Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-07-03T11:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 mateusfreitasbraga.pdf: 1732565 bytes, checksum: f8ebb1cc4fe4d9ecbd9cc50ba3eb3f2a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-07T21:17:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 mateusfreitasbraga.pdf: 1732565 bytes, checksum: f8ebb1cc4fe4d9ecbd9cc50ba3eb3f2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-07T21:17:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mateusfreitasbraga.pdf: 1732565 bytes, checksum: f8ebb1cc4fe4d9ecbd9cc50ba3eb3f2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Cresce a cada dia o n úmero de cargas não lineares conectadas aos diversos sistemas el étricos, seja em ní vel de transmissão ou distribui ção. Como consequência desse crescimento, e possí vel encontrar casos de consumidores enfrentando problemas relacionados a desarmes de disjuntores e sobreaquecimento de condutores, entre outros efeitos indesejados. Tomando um desses casos como base para este estudo, esta disserta ção tem o objetivo de avaliar e propor uma solu ção para uma rede monof asica real, que possivelmente e comum a outros consumidores. A carga monof ásica composta por lumin árias a LED (t picas cargas não lineares) e cargas indutivas se apresenta aos terminais da fonte com um comportamento de elevado conte udo harmônico (THD) de corrente e baixo fator de potência. Essa condi ção adversa pode ser mitigada de diversas maneiras, como por exemplo pela a ção de um fi ltro passivo,fi ltro ativo ou ainda fi ltro h brido (o qual e composto por uma combina ção dos dois primeiros). Ser a proposto nesta disserta ção uma metodologia de projeto relacionada a aplica ção de um fi ltro hi brido monof ásico visando corrigir o fator de potência e reduzir o conte udo harmônico de corrente presente na fonte, tomando como base as caracterí sticas do sistema avaliado em uma ind ústria gr áfi ca t ípica. Serão investigadas algumas con gura ções de filtros com o objetivo de mitigar problemas de Qualidade de Energia El étrica. Como consequência, ser a desenvolvida a an álise matem atica da topologia adotada e o projeto do controlador, baseado em um controlador proporcional-ressonante e na Teoria p-q Monof asica. A veri ca ção da solu ção proposta e sustentada pelos resultados de simula ção obtidos via software PSIM. / The amount of non-linear loads connected to the various electrical systems grows on a daily basis, regardless those loads are tied to a transmission or distribution bar. As a consequence of this growth, it is possible to nd cases of consumers facing problems such as tripping of breakers and cables overheating, among other undesired e ects. Taking one of these cases as the focus of this study, this dissertation aims to evaluate and propose a solution to a real single-phase system, which could be considered similar to other consumers. The single-phase load composed of LED luminaires (typical non-linear load) and inductive loads presents high THD and low power factor behavior at source terminals. This condition can be mitigated by using some well-known techniques, such as passive lters, active lters or hybrid lters, (which are composed by the combination of the former two). This Master document Thesis proposes a design methodology of a single-phase hybrid lter aiming power factor correction and reduction of the harmonic content of the current delivered by the AC power supply when feeding a typical printing factory. It will be reviewed and discussed some possible lter con gurations aimed to solve the case under evaluation. It is also included the mathematical analysis of the proposed topology, along with the design of the control system of the inverter. The Single-Phase p-q Theory is reviewed in order to design the control. The closed-loop control is desinged by a proportional-resonant compensator. Simulation results, by employing the PSIM software, are provided aiming to validate the solution proposed.

A conjugação das variáveis luz e vento e sua consideração desde a concepção do edifício são fundamentais para garantir uma eficiente ventilação e iluminação natural. A orientação e a forma do edifício também são importantes. No entanto, a ventilação natural depende da integração dos seus princípios básicos; por diferença de pressão e pelo efeito chaminé. Os fundamentos da ventilação e da iluminação naturais em climas quentes são ilustrados através da obra do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Economia de energia, boas condições visuais, psicológicas, higiênicas e uma agradável sensibilidade espacial, entre outros aspectos, subjetivos e relativos ao conforto ambiental, caracterizam à eficaz incorporação da luz e da ventilação natural nas suas obras. Analisam-se os hospitais da rede Sarah Kubitschek, Fortaleza e Rio de Janeiro, duas das obras que melhor ilustram as soluções técnicas e arquitetônicas, propostas pelo arquiteto, que favorecem a entrada do vento e da luz natural. Evidencia-se o aprimoramento dos sheds e demais sistemas de ventilação como as galerias e o piso técnico assim como os sistemas flexíveis de fechamento; o forro de painéis de policarbonato basculantes e os arcos retráteis, os quais, dependendo do tipo de ventilação em funcionamento (natural, mecânica ou artificial), permitem o controle da saída do ar e da iluminação natural de maneira independente. A incorporação de jardins internos e dispositivos de climatização passivos, como espelhos d´água e nebulizadores, são também ilustrados. No hospital Sarah Fortaleza destaca-se a organização dos ambientes especiais e os ambientes flexíveis. Nos ambientes especiais (salas de radiologia, farmácias e centros cirúrgicos), o ar condicionado é fundamental, pois exigem níveis rigorosos e controlados de temperatura, umidade relativa e gradiente de pressão de ar. Já nos ambientes flexíveis (salas de fisioterapia, ambulatórios, enfermarias e áreas de espera), onde o controle é menos rigoroso, a ventilação natural garante o conforto térmico. Cabe salientar que os ambientes flexíveis estão dispostos de maneira a captar os ventos dominantes. Conclui-se que os dispositivos de fechamento (janelas, sheds, muros e aberturas) devem permitir o controle independente da iluminação e da ventilação natural. / The combination of the variables light and wind, and its consideration since the conception of the building is fundamental to guarantee an efficient natural ventilation and lighting. The orientation and shape of the building are also important. However, natural ventilation depends on the integration of its basic principles; through pressure difference and through chimney effect. Natural lighting and ventilation principles in warm climates are illustrated through the work of the architect João Filgueiras Lima, Lelé. Low energy, good visual conditions, also psychological and hygiene conditions, and a pleasant spatial sensibility, among other aspects, subjective and relative to environmental comfort, characterize the efficient incorporation of natural light and ventilation in the architect’s work. Hospitals from the Rede Sarah Kubitschek, from Fortaleza and Rio de Janeiro, were analyzed, two of the buildings that best illustrate the technical and architectonic solutions proposed by the architect, which enhance the entrance of wind and natural light. The refinement of sheds and other ventilation systems such as galleries and technical floors, as well as the flexible systems for closing, stands out in his architecture; the tilting polycarbonate panels that form the false roof, and the retractable arcs, which, depending on the type of applied ventilation (natural, mechanic, or artificial), allow a control of air exit and natural lighting independently. The incorporation of internal gardens and passive acclimatizing devices, such as water pools and nebulizers, are also illustrated. At the Sarah hospital in Fortaleza, an organization of special and flexible environments stands out. In the special environments (radiology rooms, pharmacy, and surgery centers), air conditioning is fundamental, because they demand rigorous and controlled levels of temperature, relative humidity, and gradient air pressure. On the other hand, in the flexible environments (physiotherapy rooms, clinic, nursery and waiting areas), where environmental control is less rigorous, natural ventilation guarantees the thermal comfort. It is important to emphasize that the flexible environments are disposed in such a way to capture the dominant winds. Therefore, it is concluded that the closing devices (windows, sheds, walls, and openings) shall allow an independent control of natural ventilation and natural lighting.

Bakgrund: Evidensbaserad Design (EBD) är en process som har utvecklats för att säkerställa att beslut om planering och utformning av vårdmiljön bygger på trovärdig forskning med målet att skapa bästa möjliga resultat för personal, patienter och närstående. Vårdmiljöforskning visar att en välplanerad och genomtänkt fysisk vårdmiljö spelar en viktig roll för patientsäkerhet, patientnöjdhet och arbetstillfredsställelse hos personalen. Inom begreppsramen för EBD ingår den visuella miljön som en variation av den fysiska miljön. Det finns redan mycket forskning som undersöker olika aspekter av den visuella miljön inom vården, men det finns dock lite forskning som beskriver åtgärder som syftar till att förbättra vårdmiljön på en akutmottagning.   Syfte: Att beskriva personalens upplevelse av den visuella miljön på akutmottagningen.   Metod: En kvalitativ induktiv intervjustudie genomfördes vid två akutmottagningar i södra Sverige. Femton (n = 15) intervjuer med legitimerade sjuksköterskor, undersköterskor och läkare utfördes. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys. Resultat: Personalen vid akutmottagningen upplevde att en balanserad visuell miljö främjar välbefinnande. Balansen består av en integration av klinisk funktionalitet och estetiska intryck. Den visuella miljön kan distrahera på olika sätt, vilket skapar en avledning från stressiga upplevelser. Det kan också uppmuntra nyfikenhet och reflektion. Aspekter av den visuella miljön kan emellertid vara distraherande på ett provocerande sätt vilket i sin tur kan ökar stress. En balanserad visuell miljön skapar atmosfär för vårdande. Den visuella miljön har en stimulerande känslomässig inverkan som kan vara både positiv och negativ samt stimulera delaktighet och dialog.   Slutsats: Att skapa en balanserad visuell miljö på akutmottagningen kräver en helhetssyn som inkludera funktionella och personliga perspektiv. Man kan dra slutsatsen att en balanserad visuell miljö i slutändan kan förbättra atmosfären på akutmottagningen och därmed bidra till en stödjande miljö som främjar en känsla av välbefinnande hos personal, patienter och närstående. / Background: Evidence-based Design (EBD) is a process that has been developed to ensure that decisions on planning and design of the healthcare environment are based on credible research with the goal of creating the best possible outcomes for staff, patients and next-of kin. Research on health care design shows that a well-planned and thought out physical environment plays an important role in patient safety, patient satisfaction and job satisfaction for the staff.  Within the conceptual framework of EBD, the visual environment is included as a variation of the physical environment. There is a substantial amount of research that examines different aspects of the visual environment within healthcare, there is however little research describing interventions aimed at improving the healthcare environment in an emergency department (ED). Purpose: To describe the staff experiences of the visual environment at an ED. Method: A qualitative inductive interview study was conducted at two emergency departments in southern Sweden.  Fifteen (n=15) interviews including registered nurses, assistant nurses and emergency physicians were conducted. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Result: The staff at the emergency department experienced that a balanced visual environment promotes well-being. The balance consists of an integration between clinical functionality and aesthetic impressions. The visual environment can be distracting in various ways, creating a diversion from stressful experiences. It can also encourage curiosity and reflection. Aspects of the visual environment can however be equally distracting in a provocative manner, reinforcing stress. The visual environment has a stimulating emotional impact that can be both positive and negative as well as stimulating participation and dialogue. A balanced visuell environment creates an atmosphere which supports caring. Conclusion: Creating a balanced visual environment in the emergency requires a holistic approach incorporating practical and personal perspectives. It can be concluded that providing a balanced visual environment can ultimately improve the atmosphere of the emergency department and thereby promote a sense of well-being in staff, patients and next-of kin.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to develop a family of electronic converters with electrical isolation to supply a group of power light emitting diodes, applied to street lighting systems. The converters have high power factor and still meets the IEC61000-3-2, for lighting equipment. The integration between the power stages is realized to decrease the number of active semiconductors in the topologies. The topologies are modeled, considering the electrical model of light emitting diodes, and controllers are proposed to turns possible the reduction of the capacitances values in the analyzed topologies. This reduction aims to turns possible the replacement of the electrolytic capacitors for film capacitors, with higher lifetime. The implemented topology is a converter with 70 W of power, supplying 32 power LEDs with 700 mA. The experimental results prove the design methodology, presenting the desired characteristics, like high power factor (0.962), agreement with the standard IEC 61000-3-2 and high efficiency (88%). / Este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma família de conversores eletrônicos com isolação elétrica para o acionamento de um conjunto de diodos emissores de luz de potência, aplicados à iluminação pública. Estes sistemas devem possuir elevado fator de potência e ainda estar de acordo com a norma IEC 61000-3-2, para equipamentos de iluminação. É realizada a integração entre os estágios de potência, de tal forma a reduzir o número de semicondutores ativos das topologias. As topologias são modeladas, considerando o modelo elétrico dos diodos emissores de luz, e é proposto o uso de controladores, visando possibilitar a redução dos valores de capacitâncias das topologias analisadas. Esta redução possibilita a substituição de capacitores eletrolíticos por capacitores de filme, com maior vida útil. Um protótipo para 70 W foi implementado, alimentando 32 LEDs de potência com 700 mA, foram utilizados os conversores Boost-Flyback, Buck-Flyback e Buck-Boost Flyback, além disso o conversor Flyback foi implementado visando a comparação entre conversores integrados e de estágio único. Os resultados experimentais comprovam a metodologia de projeto, apresentando as características desejadas, como elevado fator de potência (0,962), concordância com a norma IEC 6100-3-2 e rendimento de 88%.

Abstract The integration of digital technologies into urban life and environments has accelerated rapidly over the past few decades. It has been well established that this digital augmentation is changing the way we use and experience urban places; however, more studies, especially at the micro-level and from an architectural point of view, must be conducted in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon. In this thesis, I examine the experience and evaluation of digitally augmented public urban places through four case studies, analysing participants’ experiences of adaptive lighting pilots and urban displays deployed in real world settings. Digital augmentations were found to be able to alter the genius loci significantly; furthermore, findings from these case studies demonstrate and explain how co-design, existing use patterns and user groups in urban places, climate and weather, and sense of place affect digital augmentations. The thesis makes a methodological contribution in the form of evaluation probes. This method was developed by modifying the cultural probes method for the purposes of evaluative research of design artefacts. The proposed method allows for the emic evaluation of design artefacts without direct researcher presence. In other case studies, I have used ethnographically inspired methods to gather research materials. In analysing research materials I make a theoretical contribution by introducing the concept of emplacement into architectural research. This concept highlights the importance of place in our experience as embodied individuals. Based on my empirical results, I argue for the design of meaningful emplaced experiences through digital augmentation. I also chart the design challenges that have emerged from my studies, utilising them to develop a holistic model that aims to describe experiences of digital augmentation in public urban places. Overall, the thesis proposes participatory design evaluation as a new approach in the field of architecture. It refers to the examination and utilisation of research participants’ intersubjective accounts in the evaluation of design artefacts from an experiential point of view. I argue for the benefits of this approach for the further inclusion of research knowledge in design and planning processes. / Tiivistelmä Viimeisten vuosikymmenten aikana digitaaliset teknologiat ovat asettuneet osaksi kaupunkielämää ja kaupunkipaikkoja. Tämä ilmiö, joka on helposti havaittavissa jokapäiväisessä elämässä, on tunnistettu myös tutkimuskirjallisuudessa, missä ilmiötä on kutsuttu nimellä kaupunkipaikkojen digitaalinen augmentointi. Tähän mennessä ilmiön on todettu muuttavan kokemuksiamme kaupunkipaikoista. Lisäksi on tunnistettu, että aihetta tulisi tarkastella myös erityisesti mikrotasolla sekä arkkitehtuurin alan näkökulmasta. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastelen julkisten kaupunkipaikkojen digitaalista augmentointia tapaustutkimusten avulla. Analysoin tätä varten osallistujien digitaalisen augmentaation kokemuksia, mitkä ovat tapahtuneet tutkimushankkeiden sisällä tuotettujen, aidoissa kaupunkiympäristöissä tehtyjen pilottien ja konstruktien yhteydessä. Lähestymistavaltaan työni on mikrotason evaluatiivista laadullista suunnittelututkimusta. Väitöstutkimukseni käsittää myös menetelmällistä kehitystyötä. Tämän kehitystyön tuloksena esittelen evaluaatioluotainmenetelmän. Menetelmä on kehitetty alkuperäisen kulttuuriluotainmenetelmän pohjalta. Esitän analyysin alkuperäisestä menetelmästä sekä tuloksia omista empiirisistä tutkimuksistani ehdotettua menetelmää tukevina perusteina. Muut tutkimuksessa käyttämäni menetelmät ovat alkuperältään etnografisia; olen kuitenkin soveltanut menetelmiä arkkitehtuuritutkimuksen käyttöön. Analysoidakseni näitä empiirisiä tuloksia olen myös tehnyt teoreettista kehitystyötä esittelemällä arkkitehtuurintutkimukseen emplacement-käsitteen (suom. paikantuneisuus). Olen käyttänyt tätä käsitettä analysoidakseni empiirisiä tutkimusmateriaaleja abduktiivisesti. Käsitteellä pyrin ymmärtämään ja teorisoimaan paikan roolia digitaalisten augmentointien ruumiillisessa kokemuksessa ja suunnittelussa. Kokonaisuudessaan kehitän väitöskirjassa osallistavaa suunnitteluevaluaatiota (engl. participatory design evaluation lähestymistapana. Tällä tarkoitan useiden intersubjektiivisten ja kokemuksellisten näkökulmien tuomista ja käyttämistä suunnittelutuotteiden evaluatiivisessa eli arvioivassa tutkimuksessa. Väitöksessäni puollan tämän lähestymistavan hyödyllisyyttä arkkitehtuurisuunnittelussa ja -tutkimuksessa.

Phases organiques luminescentes qui sont incorporés dans une matrice inorganique conductrice est proposé dans cette étude pour la couche active d'une diode émettant de la lumière hybride. Dans ce composite, le colorant organique joue le rôle de site de recombinaison radiative de porteurs de charge qui sont injectées dans la matrice de transport ambipolaire inorganique. Comme l'un des combinaisons de matériaux de candidat, bicouche et des films minces composites de ZnSe et un complexe d'iridium rouge (Ir(BPA)) émetteur de lumière organique ont été préparé in situ par UHV technique d'évaporation thermique. Les alignements de bande d'énergie mesurée par spectroscopie de photoélectrons (PES) pour le ZnSe/Ir(BPA)et deux couches de ZnSe+Ir(BPA) révèlent que le composite HOMO et LUMO du colorant organique sont positionnées dans la largeur de bande interdite de ZnSe. Cette gamme offre les forces motrices énergiques nécessaires pour les transferts d'électrons et de trous de ZnSe à Ir(BPA). Par l'interprétation des données du PES,la composition chimique des interfaces ont également été déterminés. Le ZnSe/Ir(BPA) interface est réactive, même si elle est d'une pureté de matériaux de haute.Pendant ce temps, l'Ir (BPA)/ZnSe interface ne présente pas la pureté matériel. Ceci est représenté à la nature de ZnSe évaporation comme Zn particuliers et des fluxSE2, associée à des interactions chimiques avec le Ir(BPA) substrat. L'interface est,de ce fait, composé d'une multitude de phases, les phases de Se0, ZnSe rares, réduit Se et oxydé molécules de colorant, et de Zn qui sont intercalées atomes dans leIr(BPA) substrat. PES des composites ZnSe+Ir(BPA) révèle des tendances similaires à l'Ir(BPA)/ZnSe interface. A des émissions de lumière rouge surfaciques et intermittents fanées ont été observés à partir de dispositifs qui incorporent couches alternées séquences de ZnSe et Ir(BPA) pour la couche active. / Luminescent organic phases that are embedded in a conductive inorganicmatrix is proposed in this study for the active layer of a hybrid light-emitting diode. Inthis composite, the organic dye acts as the radiative recombination site for chargecarriers that are injected into the inorganic ambipolar transporting matrix. As one ofthe candidate material combinations, bilayer and composite thin films of ZnSe and ared iridium complex (Ir(BPA)) organic light emitter were prepared in situ via UHVthermal evaporation technique. The energy band alignments measured byphotoelectron spectroscopy (PES) for the ZnSe/Ir(BPA) bilayer and ZnSe+Ir(BPA)composite reveal that the HOMO and LUMO of the organic dye are positioned in theZnSe bandgap. This lineup provides the required energetic driving forces for electronand hole transfers from ZnSe to Ir(BPA). By interpreting PES data, the chemicalcomposition of the interfaces were also determined. The ZnSe/Ir(BPA) interface isreactive even though it is of high material purity. Meanwhile, the Ir(BPA)/ZnSeinterface does not exhibit material purity. This is accounted to the nature of ZnSeevaporation as individual Zn and Se2 fluxes, coupled with chemical interactions withthe Ir(BPA) substrate. The interface is, thereby, composed of an abundance of Se0phases, sparse ZnSe phases, reduced Se and oxidized dye molecules, and Znatoms that are intercalated into the Ir(BPA) substrate. PES of the ZnSe+Ir(BPA)composites reveals similar trends to the Ir(BPA)/ZnSe interface. A faded areal andintermittent red light emissions were observed from devices that incorporatedalternating layer sequences of ZnSe and Ir(BPA) for the active layer.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes ou des outils de calibration permettant d'améliorer la qualité d'image dans le cadre de la numérisation de livres anciens.Le premier chapitre concerne la mise en oeuvre d'un "scanner sans éclairage". Ce scanner est matriciel et il ne contrôle pas la lumière via un éclairage artificiel. L'objectif du projet est de pouvoir corriger, par calibration ou par la mise en place d'un traitement d'image les défauts d'éclairage apparaissant sur le document. Nous verrons dans un premier chapitre les solutions possibles pour y répondre. Nous y proposerons également un moyen de segmenter le fond du document en se basant sur des pixels caractérisants le fond du document. Ce résultat permettra de reconstruire le fond puis de corriger les non-uniformités.Le deuxième chapitre concerne la mise en place d'un contrôle qualité de numérisation de livres anciens. Effectivement, la manipulation du matériel dans le contexte de la numérisation industrielle engendre des erreurs possibles de réglage. De ce fait, nous obtenons une numérisation de moindres qualités. Le contrôle se focalisera sur le flou de focus qui est le défaut le plus présent. Nous proposons dans ce chapitre de combiner différentes approches du problème permettant de le quantifier. Nous verrons que la combinaison de ces informations permet d'estimer avec précision la qualité de netteté de l'image.Le troisième chapitre évoque les problématiques de la gestion de la couleur. Pour avoir une homogénéité colorimétrique entre tous les appareils, il est indispensable que la calibration soit inférieure à un seuil visuel. Les contraintes industrielles ont de nombreux critères et il est difficile de tous les respecter. L'objectif de ce chapitre est de récapituler comment mettre en place un système permettant de calibrer la couleur avec toutes ces contraintes. Puis, il s'agit de comprendre comment créer une transformation entre l'espace de couleur de l'appareil et l'espace de couleur de connexion (l'espace L*a*b*). Nous verrons que la solution de ce problème se résout par une régression polynomiale dont le degré du polynôme varie en fonction du nombre de mesures faite sur la mire colorimétrique. / The goal of this thesis is to add some tools in order to upgrade image quality when scanning with book digitization.First Chapter talks about image scanner whitout lighting control. This problem focuses to document camera. The goal is to correct lighting. We will see some corrections and we will suggest our method. For this part, we detect pixel's background document and we will rebuild the background of the image by them. With this information, we can correct lighting.Second chapter presents some way to do quality control after digitization, specially out of focus problem. We will enumerate different point of view to analyse and to estimate this information. To validate descriptors, we suggest to blur any picture and to compute blur estimation in order to evaluate precision. After that, we propose to combinate descriptors by machine learning.Third chapter mentions color management problem. Every image devices need to be calibrated. This chapter will expose how to calibrate scanner and explain it. We will see that L*a*b* color space is the connection profil space. To calibrate color, we must transform scanner color space to L*a*b*. We will see, in order to convert information, solution depends color chart used but we show a link between the function and thenumber of patch.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à déterminer l’influence d’une pression ambiante comprise entre 100 à 600 KPa sur l’évaporation d’une goutte, puis sur l’évaporation d’un spray soumis aux mêmes conditions. La première étape consiste à étudier l’influence de la pression ambiante sur l’évolution de la forme, du diamètre, de la vitesse et du débit d’évaporation d’une goutte de liquide en chute libre. Pour cela, une technique de mesure optique a été utilisée et une méthodologie a été développée pour calibrer cette technique de mesure et ainsi minimiser les erreurs de mesures sur la taille des particules. En parallèle, un modèle analytique d’évaporation de gouttes en chute libre a été développé : une attention particulière a été portée sur la détermination d’une corrélation adaptée au calcul du coefficient de traînée afin de tenir compte de l’évolution de la forme des gouttes au cours de leur chute. Ce modèle d’évaporation de gouttes est comparé à un modèle d’évaporation de spray (prenant en compte l’entrainement d’air, la concentration de vapeur au loin de la goutte et l’influence de la pression ambiante) pour montrer les limites du modèle d’évaporation de gouttes lors de son application à l’évaporation d’un spray. La deuxième étape de l’étude a consisté à appliquer les techniques de mesure et d’analyse mises au point précédemment à l’étude de la granulométrie d’un spray pour caractériser l’influence de trois paramètres : la pression ambiante, la pression d’injection du liquide et la nature du liquide. L’analyse des résultats a permis de développer un modèle statistique pour déterminer la granulométrie de ces sprays. / The objective of this thesis is to determine the influence of ambient pressure between 100 and 600 KPa on the evaporation of a drop, and on the evaporation of a spray in the same conditions. The first step is to study the influence of ambient pressure on the evolution of the shape, the diameter, the speed and the evaporation rate of a drop of liquid in free fall. Then, an optical measurement technique has been used and a methodology was developed to calibrate this measurement technique and minimize measurement errors on the particle size. In parallel, an analytical model of evaporation of falling drops has been developed: a particular attention was paid to the determination of an appropriate correlation for the drag coefficient to take into account changes in the shape of drops during their fall. This model of evaporation of drop is compared with a spray evaporation model (taking into account the training of air, the vapor concentration away form the drop and the influence of the pressure to show the limits of this drop evaporation model when applied to the evaporation of a spray. The second phase of the study was to apply the measurement techniques and analysis developed previously to study the drop size of a spray to characterize the influence of three parameters: ambient pressure, injection pressure of the liquid and nature of the liquid. The analysis of the results allowed developing a statistical model to determine the size of the drops of these sprays.

Vid köp av konfigurerbara produkter som till exempel hus eller sängar på internet är det viktigt att kunden kan erbjudas en realistisk visualisering för att kunna få en känsla för hur den färdiga produkten kommer att se ut. En metod för att skapa visualiseringen är att från en miljö uppbyggd av 3d-modeller som anpassas efter kundens val skapa en rendering i realtid. För att den renderade bilden ska se realistisk ut och få hög kvalitet är det nödvändigt att i förväg utföra tunga beräkningar för hur ljuset sprider sig i scenen, så kallad bakning. Hur hanteringen av innehållet och bakningen effektivt ska göras är ett område där det saknas studier men där det finns stor potential för effektivisering. Därför har denna designstudie utförts där syftet är att öka kunskapen om hur hanteringen av innehållet och ljusberäkningar kan effektiviseras. Utvecklingen har utförts med Action Design Research där tre iterationer har fullföljts. Principer från Continuous Delivery har använts för att utveckla en IT-artefakt som automatiserar processen som krävs från det att en ny ändring har lagts in i versionshanteringssystemet till det att det finns ett färdigt paket med innehållet som behövs för att göra en visualisering. Resultatet består av nya komponenter skrivna i C# för Unity och skript skrivet med Python. Resultatet från studien visar att det är möjligt att med hjälp av principer från Continuous Delivery effektivisera processen inom det här området och att antalet manuella steg och den krävda arbetstiden kraftigt kan reduceras. Utifrån designstudien har fem nya designprinciper kunnat formuleras som är lämpliga att använda där program används som inte är har ett bra stöd för att köras automatiskt och att steg i processen kan vara beräkningsmässigt tunga. De går att applicera på fallet med hantering av innehållet i Unity men bör också vara relevanta för att hantera ett mer generellt fall där det finns en process med många manuella steg och beräkningsmässigt tunga steg. / When purchasing configurable products (for example, houses or beds) on the Internet, it is important that the customer can be offered a realistic visualization in order to get a feel for how the finished product will look. One method for creating the visualization is to create a real-time rendering from an environment built of 3D models that is adapted to the customer's choice. In order for the rendered image to look realistic and get high quality, it is necessary to perform heavy calculations in advance for how the light spreads in the scene (baking). How to effectively manage the content and baking is an area where there is little research but where there is great potential for improving the work flow. Therefore, this design study has been carried out where the purpose is to increase the knowledge of how the handling of the content and light calculations can be improved. The development has been carried out with Action Design Research, where three iterations have been completed. Continuous Delivery principles have been used to develop an IT artifact that automates the process required from the time a new change is added to the version management system until there is a complete package of content needed for visualization. The result consists of new components written in C# for Unity and scripts written with Python. The results of the study show that it is possible to streamline the process in this area using principles from Continuous Delivery and that the number of manual steps and the required working time can be greatly reduced. Based on the design study, five new design principles have been formulated that are suitable for use where programs are used that do not have good support for automating this and that contains steps in the process can be computationally heavy. They can be applied to the case of handling the contents of Unity but should also be relevant to dealing with a more general case where there is a process with many manual steps and computationally heavy steps.

Durante los últimos tiempos, la fotografía se ha convertido en una forma de expresión artística muy valorada. Desde mediados del s.XIX, ha sido el medio de registro de nuestras costumbres, eventos históricos e incluso vestigios arquitectónicos alrededor del mundo. No obstante, con el paso de los años y los avances del mundo digital, el material fotográfico parece haber pasado al olvido. Hoy en día, el Perú cuenta con una gran cantidad de material fotográfico considerado patrimonio histórico. Por ende, su conservación y adecuada exposición al mundo es fundamental. Lamentablemente, existe una carencia de infraestructura apropiada y personal calificado para su adecuada conservación. Ante esta problemática, se plantea desarrollar el Centro Fotográfico de Lima, el cual congregará, en un único lugar, la difusión, enseñanza y conservación de fotografía. Su ubicación céntrica y accesible, permitirá tener una gran acogida a nivel metropolitano. Estará ubicado en el distrito de Cercado de Lima en la urbanización de Santa Beatriz, la cual cuenta con arquitectura de valor histórico al ser una de las primeras urbanizaciones formadas tras la expansión de Lima a inicios del s.XX. La propuesta se enfoca en formar espacios de diálogo y contemplación tomando como punto de partida la adecuación con el entorno urbano, la repotenciación del uso del espacio público y peatonal, la permeabilidad de la relación interior-exterior y finalmente el uso de la luz natural como potenciador del espacio arquitectónico. Se busca crear un espacio cultural para todos aquellos que busquen conocer más sobre este arte. / In recent times, photography has become a highly valued form of artistic expression. Since the middle of the 19th century, it has been used to document our customs, historical events, and even architectural vestiges around the world. Nevertheless, over the past few decades and due to the advances of a more digitalized world, photographic material seems to have been long forgotten. Peru has a large amount of photographic material considered to be historical heritage. Therefore, its conservation and appropriate exhibition to the world is essential. Unfortunately, there is a lack of suitable infrastructure and qualified personnel for its proper conservation. To solve this issue, the creation of Lima’s Photographic Center is advised. The goal is to gather on a single place, the promotion, teaching, and conservation of photography. Its centric and accessible location will be well received at an urban level. It will be located on the Santa Beatriz urbanization in Cercado de Lima, privileged for its historical architectural value as it is one of the first established urbanizations after the expansion of Lima city in the early 20th century. This approach aims to create spaces for dialogue and contemplation, based on adapting the infrastructure into its urban environment, boosting the usage of public and pedestrian spaces, the permeability of the interior-exterior relationship and finally, using natural light as an enhancer to the architectural space. It seeks to create a cultural space for all of those who pursue learning about this art form. / Tesis