Professionaliseringen av socialt arbete påbörjades i mitten av 1900-talet och har bland annat medfört en akademisk utbildning och forskning inom området. Professionaliseringen är fortgående och de senaste årtiondena har diskussionen om ett införande av en socionomlegitimation pågått och det är därför av intresse att undersöka socionomstudenters syn på professionalisering och socionomlegitimation. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur socionomstudenter ser på professionaliseringen inom socialt arbete och en yrkeslegitimation för socionomer. Följande forskningsfrågor har legat till grund för studien: Hur skattar socionomstuderande på professionalisering av socialt arbete och socionomlegitimation?  På vilket sätt påverkar kön, ålder, tidigare arbetslivserfarenheter och längd på genomförd utbildning attityden gentemot socionomlegitimation och professionalisering?    Studien har haft en kvantitativ forskningsansats och enkät har använts som datainsamlingsmetod. Enkäten skickades ut till alla socionomstudenter på Hälsohögskolan i Jönköping. Resultatet analyserades i SPSS 28.0 och visade att socionomstudenter är positiva till professionaliseringen inom socialt arbete och en socionomlegitimation. En viktig slutsats som framkommer är att professionaliseringen är obalanserad. Det innebär att områden inom det sociala arbetet är olika professionaliserade, exempelvis har hälso- och sjukvårdskuratorer fått möjligheten till en legitimation medan en allmän socionomlegitimation avslås. Obalansen driver utveckling av socialt arbete framåt genom att professioner konkurrerar med varandra och i den aktuella studien ses obalansen som positiv. En annan slutsats är att socionomstudenternas attityder är viktiga för den fortsatta professionaliseringen av socialt arbete. / At the beginning of the 20th century, the professionalization of social work began and contributed, among other things, to academic education and research in social work. The professionalization is continuous, and a discussion about the imposition of legitimation in social work has lasted for several decades. Thus, it is interesting to learn what students in social work think about professionalization and legitimation in social work. The study aims to examine how students in social work view professionalization and legitimation in social work. The following research questions formed the study's basis: How do social work students view professionalization in social work and legitimation in social work? How do gender, age, previous work experience, and length of completed education affect the attitudes towards legitimation in social work and professionalization?   The study used a quantitative research approach, and a survey was used to collect data. The survey was sent out to all students in social work at the School of Health and Welfare in Jönköping. The results were analyzed using SPSS 28.0 and showed that the students in social work are positive towards professionalization and legitimation in social work. An important conclusion is that professionalization is unbalanced. This means that areas within social work are not evenly professionalized. For example, counselors in health care have a legitimation, while the proposal for legitimation in social work is denied. The imbalance drives the development of social work through competition between professions, and in this study, we view the imbalance as positive. Another conclusion is that students' attitudes in social work are essential for continuing professionalization in social work.

Crowdfunding allows entrepreneurs and start-ups to raise capital through the use of online platforms as an alternative from traditional funding. During the process of launching a campaign, entrepreneurs are faced with multiple decisions regarding the content to upload. Among these, founders must decide the message framing to use in the campaign’s video pitch, which may influence the backers’ decision to fund a project. Drawing on a dataset of 70 projects from the technology category on Kickstarter, this research offers insights into the effect that message framing has on a campaign's funding success. In particular, emotional versus rational language is explored, as well as the type of project portrayal through a prototype and venture legitimation by providing team information. The findings suggest that the use of dominantly rational language in the video pitch increases odds of funding success. However, the portrayal of the project and venture legitimation were not found to increase funding success likelihood. The results discussed in this research may benefit entrepreneurs by shedding light into the effects that different message framings have on the funding achieved and thus providing some guidance for the choices to be made regarding the video pitch in a campaign.

Thesis (Doctor of Radiography)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2020 / Radiation therapy has undergone significant changes with regard to new medical imaging technologies, including computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Practitioners now have access to technologies that provide anatomical information in an infinite selection of views. Earlier advances in three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) allowed for the site of treatment to be accurately located. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) enabled practitioners to accurately focus the ionising radiation beam, while modulating the intensity of the dose being administered. Currently, using image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) methods, radiation therapists can track the effectiveness of treatment in real-time to provide better protection for the organs and tissue that are not targeted for treatment. The changes described above have fundamentally changed radiation therapy practice, and thus have implications for the training of radiation therapists. This thesis argues that without a deep understanding of the science underpinning the advancements in radiation therapy techniques, practitioners will be unlikely to achieve the necessary level of accuracy and consistency in treatment. Radiation physics concepts, such as sources and types of ionising radiation, ionisation, the isocentre and the Inverse Square Law underpin competent and safe practice. Threshold concepts, such as those listed above, have been identified as concepts that pose difficulty to students due to its complexity and the increased levels of cognitive challenge required to master a threshold concept. In applied disciplines, such as radiation physics, threshold concepts are strongly associated with competent practice. This study focused on the first year radiation physics curriculum and addressed the overarching research question: What is the relationship between threshold concepts in the radiation physics curriculum and radiation therapy practice? The study was guided by a translation device that combined two conceptual frameworks namely the Threshold Concept Framework and Legitimation Code Theory’s (LCT) Semantics dimension. LCT is a knowledge base theory that explains the complexity of knowledge structures. The Semantics dimension provided an explanation of the difficulty of concepts and proposed five pedagogies for the cumulative learning of complex concepts. A case study research design and methodology guided the research process. Data for the study comprised curriculum documents, and semi structured focus group and individual interviews with students, academic staff and clinical educators. The data were analysed using a translation device to show the semantic profile of curriculum documents, pedagogies and participants’ different understandings of the threshold concepts in radiation physics. The study found that threshold concepts in radiation physics underpin competent and safe practice. An external language of description was developed to identify the characteristics of threshold concepts. A virtual clinical environment was proposed as one of the pedagogies to aid mastering of threshold concepts through visualisation of the unseen by facilitating students’ understanding of threshold concepts for competent and safe radiation therapy practice. The study showed that students’ mastery of threshold concepts in radiation physics is critical for practice.

The German government’s decision in 2016 to reduce the number of incoming immigrants by suspending family reunification for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection for two years, sparked a controversial debate, with some critics arguing that family reunification represents a human right. Contributing to the very scarce literature about this development, the aim pursued in this thesis is to better understand the differing discourses and (de-)legitimation strategies regarding the suspension by comparatively analysing written statements handed in to German parliament by the government and civil society organisations in March of 2017. The theoretical framework underlying this thesis are the discursive understanding of human rights by Seyla Benhabib and Michel Foucault’s theorisation of power and knowledge. The methodological framework consists of a three-dimensional critical discourse analysis by Norman Fairclough complemented with an analysis of the four categories of (de-)legitimation by Theo van Leeuwen. The results of the analysis show that two types of discourse are pursued in the material: a legal, technical discourse by the government supported by (de-)legitimation strategies relying on national laws, administrative court decisions and the value of qualities like leadership and a discourse focused on the value of family life by the civil society organisations. Despite the diverse backgrounds of the civil society organisations analysed, coinciding (de-)legitimation strategies based on the importance of family life for integration and based on the case law of federal and European courts were identified.

Zur Begründung der Legitimität und Ausübung von Macht in neueren Theorien der Zivilgesellschaft Die Thematik der Machtausübung und -kontrolle in Abhängigkeit von der Legitimationsbildung in funktional differenzierten Gesellschaften ist in allen Machttheorien sowie -ansätzen der modernen Soziologie aktuell. Dies ist besonders auffällig an umfangreichen Machtzusammenhängen, wie sie im Rahmen von gegenwärtigen Ansätzen zu einer soziologischen Theorie der Macht diskutiert werden. Man geht hier zunächst aus von der Komplexität von den auf normativen, demokratischen Ansprüchen innerhalb der institutionellen Legitimation aufbauenden Machtverhältnissen. Dazu wird hier grundsätzliche Frage nach der Machtbildung gestellt, und zwar so, wie sich die in der modernen demokratischen Ordnung innewohnenden Besonderheiten des Einflusses der politischen Öffentlichkeit und Zivilgesellschaft auf dieselben Prozesse darstellen. Ferner wird das Problem von Machtkontrolle und Machtbegrenzung thematisiert, das in den modernen politischen Systemen durch den Unterschied zwischen den institutionellen Macht- und Legitimationsquellen und den bestehenden politischen Machtmechanismen und Herrschaftsstrukturen gekennzeichnet ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, wie Prozesse der Machtausübung und Legitimationsbeschaffung in aktuellen Machttheorien beschrieben und erklärt werden. Dabei handelt es sich vor allem darum, in welchen Zusammenhängen diese Prozesse untereinander stehen und inwieweit die diskutierten theoretischen Erklärungsversuche auf den kategorialen Rahmen der jeweiligen Theorien beschränkt bleiben. Aus theoretischen und begrifflichen Gründen ist diese Arbeit in drei Teile gegliedert: der erste Kapitel wird dem systemtheoretischen Machtansatz von Willke gewidmet; in zweiten, zentralen Kapitel werden theoretische Betrachtungen über die Macht bei Habermas diskutiert und im dritten Kapitel werden die Machtanalysen bei Offe und Hirsch thematisiert. Im ersten Kapitel, unter dem Titel "Die politische Macht und das Problem der Steuerung der komplexen Sozialsysteme", beschäftige ich mich mit der Frage, wie die Problemkomplexe von Machtbeziehungen im Rahmen einer normativen Legitimation, die aus demokratischen Postulaten aufgebaut sind, im systehtheoretischen Machtansatz thematisiert werden. Willke betrachtet diese Problematik mit Rücksicht auf das funktionale Verhältnis von Machtkontrolle und auf Aspekte der institutionellen Legitimation. In zweiten Kapitel, unter dem Titel "Die kommunikationstheoretische Fundierung einer normativen Machtheorie", gehe ich der Frage nach, wie die Legitimationsbildung und Machtausübung im Rahmen des handlungstheoretischen Ansatzes betrachtet werden. Dieses Kapitel ist unter einem doppelten Aspekt von Bedeutung: zunächst wird hier der Versuch unternommen, eine kritische Auswertung der Legitimationsbildung durch Paradigma der herrschaftsfreien Kommunikation zu entwerfen. Sodann soll versucht werden, die Funktions- und Erklärungszusammenhänge der Legitimationsbildung, die in einem normativen Prozess als Konsens der verallgemeinerungsfähigen Interessen entsteht, in Verbindung mit der institutionellen Gefüge des politischen Systems zu setzen. Im Kapitel "Machtprobleme im organisierten Kapitalismus" wird eine Reihe von Ansätzen zu Machtproblemen kritisch diskutiert. Es handelt sich um die Analyse der Machtstrukturen und Herrschaftsmechanismen von Offe und Hirsch im organisierten Kapitalismus. Offes Diskurs über Machtausübung und Legitimationsbildung wird in diesem Teil auf die legitimierte Macht bezogen, welche durch demokratische Institutionen erzeugt wird. Hier wird eine kritische Analyse des Begriffes der Legitimationsbildung durch das Paradigma der politisch herrschenden Gruppe durchgeführt. Hirsch geht die Frage nach, wie die Problemkomplexe von sozialer und politischer Macht ohne spezifisch demokratische Legitimation entstehen und untersucht deren Querverbindungen zu den institutionalisierten Machtstrukturen. In diesem Abschnitt wird eine kritische Betrachtung der Prozesse der Legitimationsbildung in Bezug auf die jeweiligen Eigentumsverhältnisse sowie auf die Verteilung der Mehrwerts unternommen. Am Ende der Arbeit, in dem Kapitel unter dem Titel "Zur Problematik von Machtausübung und Legitimationsbeschaffung in Ansätzen der neuen Machttheorie: Fazit und Ausblick" werden die oben herausgearbeiteten Ansätze in einen Zusammenhang gebracht und anhand der unterschiedlichen Defizite diskutiert. Zum Schluss des IV. Kapitels wird versucht "Bedingungen für die Formulierung einer Machttheorie" in acht Punkten zu benennen. Diese Formulierungen sind als Fazit und Kritik der in der Arbeit diskutierten Theorien über Macht und Legitimation zu begreifen.

Securitization of an Imaginary Threat as an Authoritarian Legitimation Instrument: The Cases of Belarus and Uzbekistan. July 2021 GUID: 2458329A DCU ID: 19108281 CU ID: 22199053 Presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the 
 Degree of International Master in Security, Intelligence and Strategic Studies Word Count: 22 451 Supervisor: Donnacha Ó Beacháin Date of Submission: 31.07.2021 Abstract This research explores how the securitization of imaginary and exaggerated threats is used as a legitimation instrument in hegemonic authoritarian regimes. Approaching the task through the cases studies, this thesis will situate the securitization practice within the performance mechanism of authoritarian legitimation and apply it in two hegemonic autocratic regimes - Uzbekistan of Islam Karimov and Belarus of Alexander Lukashenko. This dissertation picks qualitative research design. Methodologically, discourse and content analysis will be used to test the theory that will be developed in this project. The arguments presented in the thesis draw upon the primary sources such as speeches, official statements, and memoirs. The dissertation will also refer to the secondary sources in order to synthesise arguments provided by the existing literature related to the issue in question. This research project...

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Denna examensuppsats ämnade att teoretiskt undersöka offentliga dokument bakom införandet av hälso-och sjukvårdskuratorslegitimationen. För att besvara syftet utgick studien från frågeställningarna: Hur motiveras införandet av hälso-och sjukvårdskuratorslegitimation? Hur skulle motiveringarna kunna inverka på kuratorer inom hälso-och sjukvården som profession? Datamaterialet bestod av Socialstyrelsens rapport från 2014, samt propositionen 2017/18:138, vilka låg till grund för riksdagsbeslut om införande av hälso-och sjukvårdskuratorslegitimation. Dokumenten analyserades med tematisk analys för att synliggöra mönster i motiveringarna bakom införandet. Resultatet analyserades utifrån de professionsteoretiska begreppen professionalism och legitimation. Analysen av resultatet visar att legitimation är ett sätt att stärka kuratorers auktoritet i en kontext som domineras av ett biomedicinskt perspektiv. Däremot är legitimationens främsta syfte att stärka patientsäkerheten genom statlig kontroll i form av specialiserad vidareutbildning och möjligheter till tillsyn av professionen. Eftersom legitimationen inte skyddar legitimerade hälso-och sjukvårdskuratorers arbetsuppgifter sker ingen stängning av yrket. Legitimationen får snarare en funktion som en eftersträvansvärd yrkesidentitet för professionen, denna strävan bidrar till att yrkesverksamma och arbetsgivare agerar utefter legitimationens riktlinjer. Därmed sker en indirekt styrning av professionen genom införande av legitimation, där rädslan för att förlora legitimationen kan ha en negativ inverkan på interaktionen mellan patienter och hälso-och sjukvårskuratorer. / The aim of this study was to do a theoretical analysis of official documents behind the introduction of licensure for healthcare counselors. To answer the purpose, the study was based on the following questions: How was the introduction of health care counselor’s licensure justified? How might the motivations affect counselors in health care as a profession?The selection of documents that were analysed consisted of the National Board of Health and Welfare's investigation into the introduction of identification from 2014, as well as the bill 2017/18:138 which was the basis for the actual decision the Swedish parliament made on the introduction of licensure. The documents were analysed using a thematic analysis to map the arguments for the inclusion of licensure for healthcare counselors. The empirical evidence was then analysed based on the professional theoretical concepts of professionalism and legitimation.The result was analysed based on the theoretical concepts of professionalism and legitimation. The analysis of the results shows that licensure is a way to strengthen healthcare counselors’ authority in a context that is dominated by a biomedical perspective. On the other hand, the main purpose of the licensure is to strengthen patient safety through governmental control by specialized tertiary education and supervision of the profession. Since the license does not protect the work tasks of healthcare counselors, no occupational closure of the profession has been made. Instead, the licensure functions as an aspirational professional identity for the profession, this aspiration contributes to professionals and employers acting according to the guidelines of the licensure. Thereby, an indirect control of the profession takes place through the introduction of licensure, where the fear of losing the licensure might have a negative impact on the interaction between patients and healthcare counselors.

Social contagion—the spread and adoption of affects, behaviors, cognitions, and desires within a social group due to peer influence—is a widely studied phenomenon that continues to have a significant impact on commerce. When social contagion occurs within a culture of consumption, brands and branded products are not only adopted by the community, but they are also normalized and elevated from a strictly utilitarian function to identity-markers. Brands become important components of cultural meaning. Despite this impact, the specific details of the processes of social contagion are still relatively unknown. This dissertation studied social contagion within the hip hop culture of consumption, a multi-billion dollar marketplace. Using data from the Reddit social networking platform, the research provided empirical evidence that non-linear social contagion exists within the hop hip community for multiple brands. A netnography determined the processes by which brands and branded products spread within the hip hop community. Building on the established social processes of evaluation and legitimation that are known to drive the community coordination necessary for social contagion, the research uncovered four underlying mechanisms—responding, recontextualizing, reconciling, and reinforcing. These four mechanisms of evaluation and legitimation not only provide a richer understanding of social contagion but also enable the embedding of brands into culture and culture into brands. This theory-grounded empirical analysis of social contagion and meaning-making in the hip hop culture of consumption provides practical insights to marketers on how to better curate signals and communications to drive cultural meaning. / Business Administration/Marketing

Kompetensområdet sjuksköterskans arbetsledning av omvårdnadsarbetet är ett tämligen outforskat ämne. Mer kunskap om läkare- och undersköterskors syn på vad som innefattas i sjuksköterskans arbetsledning skulle kunna bidra till ett bättre samarbete som på sikt kan gynna omvårdnadsarbetets utveckling och därigenom även patienten. Syftet med studien är att få ökad kunskap om läkare och underskö-terskors syn på vad som innefattas i kompetensområdet sjuksköterskans arbets-ledning av omvårdnadsarbetet. Metoden som användes var en empirisk intervju-undersökning där urvalet bestod utav fyra läkare och fyra undersköterskor. Mate-rialet analyserades med innehållsanalys, inspirerad av Burnard (1991). Resultatet utmynnade i följande huvudkategorier: Överblick, samarbete och yttersta om-vårdnadsansvaret. Resultatet visade att det som informanterna ansåg innefattas i sjuksköterskans kompetensområde arbetsledning av omvårdnadsarbetet i stor ut-sträckning stämde överens med uppgifter som benämns under huvudområdet ar-betsledning i Socialstyrelsens kompetensbeskrivning för legitimerad sjuksköterska (2005) men att rollen som arbetsledare av omvårdnadsarbetet inte var självklar och erkänd av alla informanterna. / Leadership in nursing is a relatively unexplored area of research. Further knowl-edge about doctors and staff nurses’ views on what is included in this area could gain development in nursing and thereby the qualities of patient care. The aim of this study is to gain further knowledge about doctors and assistant nurses’ views on what is included in the area of leadership in nursing. The method used was semi-structured interview. The selection of informants was four doctors and four assistant nurses. The analysis method was thematic content analysis inspired by Burnard (1991). The analysis resulted in the following main categories: General view, ability of cooperation and main responsibility. The result showed that doc-tors- and assistant nurses' views on what was included in the area of leadership in nursing to a large extent was congruent to job assignments written in The National Board of Health and Welfare’s competence description for registered nurses. However, the leadership role of nursing was not obvious and acknowledged by all the informants.