Cette thèse s’éloigne des cadres habituels des recherches en gestion ayant étudié les tensions en matière de RSE pour adopter un nouveau cadre intégrateur afin d'explorer de manière descriptive son intégration à la fois aux niveaux individuel, organisationnel et institutionnel.Des analyses de contenus d’entretiens, de documents historiques et de récits de vie ont permis de mettre au point un modèle décrivant les conditions nécessaires à l’intégration de la RSE au sein d’un système social. Ainsi, les modalités des structures de signification, de légitimation et de domination sont examinées (Giddens, 1984) afin de révéler les caractéristiques et les mécanismes sous-tendant les schémas interprétatifs, normes et ressources mobilisés (Giddens, 1984).Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur la RSE en remettant en question les idées conventionnelles selon lesquelles celle-ci est intrinsèquement complexe, et suggère que les éléments constitutifs de la RSE ne sont pas nécessairement divergents et difficiles à mettre en œuvre simultanément. En ce sens, elle démontre qu’une congruence peut se produire entre la structure institutionnelle et les actions RSE sous certaines conditions. / Constructed upon management research that has studied CSR tensions, this thesis shifts away from the usual frames toward a new integrative frame to descriptively explore the integration of CSR at the individual, organizational and institutional levels simultaneously.The content analyses of interviews, historic documents and self-narratives yielded insights which enabled us to build a model describing the necessary conditions for CSR integration to occur. In this way, the structural modalities of the signification, legitimation and domination structures are examined and the dynamics which attend the integration of CSR in the social system are explored in order to reveal the characteristics and mechanisms underlying the interpretative schemes, norms and resources (Giddens, 1984).Consequently, a model of a sustainable paradigm grounded in empirical data is developed and the theoretical implications discussed. This thesis contributes to the CSR literature by challenging the conventional ideas that CSR is inherently difficult in suggesting that the constitutive elements of CSR are not necessarily divergent and difficult to implement simultaneously. In this sense, it empirically demonstrates that congruence between the institutional structure and CSR may occur under certain conditions.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) har blivit en viktig del i samhället av den anledning att människors engagemang i hållbarhetsfrågor ökat. Företag fokuserar på att integrera CSR aktiviteter i företags strategier genom att ta ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar. I tidigare forskning framgår det att det finns ett samband mellan CSR och lönsamhet då CSR aktiviteter kan medföra lönsamhet. I sökandet efter legitimitet kommunicerar företag ut sitt ansvarstagande och sina hållbarhetsinvesteringar i hållbarhetsredovisningarna. Huvudsyftet med studien var att undersöka hur företag argumenterar för förhållandet mellan CSR och lönsamhet. Denna kvalitativa studie är baserad på en dokumentstudie som studerar hållbarhetsredovisningar för tio olika företag inom olika branscher. Vid insamling av data från företagens hållbarhetsredovisningar låg fokuset på att identifiera argument som indikerade förhållandet mellan dess hållbarhetsinvesteringar och lönsamhet. Den insamlade datan analyserades genom att kategorisera argumenten i enlighet med Couplands fyra typer av legitimeringsstrategier: samhällelig legitimering, ansvarsfull legitimering, de-legitimering och kontext-specifik legitimering. Vid kategorisering av argument framkom det att branschtillhörighet är en faktor som påverkar vilket av de tre ansvar inom CSR som företagen prioriterar mest i sina hållbarhetsredovisningar. Företag använder legitimeringsstrategier som presenteras av Coupland med avsikt att legitimera sina hållbarhetsinvesteringar. Studiens resultat visar att företag använder främst strategin “ansvarsfull legitimering” för att legitimera hållbarhetsinvesteringar genom att betona sambandet mellan hållbarhetsarbete och lönsamhet. / Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an important part of today’s society as awareness about sustainability has increased among people. Companies are focusing on engaging CSR activities in their corporate strategies through being responsible economically, socially and environmentally. As mentioned in the previous studies, practicing of CSR activities can also generate profitability and hence the relationship between CSR and profitability is presented. In order to legitimise themselves, companies tend to communicate their responsibility and their investments in sustainability through sustainability reports. The main purpose of the study was to examine how companies legitimise their investments in sustainability by presenting arguments for the relationship between their CSR activities and profitability. This qualitative study is based on a document study where sustainability reports for ten companies operating in different branches are studied. The focus while studying the content of sustainability reports was to identify arguments indicating the relationship between their investments in sustainability activities and profitability. The collected data was analysed by categorizing it according to Couplands four types of arguments for legitimation: societal legitimation, responsible legitimation, de-legitimation and context-specific legitimation. During the categorization of the arguments, it was also identified that what responsibility companies tend to argument the most for depends on their respective branch. In order to legitimise their investments, companies are inclined to use the legitimation strategies suggested by Coupland. The conclusion of this study is that most of the companies use the strategy responsible legitimation to legitimise their sustainability investments by emphasizing the relationship between their sustainability work and profitability.This thesis is written in swedish.

This thesis project examines the performance limitations of Hardware Security Module (HSM) devices with respect to fulfilling the needs of security services in a rapidly growing security market in a cost-effective way. In particular, the needs due to the introduction of a new electronic ID system in Sweden (the Federation of Swedish eID) and how signatures are created and managed. SafeNet Luna SA 1700 is a high performance HSM's available in the current market. In this thesis the Luna SA 1700 capabilities are stated and a comprehensive analysis of its performance shows a performance gap between what HSMs are currently able to do and what they need to do to address the expected demands. A case study focused on new security services needed to address Sweden's e Identification organization is presented. Based upon the expected performance demands, this thesis project proposes an optimized HSM solution to address the identified performance gap between what is required and what current HSMs can provide. A series of tests were conducted to measure an existing HSM's performance. An analysis of these measurements was used to optimize a proposed solution for selected HSM or similar HSMs. One of the main requirements of the new signing service is the capability to perform fifty digital signatures within the acceptable response time which is 300 ms during normal hours and 3000 ms during peak hours. The proposed solution enables the HSM to meet the expected demands of 50 signing request per second in the assumed two hours of peak rate at a cost that is 1/9 of the cost of simply scaling up the number of HSMs. The target audience of this thesis project is Security Service Providers who use HSMs and need a high volume of key generation and storing. Also HSM vendors consider this solution and add similar functionality to their devices in order to meet the desired demands and to ensure a better future in this very rapidly growing market. / Detta examensarbete undersöker prestandabegränsningar för Hardware Security Module (HSM) enheter med avseende på att uppfylla behov av säkerhetstjänster i en snabbt växande marknad och på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt. I synnerhet på grund av de säkerhetskrav som nu existerar/tillkommit efter införandet av ett nytt elektroniskt ID-system i Sverige (Federationen för Svensk eID) och hur underskrifter skapas och hanteras. SafeNet Luna SA 1700 är en högpresterande HSM enhet tillgänglig på marknaden. I den här avhandlingen presenteras nuvarande HSM kapacitet och en omfattande analys av resultatet visar ett prestanda gap mellan vad HSMS för närvarande kan göra och vad som behöver förbättras för att ta itu med de förväntade kraven. En fallstudie fokuserad på nya säkerhetstjänster som krävs i och med Sveriges nya e-Identifiering presenteras. Baserat på resultatet i den här avhandlingen föreslås en optimerad HSM lösning för att tillgodose prestanda gapet mellan vad HSM presterar och de nya krav som ställs. Ett flertal tester genomfördes för att mäta en befintlig HSM prestanda. En analys av dessa mätningar användes för att föreslå en optimerad lösning för HSMS (eller liknande) enheter. Ett av de huvudsakliga kraven för den nya signeringstjänsten är att ha en kapacitet av 50 digitala signaturer inom en accepterad svarstidsintervall, vilket är 300ms vid ordinarie trafik och 3000ms vid högtrafik. Förslagen i avhandlingen möjliggör HSM enheten att tillgodose kraven på 50 signeringen per sekund under två timmars högtrafik, och till en 1/9 kostnad genom att skala upp antalet HSMs. Målgruppen i den här avhandlingen är användare av HSMs och där behovet av lagring och generering av nycklar i höga volymer är stort. Även HSM leverantörer som kan implementera den här optimeringen/lösningen i befintlig funktionalitet för att tillgodose det här behovet i en alltmer växande marknad.

This thesis measures the extent of the impact of the EU’s management of its migration flow in the aftermath of the ‘Summer of Migration’ on its legitimacy and normative power towards external actors.  Although historically funded and legitimated by its commitment to Human Rights values, the EU has failed to manage effectively and ethically the migration crisis indenpently. Building upon Buchanan’s constructivist approach of the strategies of legitimation used by IOs in IR, this thesis argues that this failure, by shedding light on the union’s weaknesses and pressuring it into to unethical external deals, deteriorates its image towards external actors and provides delegitimating tools to competitors of the EU in a global context of post-US hegemony, feeding power struggles in a shifting polarized world. By creating a theoretical bridge between EU internal policies and their external consequences, this thesis investigates interconnexions and causality effects between the structural flaws of the CEAS, the 2016 EU/Turkey deal and the loss of legitimacy of the EU. The arguments defended by this thesis are supported by an empirical research based on the critical discourse analysis of the evolutions of Turkish leaders’ speeches given at the UN General Assembly debates between 2009 and 2019. Using methods deriving from Discourse Historical Analysis (DHA), the analysis of the speeches pinpoints the role of the EU’s management of the migration crisis in the shift from positive to negative discourses of Turkish leaders towards the union. Finally, the study considers that the normative arguments related to the non-commitment of the EU to its upheld HR values has become a semantic tool of delegitimation for Turkey against the EU, and to promote itself as a new leader of IR.

In the past few years, the number of e-scooter rental services has rapidly increased in Sweden and across Europe. The increased usage of e-scooters has created problems, for example with accessibility on sidewalks and traffic safety. Consequently, the e-scooter industry has become a highly debated topic. This case study examined how Voi Technology communicate to profile themselves as legitimate, based on Max Weber’s principles of legitimation and Mark C. Suchman’s legitimation strategies. Three research questions were formulated to be able to fulfill the aim of the study: 1) Which of Suchman’s strategies to maintain legitimacy can be distinguished in Voi Technology’s external communication? 2) Which of Suchman’s strategies to repair legitimacy can be distinguished in Voi Technology’s external communication? 3) Which of Weber’s principles of legitimation can be distinguished in Voi Technology’s external communication? 30 posts from Voi’s social media accounts on Instagram, Facebook and Linkedin were analyzed with a qualitative content analysis and a semiotic analysis. The results showed that Voi are using the strategies “protect accomplishments” and “perceive change” to maintain legitimacy and the strategies “normalize” and “restructure” to repair legitimacy. The study did also find the legal-rational and charismatic principles of legitimation in Voi’s communication. The traditional principle of legitimation could not be found. Instead, Voi often presented themselves as non-traditional and innovative. This study contributes with more knowledge about how organizations can communicate to get legitimacy, when an organization or market is being questioned.

Samhällets krav på företag att rapportera om sitt hållbarhetsarbete har ökat. I takt med dennautveckling av behov från samhället och lagstiftning har hållbarhetsrapporter utvecklats.Ramverket för rapportering av detta hållbarhetsarbete “Global Reporting Initiative” (GRI) harvuxit fram och har som syfte att skapa transparens och jämförbarhet mellan rapporterna. Detframkommer av tidigare forskning att motivet bakom att hållbarhetsrapportera har sin grund isträvan efter legitimitet. Genom att hållbarhetsrapportera uppfyller företagen intressenternasinformationsbehov. Legitimitetsteorin betonar hur viktigt det är att uppfylla detta behov för atterhålla legitimitet och därmed kunna överleva ekonomiskt. Forskning har identifierat en radolika strategier företag kan använda sig av för erhålla legitimitet när de rapporterar sitthållbarhetsarbete. Denna kvalitativa studies syfte har varit att undersöka hur företagsutformning av hållbarhetsrapporteringen förändrats över tid för att uppnå en högre nivå avlegitimitet. Dokumentstudien hade sin utgångspunkt i att granska hur fyra svenskabörsnoterade företag inom olika branscher använde sig av legitimitetsstrategier när deutformade sina rapporter. Studien fann att de undersökta organisationerna använde sig,medvetet eller omedvetet, av legitimitetsstrategier när hållbarhetsrapporteringen utformades.En annan slutsats denna studie drog var att branschtillhörighet tycktes vara en mer förklarandefaktor än tidsaspekten när det kom till vilka strategier företagen tillämpat. Denna uppsats ärskriven på svenska. / Society's need for companies to report on their sustainability work has increased. The development of needs from society and legislation resulted in sustainability reports being developed. The framework for reporting on this sustainability work “The Global Reporting Initiative” (GRI) has emerged and aims to create transparency and comparability between the reports. It appears from previous research that the motive behind sustainability reporting is based on the pursuit of legitimacy. By reporting on sustainability, companies meet stakeholders' informational needs. The theory of legitimacy emphasizes how important it is to fulfill this need in order to obtain legitimacy and thus be able to survive financially. Research has identified a number of different strategies companies can use to gain legitimacy when reporting on their sustainability work. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how companies choose to frame their sustainability reports in order to gain legitimacy. The document study was based on examining how four Swedish listed companies in different industries used legitimacy strategies when reporting their sustainability work. The study concluded that the selected companies, knowingly or unknowingly, use legitimation strategies when developing their sustainability reports. Another conclusion of this study was that a company’s industry affiliation seemed to be a more explanatory factor rather than change over time itself concerning the choices of legitimation strategies. This essay is completely written in Swedish.

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The purpose of the study has been to explore how professionals in the field of social work view professional licensure. Through semi-structured interviews, we have explored their reflections and opinions on the potential of professional licensure, their perceptions of their work, and how they believe licensure could affect their area of work in relation to professional status. The results are presented based on a qualitative content analysis, and the responses indicate that professional licensure is expected to raise the status of social workers in society. The study presents the complexity of the social work profession’s field, where boundaries are often seen as diffuse externally. This is demonstrated from the study's results and previous research around the difficulties of implementing uniform professional licenses. The interviewees also emphasize the importance of social work education for the exclusivity of the profession, where a stronger connection between practice and theory may be suggested to strengthen the profession’s legitimacy.  Another significant finding is the central role of social workers for the welfare and well-being of society. Although the social work profession can sometimes be perceived negatively by the public, partly due to media portrayal, the study points out that there is a need for the public to gain an improved understanding of social workers’ roles and competences. The study's findings indicate that this could strengthen the profession's legitimacy and status. Even though there is strong support for professional licensure for social workers, challenges also emerged regarding its implementation. Some interviewees felt that licensure should be limited to specific work roles and tasks, especially those involving the exercise of authority. Others expressed concern that the introduction of licensure could lead to even more fragmented professional identities. In conclusion, the study shows the collective support for professional licensure for social workers yet emphasizes the challenges that must be addressed in such a process for the implementation of licenses.

立法院由立法委員所組成，依據憲法之規範，負責審議行政機關函送之議案，而行政機關為增進雙方互動，順暢相關法案、預算案之審議，設有國會聯絡人負責前揭事項之推動與協調，以期完成政策合法化之作業。因各部會業務迥異，國會動態變化莫測，導致國會聯絡工作困難度增加，故如何尋求良方，提升政策合法化之成效，並促進國會聯絡工作經驗之累積與傳承，實為本研究關注之焦點。 　　2000年Denhardt氏提出新公共服務之概念，適逢我國首次完成政黨輪替，在意識形態掛帥、政黨情勢緊繃、行政立法互動不佳之情況下，可否藉由新公共服務所倡導之信任合作、公共利益、服務、共享等核心價值，來改善行政立法之互動關係，及促進國會聯絡工作與推動策略之進行，實值得進行探討，故本研究乃以新公共服務之面向切入，期能建構出具體之國會聯絡工作推動策略。 　　本研究以深度訪談及參與觀察等質化研究方法，蒐集多位立法委員、資深國會助理、資深議事人員、資深國會聯絡主管及人員之寶貴意見，並經由內容分析法進行資料分析，發現新公共服務所倡導的信任合作、公共利益、服務、共享等理念，確能增進行政機關首長、國會聯絡人與立法委員、國會助理間之互信、互動，也能凝聚為民服務之共識，在維護公共利益之前提下，共同完成政策合法化的目標。 　　最後，本研究呼籲應建立新公共服務之國會聯絡工作、掌握化解法案及預算案之負面因素，並對機關首長、業務單位、國會聯絡人及議事運作等方面，提出順暢國會聯絡之具體建議；期能拋磚引玉，與行政機關國會聯絡先進相互討論，並提供新進人員之參考運用。 / The Legislative Yuan is composed of legislators, and according to the stipulations of constitution the legislature will deliberate the bills submitted to it by the executive branch. In order to facilitate mutual interaction, speed up review of relevant drafts, deliberation of appropriation bill, congressional liaison personnel is established at the executive branch and they will be responsible for the facilitation and coordination of the above-mentioned issues so as to complete the operation of policy legitimation. Since the business of every department varies and trends of development at the congress fluctuate, it has led to further difficulty for congressional liaison. Therefore, it is the crux of this study as what resolution can be achieved to enhance the efficiency of policy legitimation as well as facilitate the accumulation and pass-over of liaison work in the congress. 　　In year 2000, Robert Denhardt and Janet Denhardt put forth the concept of the new public service, and then it happened to be the time of the first rotation of political party in our country. Nonetheless, under the context of ideology that commands all, tensed relationship between parties, unfavorable interaction between the legislative and the executive branch it is wondered that if such core values as trust, cooperation, public interest, service, and sharing proposed by the new public service can be exploited to improve the interactive relationship between the legislative and executive as well as to facilitate congressional liaison work and impetus of strategy. It is, indeed, a task that deserves much investigation, and it is why this study has attempted to cut into the investigation from the aspect of the new public service, and hope to construe substantial impetus strategy for congressional liaison work. 　　This study would employ qualitative research methods as in-depth interview and participant-as-observation to collect precious opinions from several legislators, senior congress’ assistant, senior session staff, and senior congressional liaison head and personnel. Then, content analysis method is used to conduct information analysis, and it is found that ideas as trust, cooperation, public interest, service, and sharing proposed by the new public service can enhancing the interaction and mutual trust among heads of executive branch, congressional liaison personnel, legislator, congress’ assistant as well as coalesce the consensus to render service to the mass. Therefore, the objective to jointly furnish policy legitimation can be done under the pretext to maintain and preserve public interest. 　　At length, this study calls upon the establishment of congressional liaison work for the new public service so as to master and resolve those negative factors for legislation draft and budget bill, and put forth substantial suggestions that can help smoothen congressional liaison with regard to department head, business branch, congressional liaison personnel, and session operation. It would hope that it can turn itself as pioneer in this regard to solicit further opinions and advices so as conduct mutual discussions with those seniors, and the results of which can be cited as reference for novice of the congressional liaison.

本研究旨在探討2000年我國中央政府政黨輪替前後，不同的政府型態對於重大法案審議的影響。我們運用統計、內容分析（content analysis）、深度訪談等方法，檢視第2屆至第6屆立法院（1993年2月至2007年1月）期間，行政院提出的249個重大法案在立法院審議的情形，屬於「貫時性分析」（longitudinal analysis）。 就分立政府（divided government）與一致政府（unified government）的比較而言，研究結果發現：台灣的分立政府之重大法案審議結果，與一致政府的確有所差異，但差異並不大。值得強調的是，吾人企圖跳脫「分立vs.一致」的二元思考，嘗試作更細膩的觀察──本研究以二元對數勝算比模型（binary logit model）檢視影響重大法案通過與否的因素，藉由兩個模型的比較，最重要的發現在於：本研究提出的「四個階段」（一致政府前期、一致政府後期、分立政府前期、分立政府後期）之分析方式，較傳統「一致政府vs.分立政府」二元對立的分類，更具意義。分析結果顯示：「分立政府後期」的重大法案通過情形，明顯較「一致政府前期」好，分立政府的重大法案生產力未必不如一致政府。而且，分立政府本身有顯著差異，一致政府後期與前期的差異則更為顯著。易言之，本研究發現：分立政府的情形不能一概而論，分立初期行政部門的重大法案在國會常遭擱置延宕，頗符合Sundquist等傳統派學者的看法，但分立後期，重大法案通過率大幅回升甚至略高於一致政府的平均數，此階段的情況大致符合修正派學者Mayhew的觀點（分立政府無損於重大法案之制定），惟國會對於法案主導權的爭奪明顯較一致政府時期嚴重。另一方面，一致政府的情形亦不能一概而論，一致政府前期的重大法案推動情形並不順暢，頗值得2008年重回一致政府「完全執政」的新政府借鏡。