Defines Beck Hopelessness Inventory.

This paper presents the findings of two independent studies which examined the test-retest reliability and the fall-off effects of the Munich Life Event List (MEL). The MEL is a three-step interview procedure for assessing life incidents which focusses on recognition processes rather than free recall. In a reliability study, test–retest coefficients of the MEL, based on a sample of 42 subjects, were quite stable over a 6-week interval. Stability for severe incidents appeared to be higher than for the less severe ones. In the fall-off study, a total rate of 30% fall-off was noted for all incidents reported retrospectively over an 8-year period. A more detailed analysis revealed average monthly fall-off effects of 0.36%. The size of fall-off effects was higher for non-severe and positive incidents than for severe incidents. This was particularly evident for the symptomatic groups. Non-symptomatic males reported a higheroverall number of life incidents than females. This was partly due to more frequent reporting of severe incidents. The findings of the fall-off study do not support the common belief that the reliability oflife incident report is much worse when the assessment period is extended over a period of several years as compared to the traditional 6-month period.

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

Text in Afrikaans / Hoë werkloosheid het 'n permanente kenmerk van die moderne samelweing geword en daarom word daar huidiglik baie aandag geskenk aan die psigologiese impak van werkloosheid op die werklose persoon en sy gesin. Die teoretiese benadering van hierdie studie is dat werksverlies 'n stresvolle lewensgebeurtenis is waarvan die impak binne 'n sistemiese benadering bestudeer is. Die kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gevolg. Die navorsingsresultate is verkry deur in-diepte onderhoude te voer met agt blanke getroude pare. Die resultate van die onderhoude is vergelyk met bestaande navorsing oor die impak van onwillekeurige werksverlies op die individu en sy gesin. Resultate dui daarop dat werksverlies 'n verpletterende ervaring is vir sommige pare terwyl dit in ander huwelikke lei tot groter intimiteit en persoonlike groei. Veranderlikes wat vir hierdie verskille verantwoordelik is, word geidentifiseer. Implikasies vir toekomstige navorsing word bespreek. / High unemployment has become a permanent feature of modern-day society. As a result there has been an increased interest in the psychological impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. The theoretical appraoch of this study is that job loss is a stressful life event which is studies within the subsystem of the family. The research design is the qualitative method that was executed by conducting depth interviews with eight white couples. The results of the interviews were compared with those of previous research relating to the impact of involuntary job loss on the individual and his family. Results show that job loss is a devastating experience for some couples while other couples experience it as a opportunity for personal growth and increased intimacy in the relationship. Factors that account for these differences are identified. Implications for future research are discussed. / Psychology / M.A. (Sielkundige Navorsing)

L’activité physique est un facteur protecteur vis à vis des pathologies chroniques les plus fréquentes, tandis que la sédentarité en est un facteur de risque. Parmi les domaines de l’activité physique habituelle, le transport actif (marche, vélo) est l’objet d’un intérêt croissant. Mieux comprendre les déterminants et les effets sur la santé de l’activité physique et de la sédentarité est essentiel pour élaborer des interventions de santé publique ciblées sur les populations à risque. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient d’étudier certains facteurs individuels associés à des domaines spécifiques de la marche et du vélo et étudier les relations de domaines spécifiques de la sédentarité avec certains événements de santé, en prenant en compte les effets de l’activité physique. Nous avons mesuré par questionnaires l’activité physique et la sédentarité d’adultes français de manière transversale dans la cohorte NutriNet-Santé (n=39 295), et longitudinalement dans la cohorte SU.VI.MAX (n=2 841). Nous avons mis en évidence que les différentes pratiques de marche (pour aller au travail, de loisir et utilitaire) et leurs relations avec des facteurs individuels ne sont pas homogènes, que lors du passage à la retraite la diminution d’activité physique professionnelle n’était pas compensée par les nouveaux comportements développés, et enfin que les spécificités de l’activité physique et de la sédentarité pouvaient influer sur des facteurs de risque cardiométaboliques et sur le sommeil. Ces résultats participent à une compréhension approfondie des pratiques et des modes de vie de la population française, pour pouvoir mieux cibler les actes de prévention ou de promotion de la santé. / Physical activity is a protective factor for common chronic diseases, while sedentary behavioris a risk factor. Among the different domains of habitual physical activity, active transportation (walking, cycling) is a topic of growing interest. A better understanding of the determinants and health effects of physical activity and sedentary lifestyles is essential to develop public health interventions targeted for at-risk populations. The objectives of this thesis were to investigate some individual factors associated with specific domains of walking and cycling, and to explore the relationship of specific areas of sedentary lifestyle with health outcomes, taking into account the effects of habitual physical activity. We measured physical activity and sedentary behavior cross-sectionally with questionnaire in the NutriNet-Santé French adults cohort (n = 39,295 subjects) and longitudinally in the SU.VI.MAX cohort (n =2,841). Our results indicate that the different domains of walking (commuting, leisure andutility) and their relationships with individual factors are not homogeneous, that during the transition to retirement the decrease in occupational physical activity was not offset by newly developed behaviors, and finally that specific physical activity and sedentary lifestyles could affect cardiometabolic risk factors and excessive daytime sleepiness. These results should contribute to a better understanding of the health behaviors of the French population, in order to better target preventive and health promotion interventions.

This paper presents the findings of two independent studies which examined the test-retest reliability and the fall-off effects of the Munich Life Event List (MEL). The MEL is a three-step interview procedure for assessing life incidents which focusses on recognition processes rather than free recall. In a reliability study, test–retest coefficients of the MEL, based on a sample of 42 subjects, were quite stable over a 6-week interval. Stability for severe incidents appeared to be higher than for the less severe ones. In the fall-off study, a total rate of 30% fall-off was noted for all incidents reported retrospectively over an 8-year period. A more detailed analysis revealed average monthly fall-off effects of 0.36%. The size of fall-off effects was higher for non-severe and positive incidents than for severe incidents. This was particularly evident for the symptomatic groups. Non-symptomatic males reported a higheroverall number of life incidents than females. This was partly due to more frequent reporting of severe incidents. The findings of the fall-off study do not support the common belief that the reliability oflife incident report is much worse when the assessment period is extended over a period of several years as compared to the traditional 6-month period.

Introduction. Les désordres de la connexion intestin-cerveau (DCIC) sont une association de symptômes digestifs récurrents et chroniques. Les évènements traumatiques précoces seraient un facteur déclenchant. Nous avons testé l’hypothèse selon laquelle la prématurité et les facteurs néonataux influencent le développement des DCIC. L’influence des facteurs socio-démographiques ou psychosociaux a aussi été évaluée. Patients et Méthodes. Une étude cas-témoins a été menée au CHU Sainte Justine à Montréal (Québec, Canada) de juillet 2019 à juillet 2021. Les cas (adultes nés avant 29 semaines d’aménorrhée) ont été recrutés dans la cohorte HAPI (Health of Adults Born Preterm Investigation). Les contrôles sont issus de la population générale. Les participants ont complété le questionnaire de diagnostic Rome IV. Les cas ont complété des questionnaires de dépression et d’anxiété (PROMIS-29, GAD-7, PHQ-9). Résultats. 79 cas (âge médian : 27 ans (24;29), sex ratio H/F: 0.4) et 124 contrôles (âge médian : 33 ans (27;50), sex ratio H/F: 0.9) ont été recrutés. Les prévalences des désordres fonctionnels gastroduodénaux et intestinaux étaient significativement plus élevées dans le groupe des cas féminins comparé aux contrôles féminins, respectivement p=0.017 et p=0.015. La probabilité d’avoir au moins un désordre fonctionnel intestinal ou une constipation fonctionnelle était plus élevé dans ce dernier groupe (p=0.015 et p=0.02). Certains facteurs de risque de développer des DCIC sont directement liés à la prématurité (chorioamniotite, hémorragie intra-ventriculaire) ou à une conséquence de la prématurité (anxiété, dépression, capacités sociales). Conclusion. Il s’agit de la première étude contrôlée qui rapporte la prévalence des DCIC dans une population d’adultes nés prématurés. Nous confirmons que la prématurité est un facteur de risque de développement du DCIC au cours de la vie. / Background. Disorders of brain-gut interaction (DBGI) are defined as a variable combination of chronic or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. Early-life stress have been implicated as possible contributing factor. We tested the hypothesis that prematurity and neonatal factors influence the development of DGBI in adults. We also evaluated if sociodemographic or psychosocial factors are associated with the development of a DGBI. Methods. A case-control study was carried out at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine in Montreal (Quebec, Canada) from July 2019 to July 2021. The cases (adults born with severe or extremely severe prematurity born less than 29 weeks of gestation) were recruited from the Health of Adults Born Preterm Investigation (HAPI) cohort. Control subjects were recruited from the general population. All participants completed the Rome IV diagnostic questionnaire online. Cases completed anxiety and depression questionnaires (PROMIS-29, GAD-7, PHQ-9). Neonatal data and sociodemographic status were collected. Key Results. We enrolled 79 cases (median age: 27 years old (24;29), sex ratio M/F: 0.4) and 124 controls (median age: 33 years old (27;50), sex ratio M/F: 0.9). Prevalence of functional gastroduodenal disorders and functional bowel disorders were significantly higher in women in the case group (respectively p=0.017 and p=0.015). There was also a higher probability of having one functional bowel disorder (p=0.015) and functional constipation (p=0.02) than in the female control group. Some of the risk factors are directly linked to prematurity (chorioamnionitis, intraventricular hemorrhage) or linked to a consequence of prematurity (anxiety, depression and social abilities). Conclusion. This is the first prospective controlled study reporting the prevalence of DGBI in a cohort of well-characterized adult-born premature. We confirm that prematurity is a risk factor for developing a DGBI.

Objectives. Evaluate differences in depressive symptoms, compare sociodemographic and health-related variables associated with depressive symptoms and report level of impact of depressive symptoms on daily activities. Methods. Cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) diagnostic survey on 1115 patients aged 60–93 years who attended a primary care clinic in Korea, Russia or USA. Results. At least mild depression (PHQ-9 score of ≥5) occurred in 28% of Koreans, 65% of Russian and 27% of US participants. Russians scored more depressed on all PHQ-9 items (P < 0.01) and more suicidal thoughts (P < 0.001), while Koreans had less feelings of worthlessness (P < 0.001). Depression predictors included poorer self-rated health [odds ratio (OR) 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.84–3.33, P < 0.0001], chronic diseases (OR 1.34, CI 1.21–1.48, P < 0.0001), female gender (OR 1.56, CI 1.15–2.12, P = 0.0046) and religious attendance (OR 0.88, CI 0.79–0.97, P = 0.0099) for all subjects. Being employed was protective in Korea (OR 0.41, CI 0.21–0.77, P = 0.0061) and being married (OR 0.42, CI 0.27–0.66, P = 0.0002) and of older age (OR 0.95, CI 0.93–0.98, P = 0.0006) protective in US participants. Vascular disease was associated with depressive symptoms in Russia (OR 3.47, CI 1.23–9.80, P = 0.0187). In regression analyses stratified by country for a given level of depressive symptoms, the Russian sample had less impact on daily activities (Russia R2 = 0.107 versus Korea R2 = 0.211 and US R2 = 0.419) P = 0.029. Conclusions. Depressive symptoms were more common in Russia than in Korea and USA but had less impact on daily functioning. Cultural or environmental factors may account for this finding.

This thesis is based on the theoretical research using scientific texts. Method of reasoning (deduction) were compared ideas of the individual authors who deal with description of contemporary (postmodern ) society, exploring the question of the sense of life and represent a difficult life events that can cause the threat or loss. The work is divided into three chapters, each of which contains sub -chapters. The first part refers to a person in postmodern society. There is a characterization of contemporary society, the challenges of the new era, gain new requirements on the man and related problems. The second chapter is building on the issues of the first chapter. Some fragments which describe the particular challenges of life events and their impact on the man, the sense of living in certain periods of life. There were used mainly idea sof psychotherapists who are dedicated to working with people in a state of crisis. Following the previous chapters, the last part of the thesis deals with the question of the free time, defining the category of the free-time and pointing out its importance for contemporary man. Emphasis was placed on the free-time pedagogy using appropriate free-time activities as a tool for finding richer and more meaningful human life in certain difficult life events that brings the requirement of a new era. Last but not least, there was to explain the context of the free-time and religion.