O presente estudo busca problematizar a visão tradicional de democracia, a partir da análise do papel do dissenso na sociedade moderna hipercomplexa. Para tanto, utiliza-se como cânone teórico a teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann, a qual parte da diferenciação funcional para a identificação da sociedade moderna. A partir desta perspectiva de observação a democracia é compreendida como resultado da diferenciação funcional entre o sistema político e o sistema jurídico, os quais se fecham operativamente, trabalhando com seus próprios códigos. Em razão da diferenciação funcional, marcada pela autopoiese dos sistemas parciais sociais, a legitimação da tomada de decisão dos sistemas político e jurídico já não pode se embasar em uma cosmovisão devendo, portanto, partir de uma característica interna, ou seja, deve-se autolegitimar. Para tanto, são criados procedimentos que buscam justificar as escolhas realizadas pelos sistemas jurídico e político, controlando o dissenso e permitindo que suas decisões sejam tomadas como padrões de comportamento social. Contudo, em relação ao caso brasileiro, vê-se que o clientelismo, personalismo e exclusão social aparecem como óbice à estabilização da democracia como conquista evolutiva, na medida em que dificultam a realização das funções desses dois sistemas funcionais. Por fim, a leitura imagética do cinema é utilizada como forma problematização do caso brasileiro, a partir da busca da identidade desta sociedade pela via mais autêntica de expressão, qual seja, a cultura de um povo, evitando-se, assim, a crítica dos problemas sociais por meio da utilização de paradigmas evolutivos dos denominados países desenvolvidos, notadamente o padrão europeu. / This study seeks to question the traditional view of democracy, from the analysis of the role of dissent in hypercomplex modern society. For this purpose, we used as a theoretical canon Niklas Luhmanns systems theory, which draws on the functional differentiation for identification of modern society. From this observation perspective, democracy is understood as the result of functional differentiation between political and legal systems, which are operatively locked, working with their own codes. Because of the functional differentiation, marked by partial autopoiesis of partial social systems, the legitimacy of the decision making of legal and political systems can no longer be grounded in a worldview, and therefore from a built-in feature, that is, it should self-legitimate. To that end, procedures are created that seek to justify the choices made by the legal and political systems, controlling dissent and allowing decisions to be taken as patterns of social behavior. However, for the Brazilian case, we see that clientelism, personalism and social exclusion appear as an obstacle to the stabilization of democracy as an evolutionary achievement, in as much as they limit the realization of the functional roles of these two systems. Finally, the reading of film imagery is used as a questioning of the Brazilian case, from the search for identity in this society by the most authentic expression, namely the culture of a people, avoiding thus the criticism of social problems, using evolutionary paradigms of the so-called developed countries, notably the European standard.

Dagens samhälle går mer och mer mot att flytta över pappersarbete till elektronisk form, något som praktiserats sedan datorn introducerades på kontoren under 70- och 80-talet. För att ta ytterligare ett steg närmare det papperslösa kontoret så behövs det möjlighet att personligen sätta sin underskrift även på digitala dokument, och detta kräver att personen i fråga kan bevisa sin identitet elektroniskt. För att vilja göra det måste personen ha förtroende för att de uppgifter och handlingar som lämnas till eller fås av myndigheter eller företag via Internet hanteras på ett säkert sätt. Det vill säga att informationen har sin ursprungliga form och att den inte hamnar i orätta händer. Både myndigheten/företaget och användaren måste kunna förmedla information elektroniskt med samma tillit och legala verkan som när man skickar fysiska dokument med handskrivna underskrifter. Detta kan lösas med hjälp av e-legitimation, som är en elektronisk ID-handling med vars hjälp en individ kan legitimera sig på nätet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara förtroendet för e-legitimation genom att påvisa hur förtroendet upplevs och påverkas. För att kunna besvara syftet har vi utgått från frågeställningarna: - Finns det ett förtroende för e-legitimation? * Om så finns, vad baseras förtroendet för e-legitimation på? * Om inte, vad beror det på? För att kunna svara på våra frågeställningar har vi använt oss av litteraturstudier samt samlat in primärdata genom att göra en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Undersökningen gjordes på populationen studenter på Institutionen för Ekonomi, Statistik och Informatik vid Örebro Universitet. Vi har kommit fram till att förtroendet för e-legitimation är stort. Medelvärdet för upplevt förtroende är 4,84 där 6,0 är max. Män har något större förtroende än kvinnor och de som ser risker med att använda e-legitimation har något mindre förtroende än de som inte ser några risker. De tre viktigaste orsakerna som förtroendet baseras på är: - Varumärket hos utgivaren av e-legitimationen. - Att det är enkelt att skaffa och använda e-legitimationen. - Att e-legitimationen är tillförlitlig, det vill säga att man kan lita på att känslig information behandlas korrekt. De finns två stora anledningar till varför personer inte har e-legitimation, där en är mer intressant ur ett förtroendeperspektiv. Den första anledningen är att de inte har haft behov av att skaffa e-legitimation. Den andra anledningen, som är mer intressant, är att informationen som beskriver hur man skaffar och använder en e-legitimation är bristfällig. Ur ett förtroendeperspektiv är information en viktig faktor som påverkar förtroendet, vilket i detta fall har lett till att personer valt att inte skaffa e-legitimation på grund av just bristfällig information.

Det är inte en självklarhet att samhällets och allmänhetens uppfattning om vad validering innebär stämmer överens med verkligheten. I denna uppsats går vi djupare in på ämnet och undersöker socionomers resonemang kring validering gällande yrkesprofessionen, samt vad validering kan ge för konsekvenser gällande kompetens och kvalitet på socialt arbete. Med hjälp av en enkätundersökning bland personer med socionom som yrkesprofession undersöks erfarenheter och resonemang kring områden som, yrkesprofession, legitimation, utbildning, kompetens, kvalité på arbetet, vilket är områden som berörs vid granskning av ämnet validering. Det här är en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med en kvalitativ ansats då det getts utrymme för att utveckla sina svar i enkätformuläret. I studien framställs bland annat respondenternas resonemang kring möjligheten för andra yrkesprofessioner att validera sin yrkeskompetens till yrkestiteln socionom samt vad det kan ge för påverkan på socialt arbete.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the process of institutionalization and legitimization of development in Western Seridó (Rio Grande do Norte), and for that reason it was necessary to know and analyze the Organizational Field, the legitimation and the institutionalization process in the seven counties of Western Seridó. As far as methodology is concerned, we have used qualitative research and case study. The semistructured questionnaire and the interview were used as tools of research. Also, we have used research and documentary literature and direct observation. When defining the organizations to be researched, we sought those ones with a significant participation in development activities or being part of some forum or network of organizations dealing with the issues concerning the development in the semi-arid region. One approach used in order to define the participating organizations was to get an initial list from the Planning Board of Seridó region, which served as a basis to define the participating organizations. In this list, it was noticed that most organizations were in Caicó, an important town in that region. However, it was possible to do a research, at least on two leading organizations in the other six towns that make up the Western Seridó. As for data analysis, we have defined categories of analysis and, where necessary, we made use of content analysis. Among the results, it was noticed that West Seridó, despite being located in the Brazilian semi-arid region, a region with serious social, environmental and economic problems, has a good performance in areas such as health and education, reaching significant levels in FIRJAN rating of Municipal Development (IFDM). The employment and income rates were the lowest in every municipality in Western Seridó. Regarding the Organizational Field, it was noticed that there are internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) organizations participating in this field. They are not always related directly, and the exogenous organizations manage to have great power to influence public policies and to achieve resources for the region, even with organizations linked to the federal government or foreign organizations. The coercitive Isomorphism appears with the economic power and the legal power of the organizations that control the use of resources, and the legality of organizations, the regulative and cognitive isomorphism are related to the local institutions and to the identity of the people who make up the organizations. At this point, by using the questionnaires, it became clear there was a dispute between the local traditional groups, connected to Colonels and the new organizations of civil society. Regarding the legitimacy, it was noticed that the identity of the people from Seridó is really present in organizations and local institutions, and places, values, rules and myths help to explain people´s point of view about the development, and how they perceive the organizations working with this subject. The identity of the people from Seridó is characterized by resistance to environmental adversity and by affection to things from the region. Taking the answers, we notice that the legitimacy of the organizations working with development is much associated with solutions to the most pressing issues and practices of the community, such as the ones related to health, education and employment. Finally, the term development is in process of institutionalization, even with characteristics of deinstitutionalization and pre-institutionalization, because the term development from the 70s until the present day was being overhauled and we can say that Seridó has passed through several experiences, not always successful, which eventually contributed to lacking a common definition about the meaning of development. / Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar o processo de institucionalização e a legitimação do desenvolvimento no Seridó Ocidental do Rio Grande do Norte. Para isso, foi necessário conhecer e analisar o campo organizacional, a legitimação e o processo de institucionalização nos sete municípios do Seridó Ocidental. Na metodologia, utilizou-se a pesquisa qualitativa e o estudo de caso. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, utilizaram-se o questionário semiestruturado e a entrevista. Também se fez uso da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e da observação direta. Na definição das organizações a serem pesquisadas, buscou-se aquelas que tivessem uma significativa participação em ações de desenvolvimento ou que fizessem parte de algum fórum ou rede de organizações que articulassem as questões relativas ao desenvolvimento do semiárido. Uma das estratégias utilizadas para a definição das organizações participantes foi conseguir uma lista inicial com o Colegiado do Território da Cidadania do Seridó, que serviu de base para definir as organizações participantes. Nessa lista, percebeu-se que a maioria das organizações estava em Caicó, cidade polo regional. Entretanto, foi possível realizar a pesquisa com pelo menos dois líderes de organizações nas outras seis cidades que compõem o Seridó Ocidental. Para análise dos dados, foram definidas categorias de análise e, quando necessário, fez-se uso da análise de conteúdo. Entre os resultados, pôde-se observar que o Seridó Ocidental, mesmo estando localizado no semiárido brasileiro, uma região com graves problemas sociais, ambientais e econômicos, apresenta um bom desempenho em aspectos como saúde e educação, alcançando índices significativos no Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM). O indicador Emprego e Renda foi o de mais baixo índice em todos os municípios do Seridó Ocidental. No que se refere ao campo organizacional, nota-se que existem organizações internas (endógenas) e externas (exógenas) que participam desse campo, elas nem sempre se relacionam diretamente, e as organizações exógenas conseguem ter grande poder para influenciar políticas públicas e para conseguir recursos para a região, inclusive com organizações ligadas ao Governo Federal ou organizações estrangeiras. O isomorfismo coercitivo aparece através do poder econômico e do poder legal das organizações que controlam o uso de recursos, e a legalidade das organizações, o isomorfismo regulativo e o cognitivo estão relacionados com as instituições locais e com a identidade das pessoas que compõem as organizações. Nesse ponto, através dos questionários, ficou aparente uma disputa entre os grupos tradicionais locais, ligados aos ditos coronéis, e as novas organizações da sociedade civil. Com relação à legitimidade, nota-se que a identidade do seridoense é bem presente nas organizações, as instituições locais, através dos valores, das regras e dos mitos, ajudam a explicar o ponto de vista das pessoas sobre o desenvolvimento, e como elas percebem as organizações que trabalham com esse tema. A identidade do seridoense é marcada pela resistência às adversidades ambientais e pelo apego às coisas do lugar. Nota-se, nas respostas, que a legitimidade das organizações que trabalham com o desenvolvimento está muita associada à solução das questões mais urgentes e práticas da comunidade, como, por exemplo, as questões ligadas à saúde, à educação e ao emprego. Por fim, o termo desenvolvimento está em processo de institucionalização, inclusive com características de desinstitucionalização e de pré-institucionalização, pois da década de 70 até os dias de hoje o termo foi sendo reformulado e pode-se dizer que o Seridó passou por várias experiências, nem sempre exitosas, que acabaram contribuindo para não se ter uma definição comum do que seja desenvolvimento.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Framed by the South African imperative of widening epistemological access to undergraduate science studies, this research takes the form of a case study to investigate the educational affordances of an extended introductory physics course. Using theoretical tools from Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) (Maton, 2014a) – in particular, semantic gravity and semantic density – the study characterizes the pedagogical practices and student learning in this Extended course, in relation to a Mainstream course in the same Physics Department. Data was collected through classroom observations, observations of student groups working on Mechanics physics tasks, and interviews with students. Two external languages of description were developed in order to translate between the LCT concepts of semantic gravity and semantic density and the empirical data from the physics context. The first language of description was used to characterize the semantic shifts in pedagogical practices, using a Concrete-Linking-Abstract continuum. The second language of description drew on physics education research on representations (Knight, 2007; Van Heuvelen, 1991a) tasks. Semantic profiles (Maton, 2013) were then constructed to show the semantic shifts in the pedagogical practices and in lecturers’ and students’ approaches to physics tasks. The study has shown that the extra curriculum time enabled different pedagogical practices. The Extended course showed a steady progression in pacing, initially with a less compressed semantic profile, while the Mainstream course showed a consistent compression. The Extended course showed a greater prevalence of the Linking level, with more time spent at the Concrete level and greater semantic flow. The courses also exhibited different communicative approaches, with students in the Extended course more engaged in making the semantic shifts together with the lecturer. The Extended course used more real-life illustrations as a starting point, whereas the Mainstream course tended to use verbal problem statements. Looking particularly at how problem tasks were dealt with, the study suggested that the lecturers’ pedagogical practices in dealing with physics tasks influenced the way in which the students tackled these tasks. The semantic profiles showed a more rapid shift up the semantic continuum in the Mainstream pedagogy and student work, while in the Extended pedagogy and student work, the semantic profiles indicated that more time was spent initially unpacking the concrete problem situation and explicitly shifting up and down the semantic continuum. In terms of methodological contribution, this study has demonstrated the usefulness of LCT tools for characterizing pedagogical practices and student learning in a physics context. Furthermore, the study has linked LCT to physics education literature and to research on epistemological access and academic literacies in a novel way. It has modified Maton’s form of semantic profiling, through introducing the following: a more detailed time scale, gradations of semantic strength on the semantic continuum, and coding for interactive engagement in pedagogical practices. The study thus has important implications for how curriculum and pedagogical practices might better support epistemological access to disciplinary knowledge in the field of physics, not only at the Extended course level but for introductory physics courses more generally.

This thesis presents a study of the role of western lamas within Tibetan Buddhism in America, arguing that the role of the lama is as an influential and central aspect in the development and transformation of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition in the west. This thesis argues how western lamas holding a position of authority act as a catalyst of change within their group and in the overall process of change and adaptation of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition in America, creating what may become ‘American Tibetan Buddhism.’ Three relevant areas regarding the role of the lama within the transforming tradition are identified: 1) the basis of authority of the lama, or how authority is obtained; 2) the use of such authority as a tool for change; and 3) transmission of the teachings and lineage.

A l’heure où d’aucuns déplorent la perte d’autorité à l’école, l’évocation d’un âge d’or de l’autorité des professeurs est récurrente. Tout se passe comme si cette autorité avait été évidente jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle au point de n’avoir jamais eu à être légitimée pour exister. C’est à ce mythe que s’intéresse cette thèse. Aborder pareille question justifiait un effort de compréhension pour un passé qui, bien qu’il ne nous concerne plus, n’en reste pas moins la base sur laquelle, ou contre laquelle, le présent s’est construit. En d’autres termes, il s’agissait de remonter aux sources de l’autorité pouvant être invoquées comme éléments de légitimation. C’est pourquoi la période étudiée est une « longue durée » s’étendant de l’Antiquité jusqu’à l’aube de la IIIe République.Répondant à la question de recherche : « Sur quelles raisons s’est étayée la légitimité de l’autorité des maîtres et sur quels moyens externes cette autorité s’est-elle appuyée ? », cette thèse démontre que l’autorité des maîtres d’école primaire a, au contraire de ce qui est souvent affirmé, nécessité, de tous temps, des discours de légitimation de la part des théoriciens de l’éducation qu’ils soient religieux, philosophes ou politiques. En effet, en s’appuyant sur une typologie des formes de légitimation de l’autorité, inspirée de celle qui avait été établie par Max Weber, elle met non seulement en évidence des éléments de légitimation de l’autorité pédagogique propres à certaines périodes historiques mais elle fait également la lumière sur l’existence de trois invariants de cette légitimation : le patriarcalisme, le charisme de fonction et la codification morale. / At a time when some people lament the loss of authority in schools, the evocation of a golden age of teachers’ authority is recurrent. Everything happens as though this authority had been obvious up to the end of the 19th century so much so that it never had to be legitimated in order to exist. This doctoral thesis focuses on this myth. Tackling such a question justified an effort of comprehension for a past that, although it doesn’t concern us anymore, remains the basis on which or against which the present was built. In other words, it was a matter of returning to the sources of authority that could be put forward as the elements for legitimization. That’s why the studied period is a “long-spanning period” spreading from the Antiquity to the dawn of the 3rd Republic. Answering to the research question: “On what grounds did the legitimacy of the teachers’ authority rest and on what external means did it rely?”, this doctoral thesis demonstrates that, unlike what is often said, the authority of primary school teachers has required speeches of legitimization from the theoreticians of education whether they were religious, philosophical or political. Indeed, relying on the forms of legitimized authority, inspired by the one that was established by Max Weber, this thesis not only reveals the elements of legitimization that are characteristic of historical periods but it also enlightens the existence of three constancies for this legitimization: patriarchalism, charisma of the profession and moral codification.

O presente estudo objetivou analisar a legitimação do poder entre franqueados da rede CCAA na região de Passo Fundo/RS; trata-se de um processo pelo qual esses pequenos empreendedores buscam consolidar suas relações de trabalho para exercerem suas funções de direção com autoconfiança. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa descritiva que usou como método de coleta de dados a entrevista semi-estruturada aliada a observações do ambiente. Quatro diretores de escolas de idiomas da rede CCAA na região norte do estado do Rio Grande do Sul participaram da pesquisa. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a uma análise interpretativa feita a luz do referencial teórico que resgatou a conceituação do poder, bem como seu papel na sociedade, antes de abordar o poder (e suas fontes) no contexto das organizações empresariais. O manual de gestão de pessoas da rede CCAA permitiu que uma análise documental complementasse o estudo, cujos resultados ratificaram a difícil mensuração da legitimação do poder, mas foram positivos, no sentido de que o fenômeno foi investigado dos mais diversos ângulos e identificou-se de forma não-planejada uma série de fatores correlatos, provocando, assim, uma evolução no seu entendimento, pois percebeu-se que diferentes estratégias de legitimação do poder foram adotadas variando conforme a história de vida e o estilo de liderança de cada um dos empreendedores e que essas estratégias geraram resultados semelhantes a curto prazo, mas no longo prazo, tendem a distanciar as empresas em quesitos como grau de profissionalização e capacidade de expansão, por exemplo. / The current study had the purpose of analyzing the legitimation of power among directors of CCAA chain units in the region of Passo Fundo/RS, it´s a process in which these small business people try to make working relationships solid to perform their functions of direction with self-confidence. For so, it was done a descriptive qualitative research that used as method of data collection a semi-structured interview together with observations of the environment. Four directors of foreign languages schools of CCAA chain in the northern region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul took part in the research. The collected data were submitted to an interpretative analysis made under the light of the academic frame that rescued the conception of power, as well as its role in the society, before approaching the power (and its fountains) in the context of business organizations. The guidebook of people management of CCAA chain allowed a documental analysis to complement the study, which results reinforced the difficulties in measuring the legitimation of power, but were good after all, since the phenomena was investigated from an array of angles and a series of related factors were identified in a non-planned way, provoking, thus, an evolution on its understanding, since it was realized that different strategies of legitimation of the power were adopted according to the history of life and leadership style of each of the directors and that these strategies may create similar results in short term, but in long term tend to increase the distance between the companies in matters such as professionalization level or capacity for expansion, for instance.

This article addresses the treatment of the joinder and the intervention of third parties in the Civil Procedure Code. The authors examines the procedural institutions for try provide the right interpretation of the procedure rules concerning to the material and get a true effective jurisdictional protection. / El presente artículo aborda el tratamiento que da el Código Procesal Civil al litisconsorcio e intervención de terceros. Los autores examinan las instituciones procesales para intentar brindar una correcta interpretación de las normas procesales referentes a la materia y, así conseguir una verdadera tutela jurisdiccional efectiva.

This qualitative research aims to identify the threshold concepts in financial instruments using Meyer and Land's Threshold Concept Framework (2005) and applies the dimension of Semantics and Legitimation Code Theory (Maton, 2014) to analyse whether semantic gravity and semantic density are stronger or weaker in the threshold concepts. The analysis points to five threshold concepts in the financial instruments module. It further aims to explore whether African, Coloured and Indian students' exposure to these threshold concepts results in troublesome knowledge and/or transformation in understanding and thinking in a second-year Accounting course at a South African university. Triangulation is used to confirm the authenticity and consistency of the data emerging from the identification of the threshold concepts. Using Semantics, this research illustrates that the five threshold concepts possess weaker semantic gravity due to the abstract nature of the threshold concepts and stronger semantic density is present due to the complex and dense terminology inherent in financial instruments. Evidence from a general survey, interviews and summative assessments conducted with students registered for an Accounting course shows that exposure to the threshold concepts resulted in troublesome knowledge and/or transformed understanding. Identifying the threshold concepts could make specialised Accounting knowledge more explicit to students and exploring the knowledge experienced as troublesome and the transformed understanding experienced provides room for debate around pedagogy and curriculum reform.