To prepare students for the complex, multidisciplinary problems they will face outside of the classroom, current reform initiatives advocate for the integration of content and practices from science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in the science classroom. One approach, integrated STEM, uses the engineering design process as a vehicle for learning. However, these lessons can be challenging for students, so it is essential that science educators employ various teaching practices to scaffold student learning. One way to achieve this is through the use of written and oral discourse that promotes meaning-making. The studies in this dissertation utilize Legitimation Code Theory as an analytical framework to create semantic profiles of an integrated STEM unit and middle school teachers’ implementation of integrated STEM lessons. Specifically, we analyze the semantic gravity, or the extent to which meaning is rooted within the context it is acquired in, to map and identify semantic patterns that may promote or constrain meaning-making. The results of these studies indicate that Legitimation Code Theory can be a useful tool for developing and examining integrated STEM curricular materials, evaluating teacher discourse during the implementation of integrated STEM lessons, ascertaining how teachers are integrating multiple disciplinary discourses, and identifying areas where teachers may benefit from additional support as they learn to implement integrated STEM. Keywords: integrated STEM, legitimation code theory, discourse.

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Electronic identification is used by an individual to prove who he or she is by electronic means and is normally used for logging in to various services. In Sweden there are a number of different solutions that are developed and provided by different parties. In order to promote and coordinate electronic identification for public services, the Swedish E-identification Board was founded in 2011. The Board has developed a technical framework for integration between the Relying Party and the Identity Provider based on the Security Assertion Markup Language V2.0 (SAML) standard. SAML is a quite old standard that has some limitations complicating an electronic identification solution based on it. A newer competing standard is OpenID Connect, which could be a possible candidate as an alternative to SAML. The objective of this thesis is to determine to what extent it is possible to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and accountability in an electronic identification based on OpenID Connect. To achieve this, a number of requirements for electronic identifications were identified and a design proposal based on OpenID Connect was developed together with a proof-of-concept implementation. The design proposal was evaluated against the requirements, with the final result that an electronic identification based on OpenID Connect could meet the requirements. / E-legitimation används av en individ för visa vem han eller hon är på elektronisk väg och används vanligtvis för att logga in på olika tjänster. I Sverige finns ett antal olika lösningar som utvecklas och tillhandahålls av olika parter. För att främja och samordna elektronisk identifiering för offentliga tjänster grundades E-legitimationsnämnden 2011. Nämnden har tagit fram ett tekniskt ramverk för integrationen mellan Förlitande Part och Legitimeringstjänst baserad på Security Assertion Markup Language V2.0 (SAML) standarden. SAML är en relativt gammal standard med vissa begränsningar som komplicerar en e-legitimationslösning baserad på den. En nyare konkurrerande standard är OpenID Connect, vilket kan vara en möjlig kandidat som ett alternativ till SAML. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning det är möjligt att säkerställa sekretess, integritet och ansvarsskyldighet för en e-legitimation baserad på OpenID Connect. För att uppnå detta, identifierades ett antal krav för e-legitimationer och ett designförslag baserat på OpenID Connect utvecklades tillsammans med en proof-of-concept implementation. Designförslaget utvärderades mot kraven, med det slutliga resultatet att en e-legitimation baserad på OpenID Connect kan uppfylla kraven.

Studien fokuserar på hur fritidspersonal planerar med didaktik i åtanke och om fritidspersonalens arbete påverkas av hur mycket planeringstid de har. I studien undersöks hur fritidspersonalen upplever att de behöver göra flera val för att kunna få ihop dagen genom att vara flexibla beroende på elevernas intressen och dagsform. Ett brett uppdrag som måste planeras, genomföras och återkopplas. Undervisningen i fritidshemmet ska stimulera elevers utveckling och erbjuda eleverna en meningsfull fritid. Samtidigt som styrdokument menar att fritidshemmet även ska komplettera skolan med en mer situationsstyrd planering. Syfte Syftet med undersökningen är att få en insyn i fritidspersonalens planering, vad planering innefattar och ifall fritidspersonalen har verktygen, och möjligheten, att planera i den omfattning de vill för att genomföra fritidshemmets uppdrag så som det beskrivs i Läroplanför grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet 2022 (Skolverket, 2022). I studien undersöks vad planeringen innebär för personalen på fritidshemmet och om fritidspersonal får tillräckligt med tid för planering. Med studien vill vi även ta reda på vilket sätt fritidspersonal arbetar utifrån sin planering och om de har förutsättningar att genomföra sina planeringar och arbetsuppgifter. Metod Datainsamlingen har varit kvalitativ datainsamling genom semistrukturerade intervjuer och analysen har varit en modifierat modell av intervjuanalysen beskriven av Christoffersen och Johannessen (2015) för att passa den hermeneutiska tolkningsprocessen (Brinkkjaer & Höyen,2020). Resultat Resultatet i studien belyser hur fritidshemmets kapitel i läroplanen inte speglar ett uppdrag fritidsverksamheter idag är uppbyggda att klara av. Framför allt inte i den ambitionsnivå fritidspersonal i den här studien önskar uppnå. Majoriteten av fritidspersonalen i den här studien var tillfredsställda med tiden de fick att genomföra planeringen. Planeringstiden ansågs dock i många fall inte kunna utnyttjas effektivt. Resultatet indikerar även att behörigpersonal planerar och obehörig personal utför efter bästa förmåga. Ingen skola i studien prioriterar en koordinerad, regelbunden och gemensam planering. Resultatet visade också att fritidshemlärarnas status ansågs ligga långt ner i rangordningen jämfört med övriga läraryrken i skolan. Informanter i studien ansåg att om yrkesstatusen höjs och fritidspersonalen får fokusera merparten av sin energi på sitt huvuduppdrag i fritidshemmet, så kan barnen få ut mer av sin fritidstid.

No / In this paper, we present the results of a longitudinal case study on information systems (IS) implementation conducted in a community healthcare organization. Using structuration theory as a sensitizing framework, we highlight how the information technology (IT) Management improved their influence through gaining legitimation from other organizational stakeholders, and how the nature of this evolved over time. Our results highlight how an appropriate, sophisticated use of what Giddens refers to as the duality of structure contributed to the consolidation of the IT Manager's credibility and authority. We also report on how the IT Management had most of their actions legitimated as an integral element of their actions. The results also highlight the distributed nature of power, such that even those at the lower end of organizational hierarchy were able to influence the success or failure of IS implementation.

Attraverso un ampio studio di campo, il contributo propone un'analisi sociologica della fotografia in Italia e della sua parziale legittimazione artistica. Prendendo in considerazione sia lo sviluppo storico del campo della fotografia artistica in Italia che la sua condizione contemporanea, lo studio si concentra sui processi attraverso cui diversi attori e istituzioni promuovono la legittimità e lo status della fotografia come arte. Combinando la sociologia dell'arte e dei processi culturali con gli studi organizzativi, la ricerca sviluppa un quadro interpretativo che delinea la relazione tra legittimazione, categorizzazione sociale e processi di valutazione culturale. La ricerca, adottando la metodologia della Constructivist Grounded Theory, raccoglie e analizza diverse fonti: interviste faccia a faccia con fotografi, critici, storici, curatori, galleristi, direttori di musei e collezionisti italiani; note etnografiche raccolte durante l'osservazione partecipante di vari eventi di arte e fotografia, come festival, fiere, presentazioni, visite a musei e aperture di gallerie; risultati d'asta (2009-2020) e analisi di mercato disponibili; dati secondari, come libri di storia e opere critiche sulla fotografia italiana, documenti di archivio e comunicati stampa. I risultati mostrano che la fotografia in Italia sta ancora lottando per assicurarsi uno statuto di forma d'arte legittima a causa di processi storici e dinamiche socio-economiche che rafforzano il confine simbolico tra il mondo professionale della fotografia e quello legittimo dell'arte contemporanea. Rispetto ad altri paesi europei, il campo della fotografia artistica è emerso tardi, solo alla fine degli anni '70, in seguito all'emergere di tre spazi di opportunità favorevoli, in particolare la crisi del fotogiornalismo italiano. Di conseguenza, i membri del campo della fotografia artistica hanno sviluppato strategie di mobilitazione delle risorse e di teorizzazione di un'ideologia legittimante ancora in fase di sviluppo. Inoltre, il contributo teorizza tre processi di legittimazione che, agendo in combinazione tra loro, stabiliscono le condizioni per la completa legittimazione della fotografia come arte: differenziazione, emulazione e sublimazione. Questi processi, discussi alla luce di esperienze empiriche di legittimazione sia completa che parziale, mostrano che il campo della fotografia occupa una posizione di "inclusione segregata" all'interno delle istituzioni artistiche, poiché persiste ancora una contestata identificazione della fotografia come arte. / Through an in-depth field study, this thesis provides a sociological analysis of photography in Italy and its partial artistic legitimation. Taking into account both the historical development of the field of art photography in Italy and its contemporary condition, the study focuses on the processes through which different actors and institutions promote the legitimacy and status of photography as art. Combining the sociology of art and cultural processes to organisation studies, the study develops an interpretative framework that spells out the relationship between legitimation, social categorisation and cultural evaluation processes. Adopting the Constructivist Grounded Theory methodology, the research collects and analyses different sources: face-to-face interviews with photographers, critics, historians, curators, gallery owners, museum directors and Italian collectors; ethnographic notes collected during participant observation of various art and photography events, such as festivals, fairs, presentations, museum visits and gallery openings; auction data (collected from 2009 to 2020) and extant market analyses; secondary textual data, such as history and critical works on Italian photography, archival records and press releases. The results show that photography in Italy is still struggling to secure its status as a legitimate art form due to historical processes and socio-economic dynamics that reinforce the symbolic boundary between the professional world of photography and the legitimate world of contemporary art. Compared to other European countries, the field of artistic photography emerged late, only at the end of the 1970s, following the emergence of three favourable opportunity spaces, notably the crisis of Italian photojournalism. As a result, members of the field of artistic photography developed strategies of resource mobilisation and theorisation of a legitimising ideology that are still ongoing today. In addition, the contribution theorises three processes of legitimation which, acting in combination with each other, establish the conditions for the complete legitimation of photography as art: differentiation, emulation and sublimation. These processes, discussed in the light of empirical experiences of both full and partial legitimation, show that the field of photography occupies a position of "segregated inclusion" within art institutions, as a contested identification of photography as art still persists.

This dissertation focuses on the current Czech space of legitimation practices in education as a variable sphere of justification and critique of educational goals rooted in global transformations of educational institutions, autonomies of the nation states and transnational comparative data. Since the debate on educational reform (2004), the Czech legitimation educational ecology has been diversified by different types of knowledge and actors (state, non- profit, private sector). In this work, I argue that legitimation as a critical action is today, in various ways and processes (knowledge regimes, patterns of actorship) derived from traditional jurisdictions (state and professional structures) and moves to more flexible structures, which I call topologies. In jurisdictions, mostly passive audiences remain. New legitimation topologies connect values and data and, in many ways, replace dysfunctional state structures, using specific disconnections, but also question the public nature of negotiating educational goals. Based on relational ontology and sociological topological studies and through a qualitative relational analysis of legitimation practices in three fields (published normative documents, public debates and semi-structured interviews with state and non-state actors) I show in the period...

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser la fabrique des politiques scientifiques en Suisse. Dans ce but, un accent particulier a été mis sur la politique du Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique (FNS) qui représente l'une des plus importantes sources de financement publique de recherche en Suisse. La thèse est divisée en deux parties.La première explique la manière dont différents acteurs participent à l'élaboration et à la légitimation de nouveaux instruments d'action publique dans le domaine de la recherche. Ces instruments visent non seulement à modifier l'organisation institutionnelle et la finalité de la recherche mais également à transformer les représentations des chercheurs. Ainsi, dans l'étude des « Pôles de recherche nationaux » (PRN), mis en place par le Fonds national (FNS) à la fin des années 1990, nous avons considéré cet instrument en tant que porteur d'un discours normatif qui propose de nouveaux critères d'évaluation de l'excellence scientifique. En effet, ces nouveaux critères ne reposent plus seulement sur la qualité scientifique de la recherche, mais également sur la qualité managériale de son organisation. Un tel modèle normatif articule logique de la découverte et de l'expérimentation, d'une part, et logique de l'efficience et de la productivité, de l'autre.La seconde partie analyse la manière dont les chercheurs, financés par ce programme de recherche, interprètent, négocient et traduisent ce nouveau cadre d'interprétation dans le contexte de leurs pratiques. Une approche en terme de « catégorisation identitaire » a permis d'analyser les « médiations » entre la politique du Fonds national, via son programme « Pôles de recherche nationaux », et les pratiques de recherche des membres d'un laboratoire. Nous montrons ainsi que les catégories identitaires ont notamment été mobilisées pour la constitution, le contrôle et la promotion de collectifs.Cette double perspective analytique permet, selon nous, de rendre compte de l'efficacité d'instruments d'action publique tels que les « Pôles de recherche nationaux » en les comprenant à la fois comme des discours et des technique de pouvoir, à savoir des technologies de gouvernement. / This dissertation analyzes the making of science policies in Switzerland, with a special emphasis on the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) policy, which represents Switzerland's most important public funding agency. The dissertation is organised in two parts.The first one describes how different actors are involved in the development and legitimization of new policy tools. These instruments are designed not only to change the institutional organization of research and its purpose, but also to transform the representations of researchers. Thus, in the study of "National Centre of Competences in Research" (NCCR), established by the National Fund (SNF) in the late 1990s, we have considered this instrument as the embodiment of a normative discourse that proposes new evaluation criteria of scientific excellence. Those new criteria are not only based on the scientific quality of research activities, but also on the quality of its managerial organization. This model articulates normative logic of discovery and experimentation, on the one hand, and the logic of efficiency and productivity, on the other.A second part examines how researchers funded by this research program interpret, negotiate and translate this new interpretive framework in the context of their practices. An approach in terms of "membership categorization" is used to analyze the "mediations" between the policy of the SNF, through its "National Centre of Competences in Research" (NCCR), and the research practices of members of a laboratory funded by this program. This allows us to show that membership categories have been mobilized for the establishment, control and promotion of collectives.In our opinion, this double analytical perspective allows to account for the effectiveness of public policy instruments like the NCCR, understanding those instruments as discourse and power techniques, that is technologies of government.

The survival of organizations is dependent upon their legitimacy since legitimacy provides them with access to valuable resources. Organizations do not possess legitimacy, but rather it is ascribed to them by the society they are in when their actions meet societal expectations. Fulfillment of these societal expectations requires the moral and practical obligations of organizations which we call Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). To show their CSR performance, organizations have increasingly adopted the practice of CSR reporting. In CSR reporting, organizations are expected by their stakeholders to disclose both positive and negative aspects. Although disclosing negative aspects can pose a threat to organization’s legitimacy, a third party reporting them may cause more severe damages to the legitimacy of the organization. Therefore, organizations are motivated to legitimize their negative aspects by using legitimation strategies. Using the typology of Coombs and Holladay (1996), in combination with the legitimation strategies by Hahn and Lülfs (2014) as our frameworks, and the non-financial reports of the top ten German chemical companies as our illustrative cases, we investigate and interpret the choice of legitimation strategies used by organizations to report different types of negative aspects in CSR reports. Our findings show that there is a clear pattern in the use of corrective action as a legitimation strategy for all types of negative aspects. Furthermore, we identified instances, where a new type of legitimation strategy, which we called shifting blame legitimation strategy was used. We interpreted our findings using analytical reasoning and theoretical framework such as the concept of symbolic and substantive approach to interpret our findings. Based on the findings, we concluded that the dominant pattern identified falls under the substantive approach, theoretically known for helping companies retain their legitimacy.