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Belysningen utgör en relativt liten del av dagens samhälle, men den har en viktig funktion för att vi människor ska känna oss trygga när det är mörkt. Utöver att skapa trygghet har utomhusbelysningen idag flera andra funktioner, såsom att fungera som en fysisk säkerhetsåtgärd, vara vägledande eller ha estetiska värden. På detta sätt är belysningens planering starkt inriktad på människors behov. Hållbarhetsaspekterna tar dock hänsyn till inte bara de sociala aspekterna utan även de ekonomiska och ekologiska aspekterna. Genom att öka mängden utomhusbelysning kan säkerhetskänslan hos invånarna förbättras, men det kan också leda till ökad resursförbrukning och ljusföroreningar som kan påverka både djurlivet och växtlivet negativt. Vinterstäder kännetecknas av speciella klimatförhållanden då solen endast når över horisonten under en begränsad mängd timmar på vintern och snön ligger kvar under en längre period. Belysningsstrategier i vinterstäder behöver anpassas till de specifika förhållandena för att säkerställa hållbarheten. För att undersöka hur vinterstäder påverkas av belysning har en litteraturstudie, en intervjustudie med professionella och en enkätundersökning av en nyligen förändrad gång- och cykelväg i Luleå genomförts. Arbetet har resulterat i följande rekommendationer: • Utveckla standarder som är anpassade för vinterstädernas specifika klimatförhållanden, samt flexibla produkter som kan anpassas på plats. • En ökad medborgardialog och mer samarbete med befolkningen. • Kommunerna bör lägga mer fokus på estetiska lösningar för att förstärka karaktären på vinterstäderna. • Extra fokus behöver läggas på energieffektiva lösningar då det är mindre effektivt med förnybara energiresurser som vindkraft eller solarenergi under vintertid. • Mindre fokus behöver riktas mot den ekologiska aspekten eftersom belysningen har en mindre påverkan på ekosystemet i vinterstäder. / Lighting is a relatively small part of today's society, but it has an important functionin making people feel safe after dark. In addition to providing security, outdoor lighting today has several other functions, such as acting as a physical security measure, being an indicator or having aesthetic values. In this way, lighting design is strongly oriented towards human needs. However, the sustainability aspects consider not only the social aspects but also the economic and ecological aspects. Increasing the amount of outdoor lighting can improve the sense of security for residents, but it can also lead to increased resource consumption and light pollution that can negatively affect both wildlife and plant life. Winter cities are characterized by special climatic conditions because the sun only reaches above the horizon for a limited number of hours in winter and snow remains for a longer period. The lighting strategy in winter cities needs to be adapted to the specific conditions to ensure its sustainability. To investigate how winter cities are affected by lighting, a literature review, an interview study with professionals and a questionnaire survey of a recently changed pedestrian and cycle route in Luleå have been carried out. The work has resulted in the following recommendations: • Develop standards adapted to the specific climate conditions of winter cities, and flexible products that can be adapted on site. • More dialogue and cooperation with the population. • Municipalities should focus more on aesthetic solutions to enhance the character of winter towns. • Extra focus is needed on energy-efficient solutions, as renewable energy resources such as wind or solar energy are less efficient in winter. • Less focus needs to be put on the ecological aspect as lighting has a smaller impact on the ecosystem in winter cities.

This project is an in-depth investigation on the impact of lighting, marking and paint schemes on the operational aspects of police vehicles. This investigation consisted of two phases that ultimately consisted of four experiments. An array of lighting and marking schemes were implemented on police vehicles in a variety of jurisdictions for evaluation. The study then investigated the change in the visibility of police officers, the public reaction to these schemes, and the operational impacts of these systems. The first phase of the project was a naturalistic observation study where the goal was to better understand how traffic behaved around traffic stops. Test vehicles were positioned in simulated traffic stops and patrol locations to determine how traffic behavior was affected by various configurations of police lighting and markings. Camera and radar systems were used to measure the changes in driver speed and when drivers responded to the move over law. Based on the results of the naturalistic studies, the impact of the lighting system on officer visibility was investigated in a controlled human factors test where the ability of a driver to see a police officer outside of their vehicle was measured in the presence of the lighting systems. The purpose of this interjected effort was to verify that the experimental schemes would not increase risk to law enforcement despite data from the first phase indicating the vehicles were more visible. A second part to that study evaluated conventional methods of bolstering an officer's visibility outside of their vehicle at night. The second phase took the findings of the first phase and implemented changes to several police vehicles from local and state agencies to be in operation for at least 18 months. This was to assess the rate of near-misses and crash rate to relate the vehicle changes to law enforcement safety. Additionally, rates of citations were assessed, and surveys offered an opportunity for law enforcement to provide their own feedback on the implementations. The lighting systems evaluated included a completely blue lighting system, an enhanced all blue lighting system with twice the light output, a red and blue system, and a single flashing blue beacon. In terms of markings, retroreflective markings along the side of the vehicle, a retroreflective contour line, chevrons on the rear of the vehicle and unmarked vehicles were evaluated. Finally, a variety of vehicle colors were used to investigate the impact of the base vehicle paint color. The results indicate that both the red and blue lighting system and the high output blue lighting system increase the distance at which drivers moved over significantly. In general, at least 95% of traffic attempted to merge away from an actively lighted police vehicle, when possible. In terms of the speed change, drivers began reducing their speed by approximately 600 m from the police vehicle. Similarly, the addition of retroreflectivity to the rear of the vehicle showed an additional benefit for causing drivers to move over sooner. However, these benefits came at a cost to the officer's visibility. When outside of their vehicle, the high output blue system significantly reduced officer detectability while the red and blue configuration only impacted detection distance by 3 meters. The investigation did find that these impacts could be overcome with retroreflective vests worn by the officers. In the second phase, a preference revealed by officers favored the red-blue configuration. They stated that this configuration provided greater comfort for them and less glare to approaching drivers. The study also revealed that the alternative configurations did not impact the operational activities of police authority. / Doctor of Philosophy / This project evaluated how lighting, marking and paint schemes on police vehicles affected their visibility and how traffic responded to them. An observational study positioned police vehicles with alternative lighting and markings in simulated traffic stops and patrol locations to evaluate traffic behavior. Camera and radar systems were used to measure the changes in driver speed and when drivers responded to the Move Over law. A second study evaluated how the lighting systems on a police car affect the visibility of an officer at night in a traffic stop scenario. A followup experiment looked into methods for bolstering the visibility of officers at night through conventional implementations such as body worn LED lighting, the use of a retroreflective vest, or by using lighting on the police vehicle's light bar to increase illumination of the police officer. A third study took the findings of the previous experiments and outfitted 64 Virginia State Police vehicles for 18 months. Another 64 Virginia State Police vehicles participated in a control condition where no changes were made to their vehicles. Data collected included the rate of near-misses or crashes and the rates of written citations. Surveys were administered to each participating officer regarding their perception of safety and comfort and allowed their open feedback and suggestions. The lighting systems evaluated included a completely blue lighting system, an enhanced all blue lighting system with twice the light output, a red and blue system, and a single flashing blue beacon. In terms of markings, retroreflective markings along the side of the vehicle, a retroreflective contour line, chevrons on the rear of the vehicle, and unmarked vehicles were evaluated. Finally, a variety of vehicle colors were used to investigate the impact of the base vehicle paint color. The results indicate that both the red and blue lighting system and the high output blue lighting system increase the distance at which drivers moved over significantly. In general, at least 95% of traffic attempted to merge away from an actively lighted police vehicle, when possible. In terms of the speed change, drivers began reducing their speed by approximately 600 m from the police vehicle. Similarly, the addition of retroreflectivity to the rear of the vehicle showed an additional benefit for causing drivers to move over sooner. However, these benefits came at a cost to the officer's visibility. When outside of their vehicle, the high output blue system significantly reduced officer detectability while the red and blue configuration only impacted detection distance by 3 meters. The investigation did find that these impacts could be overcome with retroreflective vests worn by the officers. In the second phase, a preference revealed by officers favored the red-blue configuration. They stated that this configuration provided greater comfort for them and less glare to approaching drivers. The study also revealed that the alternative configurations did not impact the rate of citations.

The objective of this investigation was to make two surveys relating to environmental control in the Azle Elementary School, Azle, Texas. The first survey was designed to furnish a list of favorable and unfavorable factors in classroom environment as they existed in the Azle Elementary School at the close of the school session of 1946-1947, and the second survey , conducted in the same school approximately a year later, was for the purpose of ascertaining what improvements had been made in the interim in order to increase the educative values in the classroom environment of this school.

Syfte - Studiens mål var att bidra med kunskap om arbetsmiljö vid distansarbete och saknaden av föreskrifter för arbete utanför arbetsgivarens lokaler. Vidare har arbetsmiljön forskats djupare i för att förstå vilka aspekter inom arbetsmiljö som distansarbetare drabbas mest av som grund för designarbete för en produkt som lösning till problemen. Metodologi - Studien har genomförts med användarcentrerad design, co-design samt ergonomi i fokus. Dessa teorier har varit nödvändiga för bakgrundskunskap samt designprocessen. Under studiens gång har deltagare använts som hjälp för att förstå personer som drabbas av problemområdets erfarenheter och åsikter om deras arbetsmiljö men även vid viktiga designbeslut i processen. Upptäckter - Deltagarna visade att de generellt var nöjda med sin arbetssituation vid distans. Dock fanns det vissa problem som de var mindre nöjda med som främst gällde sociala aspekter. Flera deltagare menade att de hade svårheter med att mentalt skilja på sin arbetsplats och hem. Det kunde leda till att arbete gjordes under tider på dagen där de vanligtvis hade varit lediga, att inte tillräckligt mycket raster togs under arbetsdagen, att de hade svårt att komma igång med arbetet på morgonen eller att de hade svårt att avsluta arbetsdagen på kvällen. Förslag - Ett förslag på en skrivbordslampa designades med samarbete tillsammans med studiens deltagare. Som lösning på problemen med att ha svårigheter att skilja på arbetsplats och hem har lampan en interaktion likt en fönsterpersienn. Tanken bakom interaktionen är att en mänsklig interaktion krävs för att komma in i läge för arbete, likt hur man drar upp persiennerna när man vaknar på morgonen. / Purpose - The aim of the study was to contribute to knowledge about the work environment in remote work settings and the lack of regulations for work outside the employer’s premises. Furthermore, the work environment has been researched in depth to understand which aspects within the work environment remote workers are most affected by, as a basis for designing a product to address these problems. Methodology - The study has been conducted using user-centered design, codesign, and ergonomics as the main focus. These theories have been essential for both background knowledge and the design process. Throughout the study, participants have been utilized to understand the experiences and opinions of individuals affected by the problem area regarding their work environment, as well as for making important design decisions during the process. Findings - Participants generally expressed satisfaction with their remote work situation. However, there were certain issues they were less satisfied with, primarily concerning social aspects. Several participants reported difficulties mentally separating their workspace from their home environment. This could lead to work being done during times of the day when they would typically be off, insufficient breaks taken during the workday, difficulty starting work in the morning, or trouble ending the workday in the evening. Suggestions - A proposal for a desk lamp was designed in collaboration with the study’s participants. As a solution to the difficulties in distinguishing between workspace and home environment, the lamp features an interaction similar to a window blind. The idea behind this interaction is that a human interaction is required to transition into work mode, similar to how one opens the blinds upon waking up in the morning.

Cette étude traite de la complexité des enjeux de la mise en lumière urbaine et de sa conception. Le but est de déceler les mécanismes opératoires du projet d’éclairage afin de générer une analyse et une compréhension de ce type d’aménagement. Cette recherche met à jour les enjeux lumineux à différents niveaux comme l’urbanisme, l’environnement, la culture, la communication, la vision et la perception mais aussi au niveau des acteurs et de leurs pratiques sur le terrain. En utilisant une approche qualitative déductive, cette recherche théorique cherche à mieux comprendre les différentes significations du phénomène lumineux : comment dans la réalité terrain ces enjeux de la lumière sont compris, interprétés et traduits au travers de la réalisation des projets et des processus mis en place pour répondre aux besoins d’éclairage ? La pertinence de cette recherche est de questionner les enjeux complexes de la mise en lumière afin de savoir comment concevoir un « bon éclairage ». Comment se déroule un projet d’éclairage de sa conception à sa réalisation ? Quels sont les différents acteurs, leurs modes d’intervention et leurs perceptions du projet d’éclairage ? Le but est de vérifier comment ces enjeux se concrétisent sur le terrain, notamment au travers de l’activité et de l’interprétation des professionnels. Nous souhaitons créer un modèle opératoire qui rende compte des enjeux et du processus de ce type de projet. Modèle qui servira alors de repère pour la compréhension des mécanismes à l’œuvre comme le contexte, les acteurs, les moyens et les finalités des projets. Une étude des recherches théoriques nous permettra de comprendre la polysémie du phénomène lumineux afin d’en déceler la complexité des enjeux et de créer une première interprétation de ce type de projet. Nous déterminerons théoriquement ce que recouvre la notion de « bon éclairage » qui nous permettra de créer une grille analytique pour comparer notre approche avec la réalité sur le terrain. Ces recherches seront ensuite confrontées au recueil des données des études de cas, des stages en urbanisme et en conception lumière, et des interviews de professionnels dans le domaine. Nous confronterons les enjeux définis théoriquement aux collectes de données issues du terrain. Ces données seront collectées à partir de projets réalisés avec les professionnels durant la recherche immersive. La recherche-action nous permettra de collaborer avec les professionnels pour comprendre comment ils sélectionnent, déterminent et répondent aux enjeux des projets d’éclairage. Nous verrons grâce aux entretiens semi-dirigés comment les acteurs perçoivent leurs propres activités et nous interprèterons les données à l’aide de la « théorisation ancrée » pour dégager le sens de leurs discours. Nous analyserons alors les résultats de ces données de manière interprétative afin de déterminer les points convergeant et divergent entre les enjeux théoriques définis en amont et les enjeux définis en aval par la recherche-terrain. Cette comparaison nous permettra de créer une interprétation des enjeux de la mise en lumière urbaine dans toutes leurs complexités, à la fois du point de vue théorique et pratique. Cette recherche qualitative et complexe s’appuie sur une combinaison entre une étude phénoménologique et les méthodologies proposées par la « théorisation ancrée ». Nous procéderons à une combinaison de données issues de la pratique terrain et de la perception de cette pratique par les acteurs de l’éclairage. La recherche d’un « bon éclairage » envisage donc par une nouvelle compréhension l’amélioration des outils de réflexion et des actions des professionnels. En termes de résultat nous souhaitons créer un modèle opératoire de la mise en lumière qui définirait quels sont les différents éléments constitutifs de ces projets, leurs rôles et les relations qu’ils entretiennent entre eux. Modèle qui mettra en relief les éléments qui déterminent la qualité du projet d’éclairage et qui permettra de fournir un outil de compréhension. La contribution de ce travail de recherche est alors de fournir par cette nouvelle compréhension un repère méthodologique et analytique aux professionnels de l’éclairage mais aussi de faire émerger l’importance du phénomène de mise en lumière en suscitant de nouveaux questionnements auprès des activités liées au design industriel, à l’architecture et à l’urbanisme. / This study examines urban lighting, its conception and complexity. The study explores the operational mechanisms of lighting design projects, through an analysis and understanding of this type of project. Issues of urban lighting are studied to understand how these are perceived from different perspectives, including urban design, the environment, culture, visual communication, as well as the perception of various actors and their practices. This empirical research uses a qualitative research approach to understand the different meanings of light as a phenomenon and how these meanings are used within the creation of real projects. The fundamental question asked is what constitutes an appropriate lighting approach for urban lighting design in the context of an urban milieu? How does a project evolve from conception to final realisation? Who are the different actors and what are their perceptions of a lighting design project? The study investigates how professionals create lighting projects and how these get realised, through a complex understanding of multiple factors. The literature review explores different theories and meanings of light as a phenomena and how these become a catalyst to creating interpretations when designing in the urban milieu. The research proceeds with case studies and work experiences that demonstrate the complexities inherent in conceiving lighting projects. A complex research approach was used that integrates phenomenological and “Grounded theory” methods with case study analysis. This qualitative approach allows for an understanding of both the complexity in this type of projects and a perspective from the various players. Data is collected to combine practices from the field with the perception of this practice by the actors in lighting design. First, case studies both from urban sites and from lighting sites were used to situate the theoretical ideas explored. Second, the methodology included case study data collection and interviews with professionals who work on urban lighting projects. This data is collected using action research and semi-directed interviews to collect data about how the actors perceive their own activities. The analysis includes both interpretive and grounded theory methods. The data is analysed incorporating an interpretative approach, to determine the convergent and the divergent points between the theorical issues defined before and the issues defined after by the research on the field. This comparison will permit us to create an interpretation of the complexity of the issues of the urban lighting design, both from a theorical and a practical point of view. The results show how the complexity of lighting as a phenomenon demands complex tools for the conception and realisation of lighting projects. The emergent phenomenon from the analysis help to create a proposed model that shows these different complexities as an integrated system. This system could be used as a guide to understand the mechanisms which work from the point of the context, the actors, the means and the issues of the projects. The final theoretical model proposed suggests a way to understand this complexity of the urban lighting design project, what different elements constitute these projects, their roles and their inter-relationships. This model helps to form a basis for what determines the quality of a lighting design project and could be used as a tool for lighting professionals. This study contributes to providing a methodological and analytical guideline and reveals the importance of the lighting design phenomenon by questioning these activities linked to the industrial design, architecture and urbanism. Finally, we return back to the idea of what constitutes “good lighting” through an analysis comparing the theory to what actually occurs in the field.

Cette étude traite de la complexité des enjeux de la mise en lumière urbaine et de sa conception. Le but est de déceler les mécanismes opératoires du projet d’éclairage afin de générer une analyse et une compréhension de ce type d’aménagement. Cette recherche met à jour les enjeux lumineux à différents niveaux comme l’urbanisme, l’environnement, la culture, la communication, la vision et la perception mais aussi au niveau des acteurs et de leurs pratiques sur le terrain. En utilisant une approche qualitative déductive, cette recherche théorique cherche à mieux comprendre les différentes significations du phénomène lumineux : comment dans la réalité terrain ces enjeux de la lumière sont compris, interprétés et traduits au travers de la réalisation des projets et des processus mis en place pour répondre aux besoins d’éclairage ? La pertinence de cette recherche est de questionner les enjeux complexes de la mise en lumière afin de savoir comment concevoir un « bon éclairage ». Comment se déroule un projet d’éclairage de sa conception à sa réalisation ? Quels sont les différents acteurs, leurs modes d’intervention et leurs perceptions du projet d’éclairage ? Le but est de vérifier comment ces enjeux se concrétisent sur le terrain, notamment au travers de l’activité et de l’interprétation des professionnels. Nous souhaitons créer un modèle opératoire qui rende compte des enjeux et du processus de ce type de projet. Modèle qui servira alors de repère pour la compréhension des mécanismes à l’œuvre comme le contexte, les acteurs, les moyens et les finalités des projets. Une étude des recherches théoriques nous permettra de comprendre la polysémie du phénomène lumineux afin d’en déceler la complexité des enjeux et de créer une première interprétation de ce type de projet. Nous déterminerons théoriquement ce que recouvre la notion de « bon éclairage » qui nous permettra de créer une grille analytique pour comparer notre approche avec la réalité sur le terrain. Ces recherches seront ensuite confrontées au recueil des données des études de cas, des stages en urbanisme et en conception lumière, et des interviews de professionnels dans le domaine. Nous confronterons les enjeux définis théoriquement aux collectes de données issues du terrain. Ces données seront collectées à partir de projets réalisés avec les professionnels durant la recherche immersive. La recherche-action nous permettra de collaborer avec les professionnels pour comprendre comment ils sélectionnent, déterminent et répondent aux enjeux des projets d’éclairage. Nous verrons grâce aux entretiens semi-dirigés comment les acteurs perçoivent leurs propres activités et nous interprèterons les données à l’aide de la « théorisation ancrée » pour dégager le sens de leurs discours. Nous analyserons alors les résultats de ces données de manière interprétative afin de déterminer les points convergeant et divergent entre les enjeux théoriques définis en amont et les enjeux définis en aval par la recherche-terrain. Cette comparaison nous permettra de créer une interprétation des enjeux de la mise en lumière urbaine dans toutes leurs complexités, à la fois du point de vue théorique et pratique. Cette recherche qualitative et complexe s’appuie sur une combinaison entre une étude phénoménologique et les méthodologies proposées par la « théorisation ancrée ». Nous procéderons à une combinaison de données issues de la pratique terrain et de la perception de cette pratique par les acteurs de l’éclairage. La recherche d’un « bon éclairage » envisage donc par une nouvelle compréhension l’amélioration des outils de réflexion et des actions des professionnels. En termes de résultat nous souhaitons créer un modèle opératoire de la mise en lumière qui définirait quels sont les différents éléments constitutifs de ces projets, leurs rôles et les relations qu’ils entretiennent entre eux. Modèle qui mettra en relief les éléments qui déterminent la qualité du projet d’éclairage et qui permettra de fournir un outil de compréhension. La contribution de ce travail de recherche est alors de fournir par cette nouvelle compréhension un repère méthodologique et analytique aux professionnels de l’éclairage mais aussi de faire émerger l’importance du phénomène de mise en lumière en suscitant de nouveaux questionnements auprès des activités liées au design industriel, à l’architecture et à l’urbanisme. / This study examines urban lighting, its conception and complexity. The study explores the operational mechanisms of lighting design projects, through an analysis and understanding of this type of project. Issues of urban lighting are studied to understand how these are perceived from different perspectives, including urban design, the environment, culture, visual communication, as well as the perception of various actors and their practices. This empirical research uses a qualitative research approach to understand the different meanings of light as a phenomenon and how these meanings are used within the creation of real projects. The fundamental question asked is what constitutes an appropriate lighting approach for urban lighting design in the context of an urban milieu? How does a project evolve from conception to final realisation? Who are the different actors and what are their perceptions of a lighting design project? The study investigates how professionals create lighting projects and how these get realised, through a complex understanding of multiple factors. The literature review explores different theories and meanings of light as a phenomena and how these become a catalyst to creating interpretations when designing in the urban milieu. The research proceeds with case studies and work experiences that demonstrate the complexities inherent in conceiving lighting projects. A complex research approach was used that integrates phenomenological and “Grounded theory” methods with case study analysis. This qualitative approach allows for an understanding of both the complexity in this type of projects and a perspective from the various players. Data is collected to combine practices from the field with the perception of this practice by the actors in lighting design. First, case studies both from urban sites and from lighting sites were used to situate the theoretical ideas explored. Second, the methodology included case study data collection and interviews with professionals who work on urban lighting projects. This data is collected using action research and semi-directed interviews to collect data about how the actors perceive their own activities. The analysis includes both interpretive and grounded theory methods. The data is analysed incorporating an interpretative approach, to determine the convergent and the divergent points between the theorical issues defined before and the issues defined after by the research on the field. This comparison will permit us to create an interpretation of the complexity of the issues of the urban lighting design, both from a theorical and a practical point of view. The results show how the complexity of lighting as a phenomenon demands complex tools for the conception and realisation of lighting projects. The emergent phenomenon from the analysis help to create a proposed model that shows these different complexities as an integrated system. This system could be used as a guide to understand the mechanisms which work from the point of the context, the actors, the means and the issues of the projects. The final theoretical model proposed suggests a way to understand this complexity of the urban lighting design project, what different elements constitute these projects, their roles and their inter-relationships. This model helps to form a basis for what determines the quality of a lighting design project and could be used as a tool for lighting professionals. This study contributes to providing a methodological and analytical guideline and reveals the importance of the lighting design phenomenon by questioning these activities linked to the industrial design, architecture and urbanism. Finally, we return back to the idea of what constitutes “good lighting” through an analysis comparing the theory to what actually occurs in the field.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-09-23T14:07:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cristianogomescasagrande.pdf: 22950240 bytes, checksum: 13f9d8db507365054c57ae6d1bfd91ae (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Diamantino Mayra (mayra.diamantino@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-09-26T20:30:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cristianogomescasagrande.pdf: 22950240 bytes, checksum: 13f9d8db507365054c57ae6d1bfd91ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T20:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cristianogomescasagrande.pdf: 22950240 bytes, checksum: 13f9d8db507365054c57ae6d1bfd91ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / Os sistemas de iluminação pública (IP) no Brasil atravessam um momento de mudanças significativas, que implicam em novos paradigmas, desafios e perspectivas para o setor. Essas transformações começam com a transferência dos ativos de IP para os municípios, exigindo que os gestores municipais estejam preparados e capacitados para assumir esse serviço público essencial que anteriormente não era de sua responsabilidade. Além disso, novas tecnologias de iluminação, como os diodos emissores de luz (LEDs), surgem como alternativa às tecnologias convencionais, acarretando muitos impactos e alterações de conceitos no projeto, gestão e manutenção dos sistemas de IP. Assim, esta tese traça um panorama da iluminação pública no país, abrangendo questões referentes à gestão e manutenção do sistema, enfatizando os desafios ligados à transferência dos ativos de iluminação pública para os municípios, além da complexidade inerente à mudança de tecnologia para os LEDs. A discussão é organizada em duas vertentes principais: a gestão da IP, com ênfase nos desafios associados à transferência dos ativos; e a consolidação de novas tecnologias, sobretudo os LEDs. Nesse âmbito, com o objetivo de contribuir para uma utilização mais eficiente dos sistemas de iluminação, este trabalho propõe a consolidação da fotometria mesópica na elaboração de projetos luminotécnicos de IP, uma vez que, nesses casos, é comum deparar-se com condições de baixa luminância, nas quais a sensibilidade espectral da visão humana é diferente das condições supostas pela fotometria clássica. Neste sentido, procura-se explorar em detalhes a recomendação CIE 191:2010, que propõe multiplicadores de correção para a adaptação de grandezas fotométricas convencionais em grandezas mesópicas. Todavia, para se obter tais multiplicadores, é necessária a obtenção da relação entre os fluxos escotópico e fotópico da fonte luminosa (relação S/P), o que exige equipamentos especiais não facilmente disponíveis à maior parte dos projetistas. Com o objetivo de contornar essa dificuldade, esta tese de doutorado propõe uma equação geral que permita realizar o cálculo de S/P em função da temperatura de cor correlata e do índice de reprodução de cor da fonte de luz a ser empregada, que são informações normalmente disponibilizadas nos catálogos de fabricantes ou embalagens de lâmpadas comerciais. A equação encontrada apresentou coeficientes de correlação e de determinação próximos da unidade, o que lhe garante boa confiabilidade. Pela obtenção da relação S/P com auxílio da técnica proposta, um projeto luminotécnico típico tem sua rotina alterada, algo que é demonstrado e exemplificado ao final do texto. / The street lighting systems in Brazil are going through a time of significant changes that involve new paradigms, challenges and prospects for the sector. These changes begin with the transfer of street lighting assets to municipalities, demanding that municipal managers are prepared and able to manage this essential public service that previously was not your responsibility. In addition, new lighting technologies such as light-emitting diodes (LED) are an alternative to conventional technologies, resulting in many impacts and changes of concepts in the design, management and maintenance of street lighting systems. Thus, this thesis provides an overview of street lighting in Brazil, covering issues relating to the management and maintenance of the system, emphasizing the challenges linked to the transfer of street lighting assets to the municipalities, in addition to the inherent complexity of LED technology. The discussion is organized into two main areas: the management of system, with emphasis on the challenges associated with the transfer of assets; and the consolidation of new technologies, especially the LED. In this context, in order to contribute to a more efficient use of lighting systems, this thesis proposes the consolidation of mesopic photometry in the development of street lighting projects, since in such cases it is common to encounter poor conditions luminance, in which the spectral sensitivity of human vision is different from the conditions in the classical photometry. In this sense, it is covered in detail the CIE 191:2010 technical report, which proposes correction factors for the adaptation of conventional photometric quantities in mesopic quantities. However, to obtain such factors, it is required to obtain the relationship between the scotopic and photopic luminous flux of light source (S/P ratio), which requires special equipment not readily available to most lighting designers. Thus, this PhD thesis proposes a general equation that provides the S/P ratio as a mathematical function of correlated color temperature and color rendering index of the light source, which are information usually available in catalogs of manufacturers or products packaging. The proposed equation showed correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination parameters closed to unity, which guarantees good reliability. By obtaining the S/P ratio with the aid of proposed technique, a typical lighting design has changed his routine, something that is demonstrated and exemplified in final of the text.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work presents a design methodology and analysis of electronic circuits applied to outdoor lighting systems using light emitting diodes (LEDs). The goal of topologies developed here is to supply the LEDs from the mains, with high power factor, and from batteries when it is needed. Thus, some topologies employing integrated DC-DC converters and single stage converters are proposed and analyzed. The main application of these topologies is street lighting systems without energy consumption from the mains during the Peak Load Time, feeding the circuit by batteries. Moreover, the batteries can keep the system working during a possible fault in the main power supply, operating as an emergency lighting system. These applications are justified by the reduction in energy demand from the electric power system and by the increase in the lighting system reliability. Throughout the work, the main characteristics of the LED and batteries applied in lighting systems are presented, as well as the specification of the luminaire and the battery bank employed. The design methodology proposed for each topology aims to help the converter design intended for better utilization of semiconductors and reduce the value of the bus capacitor. A critical analysis of the converters is performed in order to evaluate the efficiency of the circuits, the power factor, the voltage and current characteristics of the main devices, and compliance with the IEC 61000-3-2 Class C standard that limits the harmonic content of the input current. Finally, electronic circuits are proposed for the management and control of the lighting system. / Este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de projeto e análise de circuitos eletrônicos aplicados à iluminação de exteriores empregando diodos emissores de luz (LEDs). O objetivo das topologias desenvolvidas neste trabalho é proporcionar aos LEDs uma alimentação adequada através da rede elétrica, com alto fator de potência, e através de baterias quando necessário. Para isso, são propostas e analisadas algumas topologias empregando conversores CC-CC integrados e de estágio único. Estas topologias têm como principal aplicação sistemas de iluminação pública sem consumo de energia a partir da rede elétrica durante o Horário de Ponta, alimentando o circuito por baterias. Além disso, as baterias podem manter o funcionamento do sistema durante uma possível falha no fornecimento de energia pela rede elétrica, operando como um sistema de iluminação de emergência. Estas aplicações são justificadas pela redução da demanda de energia do sistema elétrico de potência durante horários críticos e aumento da confiabilidade do sistema de iluminação pública. Ao longo do trabalho, as principais características do LED e de baterias aplicadas em sistemas de iluminação são abordadas, juntamente com a especificação da luminária e do banco de baterias empregados. A metodologia de projeto proposta para cada topologia desenvolvida tem por objetivo auxiliar o projeto do conversor visando melhor aproveitamento dos semicondutores e redução do valor do capacitor de barramento. A análise crítica dos conversores é realizada com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência dos circuitos, o fator de potência, características de tensão e de corrente nos principais componentes e o atendimento à norma IEC 61000-3-2 Classe C que limita o conteúdo harmônico da corrente de entrada. Por fim, são propostos circuitos eletrônicos para o gerenciamento e controle do sistema de iluminação.

Syfte: Det råder brist på utvärderingar av belysningsanläggningar, vilket är ett viktigt verktyg för att få förståelse för brukares upplevelse, säkerställa en anläggnings kvalitet och förvärva kunskap till kommande projekt. Inomhusmiljön påverkar i hög grad människans hälsa och välbefinnande, där belysningen är en stor påverkningsfaktor. I samverkan med konsultföretaget WSP har utvärderingar genomförts i två kontorsmiljöer på Domstolsverket i Jönköping. Målet med studien var att undersöka hur en kvalitativ och kvantitativ utvärderingsmetod stod i relation till brukarnas uppfattningar av visuell trivsel. Metod: En kombination av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder användes för att förstå ljusmiljöns perceptiva och fysikaliska uppbyggnad, samt förstå brukarnas subjektiva uppfattning. Använda metoder var enkät, observation utifrån PERCIFAL och mätning av luminansförhållande. Resultat: Inga tydliga samband återfanns mellan brukarnas uppfattning av visuell trivsel och observation, eller analyserade. Svaga tendenser fanns dock på att i de områden observatörerna upplevde ljusare, var även respondenternas attityd till den visuella miljön mer positiv. Både höga och låga luminansförhållanden resulterade i att respondenterna erhöll en positiv attityd till den visuella miljön och välbefinnande. En positiv inställning till ljusmiljön visade sig gynna den visuella trivseln. Starkast samband fanns mellan inställning till ljusmiljön och upplevelsen av den visuella miljön, där en positiv inställning gynnade upplevelsen av den visuella miljön. Konsekvenser: Studiens slutsats är att varken en mätning eller observation är tillräcklig att användas enskilt för att säkerställa brukarnas visuella trivsel, eller för att beskriva hur ljusmiljön uppfattas av användarna. Därför rekommenderas det att inkludera brukare vid utvärdering, och att utföra mer omfattande utvärderingar för att generera kunskap kring kopplingen mellan mätbart ljus, perceptiv upplevelse och subjektiv uppfattning av visuell trivsel. Om utvärderingar och efterkontroller som även tar hänsyn till brukarnas subjektiva uppfattning prioriteras högre i byggprocessen, kan det säkerställa att ljusmiljöer erhåller ännu högre kvalitet. Begränsningar: Att enkäten utfördes på distans kan ha påverkat resultatet, samt att respondenterna ofta valde det neutrala mittenalternativet. Vissa begrepp kan även ha tolkats på annat sätt än förväntat. Observation och mätning utfördes endast vid ett tillfälle och inte i samtliga zoner där respondenterna var positionerade. Observation och mätning utgick endast från belysningens grundinställningar och bildskärmarna var inte tända vid detta tillfälle. Valet av antalet lokaler och skillnad i användningsfrekvens kan också ha påverkat resultatet. Mätning av luminans visade sig vara mer komplext än vad som förväntats. Intervjuer hade troligtvis givit en djupare förståelse kring det undersökta fenomenet än vad som generades från enkäten. Resultatet är enbart tillämpbart i det undersökta fallet och är därmed inte generellt giltigt. / Purpose: There is a shortage of evaluations of lighting constructions, which are crucial to understand the user, ensure the environmental quality and generate knowledge for future projects. The users’ well-being is affected by the indoor environmental quality, where the lighting has a major impact. In collaboration with the consulting company WSP, evaluations have been executed in two office environments at Domstolsverket in Jönköping. The aim with the study was to investigate how one qualitative and onequantitative evaluation method is related to the users’ perceptions of visual well-being. Method: A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to understand the perceptive and physical construction of the lighting environment, and to understand the users’ subjective experience. Used methods were questionnaire, observation based on PERCIFAL and luminance ratio measuring. Findings: No significant connection were found between the users’ experience of visual well-being and the observation, or between the luminance ratios. There were weak tendencies that those areas of which the observers experienced the brightest, the users experienced the visual environment in a more positive way. Both high and low luminance ratios resulted in a positive attitude to the visual environment and the wellbeing. A positive attitude to the lighting environment favored the visual well-being. The strongest connections were found between the attitude to the lighting environment and the experience of the visual environment, where a positive attitude favored the experience of the visual environment the most.  Implications: Since either the measuring or the observation hadn’t any connection to the users’ subjective experience, the conclusion of the study is that either luminance ratios or a visual evaluation individually are sufficient to ensure the users visual wellbeingor to describe how the lighting environment is experienced by the users.Therefore, it is recommended to include users in evaluations, and to execute more comprehensive evaluations to generate more knowledge regarding the connection between measurable light and perceptive and subjective experience of visual wellbeing. If this is included in the process, it might increase the quality of the lighting environment. Limitations: The questionnaire was responded to at a distance and the respondents tended to choose the neutral central option and those factors might have affected the result. Some terms might also have been interpreted in another way than expected. The observation and the measuring were only executed once, and not in all the areas where the respondents were positioned. While measuring and observing, only the most used light setting was used and the computer screens where not on. Luminance measuring was more complex than expected. Interviews might have given a deeper understanding about the investigated phenomenon than what was generated from the questionnaire.The result is only applicable in this specific case and therefore not universal.