions avec comme césure la fin de la Guerre Froide. Ensuite, nous verrons à travers deux exemples, comment les États peuvent interpréter de manière extensive, voir abusive les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité. Ces études de cas nous conduiront à étudier la pertinence de l'argumentaire utilisé par les États pour justifier leur interprétation. Ceci aura pour intérêt de montrer le rôle stratégique du phénomène interprétatif pour la mise en oeuvre des intérêts étatiques. Cela permettra d'ouvrir une réflexion sur le contrôle de la légalité des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité, ce dernier devenant nécessaire face à la liberté dont jouie le Conseil. Ce contrôle permettrait d'une part de rétablir un équilibre organique au sein du système onusien, et il permettrait d'autre part de redorer le blason du Conseil de sécurité en lui conférant une certaine légitimité. / Interpretation is a very complex dimension of law whose relevance lies in defining or determining the meaning and the scope of the legal mIes. In this respect, interpretation elucidates a judicial text. Where obscurity lies, interpretation -like a lantem- brings light to the judicial act. The interpreter will thus resort to argumentation in order to convince the « interpretative community ». Sorne States will not hesitate to interpret judicial texts in a broad manner. This phenomenon can better be observed in the interpretation of Security Council resolutions. Faced with the discretionary powers of States, the creation of a judicial framework would bring to an end most instances of abusive interpretations. Part 1 studies the several mIes in of interpretation as established by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Rights of Treaties. Part II will focus on both the history of the Security Council resolutions of and the application of the interpretation mIes of the Vienna Convention in light of two cases. The historical overview will retrieve the evolution of the resolutions until the end of the Cold War. Following this, we will see through the examples of the Kosovo and Iraq conflicts, how broadly, and even abusively, States can interpret Security Council resolutions. The two case studies will lead us to an analysis of the pertinence of the argumentation used by the States to justify their interpretation. This will show the strategie role that the interpretative phenomena play in the carrying out of State interests. It will lead to a reflection on the control of the legality of Security Council resolutions, a control necessary considering the liberty that the Council currently enjoys. On the one hand, this control would allow to reestablish an organic equilibrium within the UN. On the other hand, it would enhance the Security Council's image by conferring on it a certain legitimacy.

The thesis deals with the armed conflict phenomenon of past several years - unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Despite the fact that the present deployment of UAVs is often presented as a revolutionary, it is possible to track down the roots of remotely controlled planes without crew on board back to the years short after the Second World War. Today's versions of UAVs represent this historical concept brought to perfection thanks to the modern technologies. Their deployments raise legitimate considerations whether they may represent prohibited mean of warfare in terms of humanitarian law or whether their usage is not in contrary to law of armed conflict. This thesis aims to identify those differences between UAVs and traditional piloted aircrafts that may cause different legal classification of the UAVs to the traditional piloted aircrafts. First chapter includes short historical background which may bring interesting connections with political atmosphere after Second World War. It is also pointed out that the concept of unmanned aircrafts is not new. This chapter also includes technical facts and details about current modern UAVs like Predator, Reaper or Global Hawk which may serve for an easier legal analysis. Second chapter deals with the definitions and differences between two main types of armed...

Trata-se de um estudo sobre a filosofia política platônica feito da perspectiva dos fundamentos do direito no texto das Leis. Apresenta-se a dicotomia existente entre a filosofia e a poesia para então demonstrar, apesar disso, como o desenvolvimento e a implementação de um filosófico, e portanto racional, regime político baseado na legalidade, para Platão, não podem prescindir, em certa medida - especificamente para sua efetividade -, da consideração e uso de instrumentos de caráter poético, ou seja, próximos do a-logos. / This is a study of the platonic political philosophy made by the perspective of the rights foundations in the text of the Laws. It begins showing the dichotomy between philosophy and poetry to then demonstrate, nevertheless, how the development and implementation of a philosophical, and therefore rational, political regime based on legality, for Plato, can not do without, to some extent - specifically for its effectiveness -, the consideration and use of instruments of poetic character, i.e., near the a-logos.

O objetivo deste trabalho é conduzir um estudo sobre o tema da legitimidade do Estado civil no Contrato Social de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, por meio da análise da construção e do desenvolvimento de sua teoria política, bem como dos principais conceitos a ela inerentes. / The objective of this work is to focus the theme of legitimacy of the civil State on Jean-Jacques Rousseau´s Social Contract, analyzing the construction and development of his political theory, as well as his most important concepts related with it.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Regis Laraia.pdf: 795964 bytes, checksum: 8070644186db6d93695968f788f78aed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-04 / Item II Article 5 of the Federal Constitution of Brazil states that: no one is compelled to do or not do anything if not according to the law . It expresses what is known as the principle of legality. As a fruit of the so-called State of Law, it has followed political, economical and social transformations, as well as the development of Law Theory and Philosophy. Understanding it demands a rectrospective understanding of the major schools and trends of judicial thought of the last centuries. The scope of this undertaking is to demonstrate that, in the actual context, the principle of legality has two faces. In Public Law, it still represents the ideals of freedom and equality originated in the Age of the Enlightment, but in diferent modalities as it approaches Constitutional, Criminal, Tax or Administrative Law. However, in Private Law, the principle represents liberty conditioned by ethics and morality as conducted by law, in other words, liberty guided by fraternity. This study is exclusively based on library research. It involves history, economics, sociology, philosophy and law. The first parts ares focused on the investigation of the origin and evolution of the principle of legality. The final parts are dedicated to the analisys of the principle in present time. At the final part, the conclusions are presented in synthesis / O inciso II, do artigo 5o, da Constituição Federal estabelece que: ninguém será obrigado a fazer ou deixar de fazer alguma coisa senão em virtude de lei . Ele expressa o que se conhece por princípio da legalidade. Fruto do chamado Estado de Direito, acompanhou as transformações políticas, econômicas e sociais, bem como o desenvolvimento da Teoria e da Filosofia do Direito. Compreendê-lo exige que seja promovido um retrospecto das principais escolas e correntes de pensamento jurídico dos últimos séculos. O escopo dessa empreitada é demonstrar que, no contexto atual, o princípio da legalidade tem dupla face. No Direito Público, ainda representa os ideais de liberdade e de igualdade originários do Iluminismo, mas de diferentes modos, conforme se trate de Direito Constitucional, Penal, Tributário ou Administrativo. Porém, no Direito Privado, o princípio representa a liberdade condicionada pela ética e moral conduzidas pela lei, ou seja, a liberdade guiada pela fraternidade. Este estudo é empreendido exclusivamente com base em pesquisa bibliográfica. Envolve História, Economia, Sociologia, Filosofia e Direito. As primeiras partes são voltadas à investigação da origem e da evolução do princípio da legalidade. As últimas partes são dedicadas ao exame do princípio na atualidade. Ao final, as conclusões são lançadas a guisa de síntese