Thesis (M.I.T.)--The Evergreen State College, 2009. / Title from title screen (viewed 7/30/2009). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-118).

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L'objectif de ce travail est d'appréhender l'émergence et l'affirmation du territoire des Vallées occitanes d'Italie et le processus de construction identitaire qui le sous-tend. En partant d'une « protohistoire » de la revendication d'oc jusqu'à une ethnographie du présent, cette enquête prend en compte les représentations revendiquées et/ou visibles de la culture, de l'identité et du territoire et donc les discours et les pratiques des « entrepreneurs identitaires », que sont en premier lieu les occitanistes. La délimitation des frontières ethno-linguistiques, la création et la diffusion de symboles, la construction d'un patrimoine musico-chorégraphique, d'une architecture occitane et d'un « occitan imaginé », constituent les principaux procédés mis en œuvre à cet effet. L'institutionnalisation de la revendication au cours des années 1990, qui aboutit à la promulgation d'une loi reconnaissant une « minorité occitane » dont l'État italien protège « la langue et la culture » (1999), a impliqué aussi l'analyse des usages sociaux et politiques du « fonds patrimonial » élaboré par les militants à l'extérieur des groupes revendicatifs. Celui-ci est dès lors mis au service du développement du territoire en un double souci identitaire et économique à travers la réalisation d'une politique culturelle et linguistique institutionnelle, la création de produits et labels à connotation occitane et la mise en tourisme d'un territoire jusqu'alors dépourvu d'éléments d'attractivité et de différenciation conséquents. / The purpose of this work is to understand the emergence and affirmation of the Italian Occitan Valleys territory and the identity construction process that underlies it. Starting from a “proto-history” of the oc claim to a present ethnography, this research considers the claimed and / or visible representations of culture, identity and territory, and therefore the speeches and the practices of “identity entrepreneurs” that are primarily the occitanists. The demarcation of ethno-linguistic border, the creation and diffusion of symbols, the construction of a musical-choreographic heritage, as well as an Occitan architecture and an “imagined Occitan” language, are some of the processes implemented by the occitanists to this end. The institutionalization of the claim in the 1990s, which resulted in the enactment of a national law officially recognizing the “Occitan minority” (1999), also involved to lead the analysis of social and political uses of “heritage fund” developed by activists outside the protest groups. This last one has been therefore dedicated to territory development with a double identity and economic concern, through the implementation of a cultural and linguistic institutional policy, the creation of economic activities and labels with Occitan patterning, and the launching for tourism of a territory devoid of substantial elements of attractiveness and differentiation.

Avec plus de 78 millions d’habitants, l’Iran actuel comprend une population multilingue ; la langue majoritaire et officielle, le persan, coexiste avec une diversité de langues plus ou moins usitées selon les situations et le nombre de locuteurs. Cette diversité linguistique du pays qui sert également de ciment à l’identité culturelle et aux différentes traditions des locuteurs de ces multiples langues, a rendu nécessaire de recourir à une politique linguistique définissant aussi bien la place et lapromotion de la langue officielle que les droits linguistiques de toutes les minorités. Ce travail de recherche, en empruntant une démarche ethnosociolinguistique, s'intéresse donc à cette situation linguistique particulière dans le contexte iranien. Il étudie les langues iraniennes, l’identité culturelle, le statut des minorités linguistiques, et ce grâce au recours aux différentes approches et théories de la politique linguistique, pour analyser et réinterroger ce contexte dans le cadre de la planification linguistique et les interventions des décideurs qui aboutissent à la définition des politiques linguistiques iraniennes. Ainsi, en nous appuyant sur les trois étapes de la planification linguistique ; la planification du corpus, du statut et de l’acquisition, nous avons étudié les travaux de l’Académie de la Langue et de la Littérature Persanes en tant que l’un des plus importants organismes pour planifier les interventions linguistiques du pays. Cette étude illustre également le statut sociolinguistique des minorités du pays grâce à des enquêtes de terrain. La prise en compte des politiques menées ainsi que des résultats des enquêtes illustre l'insuffisance ou bien des mesures, ou bien de leur application. Ce qui semble avoir conduit certains locuteurs de ces langues à formuler des revendications linguistiques liées également à la situation géopolitique du pays. / Contemporary Iran has a population of 78 million inhabitants who speak a variety of languages; its official and majority language Persian co-exists with many languages which are more or less used in different situations and count a variable number of speakers. The linguistic diversity of the country is the bedrock of the cultural identity and of the various traditions of the speakers of these many languages; it has made it necessary to define a linguistic policy to define both the role and thepromotion of the official language and the rights of all linguistic minorities. This dissertation is based upon an ethno-sociolinguistic methodology and focuses on the case of Iran, notably on Iranian languages, cultural identity, the status of linguistic minorities. It resorts to the various theories and scholarly interpretations of linguistic politics to analyze and question this context within the frame of linguistic planning and the decision making process of officials who developlinguistic policies in Iran. Thus our study is based upon the three stages of linguistic planning, that is the definition of the corpus, status and acquisition, it aims at highlighting the significance of the work of the Persian Language andLiterature Academy in the planning of linguistic interventions in the country. Il also highlights the sociolinguistic status of minorities in Iran thanks to fieldwork surveys. The analysis of the policies that have been implemented as well asthe results of surveys point out that the measures or their implementations are insufficient. This has therefore led to some linguistic demands connected with the geopolitical situation of the country.

No description available.

This dissertation examined whether there had been any changes in local practices and policies with respect to the identification and placement of English language learners in special education programs and services since the enactment of Proposition 227, and if so, what they were. This study was comprised of an examination of statewide general and special education aggregated student enrollment data, school years 1996-1997 through 1999- 2000, at state and local education agency (LEA) levels and interviews with selected LEA special education administrators. The findings revealed that (1) the proportion of English language learners who were identified and placed in special education programs and services changed since Proposition 227 passed; however, there were no specific changes identified in local practices and policies, (2) district special education administrators believed that this law had no affect on the identification or assessment processes of special education programs, (3), they also believed that proposition 227 had no effect on identification and placement of English language learners in general education or special education programs, and (4) lack of qualified staff, inadequacy of instructional materials, staff training and misconception of the law in general were identified as LEAs primary challenges post- Proposition 227.

The author has designed a guidebook to accompany the State of California Department of Education's Coordinated Compliance Review Manual. The purpose of the guidebook is to provide English language learners' (ELL) coordinators the information needed to facilitate and achieve compliance with the State of California's rules, regulations and policies that will insure that ELL students' needs are being addressed and met. The design and method of the project are discussed.

The influx of Black pupils seeking admission to Indian schools began in 1990 after the Democratic Movement's "all schools for all people" campaign was announced. The medium of instruction in Indian schools is English which is also the mother tongue. Therefore Black pupils who come on transfer from schools in the KwaZulu township are immediately faced with a language problem as they are taught in the mother tongue untii standard three, when they switch to English. This research project arose as a result of the researcher's experience with Black pupils, whom he - felt were severely linguistically underprepared for academic study in the senior primary phase. Furthermore, most present day teachers were trained for monocultural schools and have little or no experience of multicultural education. The main problem that this research focuses on includes the learning problems encountered by Black pupils in Indian primary schools and the concomitant teaching problems their teachers experience. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

Les minorités linguistiques francophones au Nouveau-Brunswick et en Ontario et la minorité galloisante au Pays de Galles ont plusieurs éléments en commun. D’abord, elles se sont dotées d’un réseau associatif dense qui a mené de front plusieurs luttes, souvent avec succès, et qui a eu pour résultats l’amélioration de la situation sociopolitique et la reconnaissance symbolique de la communauté minoritaire. Ensuite, le statut légal et social de la langue minoritaire a relativement progressé dans les trois cas, grâce à l’adoption de lois et de politiques linguistiques. Ajoutons qu’elles ont tous accès à des institutions qui leur permettent de faire entendre leurs voix ou encore de se gouverner, que ce soit à travers leurs gouvernements locaux ou les assemblées législatives, et peuvent compter sur un ombudsman linguistique. Toutefois, la principale différence entre ces trois cas réside dans le niveau de mobilisation linguistique que l’on y observe à l’heure actuelle. On pourrait le qualifier d’élevé au Pays de Galles, de modéré en Ontario et de faible au Nouveau-Brunswick. Comment expliquer cette différence malgré un contexte similaire dans chacun des cas ? En nous inspirant des travaux sur la mobilisation linguistique, sur la rémanence et sur les régimes linguistiques, nous proposons une hypothèse qui établit un lien causal entre la satisfaction des groupes représentant les minorités linguistiques à l’égard des régimes linguistiques et le niveau de mobilisation. Le niveau de mobilisation d’une minorité linguistique varie en fonction de sa satisfaction à l’égard du régime linguistique, et cette satisfaction est liée à la perception qu’ont les groupes quant aux succès ou aux échecs de leurs mobilisations linguistiques. Autrement dit, quand une minorité linguistique considère que sa mobilisation linguistique n’a pas obtenu le succès escompté et que le régime linguistique ne répond pas à ses principales attentes, les organisations qui la représentent maintiennent un niveau de mobilisation élevé. À l’inverse, quand une minorité linguistique perçoit que sa mobilisation linguistique a connu du succès et que le régime linguistique répond à ses principales attentes, les organisations se réorganisent et entrent en rémanence. De façon plus précise, cette hypothèse propose donc une explication pour chacun des cas. Au Pays de Galles, le niveau de mobilisation des Galloisants demeure élevé parce que les modifications apportées au régime linguistique gallois ne répondent toujours pas aux attentes formulées par les acteurs de la société civile et ces acteurs ne considèrent pas que leur mobilisation a connu les succès escomptés. En Ontario, le niveau de mobilisation est modéré, parce qu’après une période de rémanence suivant un succès de la mobilisation linguistique, elle a repris une certaine vigueur alors que certains acquis étaient menacés. Au Nouveau-Brunswick, la mobilisation linguistique est en rémanence après que la mobilisation ait atteint sa finalité, c’est-à-dire qu’elle a connu le succès qu’elle recherchait, mais les acteurs de la société civile ne sont pas pour autant absents de l’espace public. / The Francophone linguistic minorities in New Brunswick and Ontario and the Welsh-speaking minority in Wales share many common elements. They have each developed a dense network of organization which spear-headed many campaigns that led to the improvement of the socio-political standing and of the symbolic recognition of the minority community. Also, the legal and social status of the minority language has progressed in each case, following the enactment of language laws and public policies. They all have access to institutions in which they can voice their demands or where they can govern themselves, be it in local governments or legislative assemblies. They can also appeal to linguistic ombudsmen. But, the main difference is seen in their current level of linguistic mobilization. We can describe it as high in Wales, moderate in Ontario and low in New Brunswick. How can we explain this difference in spite of a similar context in each case? We draw upon the literature on linguistic mobilization, on abeyance and on linguistic regimes to suggest a hypothesis which makes a causal relationship between the satisfaction expressed towards the linguistic regime by groups representing linguistic minorities and the level of mobilization. The level of linguistic mobilization of a linguistic minority depends on the minority’s satisfaction towards the linguistic regime under which it lives, and this satisfaction is linked with how the groups that represent the minority perceive the successes or the failures of their linguistic mobilization. When a linguistic minority feels that its linguistic mobilization has not obtained the successes it anticipated and that the linguistic regime does not meet its main demands, the groups representing it keep the mobilization at a high level. Conversely, when a linguistic minority feels that its linguistic mobilization was successful and that the linguistic regime meets its demands, the groups reorganize and enter into abeyance. This hypothesis suggests an explanation for each case. In Wales, the linguistic mobilization level remains high because the changes to the regime have yet to meet the demands of the linguistic minority and because the groups representing Welsh-speakers do not consider that their linguistic mobilization has been successful. In Ontario, the linguistic mobilization level is moderate, because after a period of abeyance following what is considered as a success of the linguistic mobilization, the mobilization has reignited when the community felt under threat. In New Brunswick, the linguistic mobilization is in abeyance after the mobilization achieved its main goal, but the groups representing the community remain active in the public sphere.

O presente trabalho é um estudo exploratório de cunho transversal que trata dos usos, funções e representações da Língua Portuguesa (LP) por 110 alunos do 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental I (EFI) de 15 escolas brasileiras no Japão, que foram homologadas pelo MEC/Brasil (EBHJ) e se localizam em áreas de grande concentração de brasileiros no país. A importância da especificidade do perfil dos estudantes se mostrou necessária imprescindível para encontrarmos um parâmetro mais consistente no que concerne à sustentabilidade da LP no grupo, mormente sob uma perspectiva linguisticamente basilar, justificando a delimitação do perfil. O Pacto Nacional de Alfabetização na Idade Certa (PNE/MEC-Brasil) prevê que as crianças devam estar alfabetizadas até o final do 3º ano do EFI (8/9 anos de idade). Essa meta, em qualquer contexto escolar, terá de levar em consideração as oportunidades de letramento emergente significativo a partir da oralidade, que cada criança teve na família e na escola, para constituição/ampliação da memória discursiva, o que facilitará a aprendizagem da leitura e possibilitará uma alfabetização instigante e sem traumas. (TERZI, 1995; ROJO, 1998; MATA, 2006; SEMEGHINI-SIQUEIRA, 2013). Há uma ampla variabilidade de proficiência linguística tanto na língua japonesa como na LP entre os alunos brasileiros no Japão, principalmente para os casos em que a LP já se configura como língua de herança (PEYTON, 2008; FLORES, MELO-PFEIFER, 2014): característica prevalente entre alunos que frequenta(ra)m instituições japonesas, a função social da LP passa a ser limitada por uma série de condições e circunstâncias, resultando em histórias de vida e competências linguísticas singulares, que podem apresentar barreiras, quando da transferência para instituições brasileiras no Japão ou no Brasil. Assim, para esta pesquisa, investigamos um contexto linguisticamente mais estável no que diz respeito à sobrevida da LP em ambiente escolar. Para sua realização, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: a quantitativa (CONOVER, 1999; AGRESTI, 2002; NUNAN, 2006; CRESWELL, 2007), com a aplicação de um Questionário e de um Simulado da Avaliação Nacional de Alfabetização (ANA), contando com o respaldo do Centro de Estatística Aplicada IME/USP; e da etapa qualitativa (NUNAN, 2006; CRESWELL, 2007), com a análise da produção textual de alguns alunos, utilizando o paradigma indiciário de investigação (GINZBURG, 1989; ABAURRE, FIAD, MAYRINK-SABINSON, 1997). Os resultados apontam para uma relativa estabilidade dos alunos participantes em instituições brasileiras no Japão, particularmente nas instituições em que se encontravam. Esse dado pode ser decorrente da maior conscientização dos pais sobre a problemática das transferências recorrentes, bem como da relativa estabilidade financeira das famílias, em sua maioria composta por pai e mãe como contribuintes para a renda familiar. Em função do predomínio da LP como língua dominante também em casa, na vasta maioria dos casos, não se observou barreiras linguísticas na interação entre pais e filhos. A base sócio-afetiva, construída nas interações sociais em casa e nas EBHJ, parece ter favorecido um ambiente propício para atividades letradas significativas em LP dentro e fora de sala de aula. Foram registradas marcas híbridas, características da oralidade do português brasileiro na produção textual dos alunos que, por sua vez, revelaram-se extremamente ricas do ponto de vista linguístico-discursivo. Tais dados, somados aos obtidos na etapa quantitativa, sinalizam que não haveria obstáculos linguísticos expressivos para a continuidade dos estudos em LP no Brasil ou para a realização de avaliações em larga escala nacionais. / This is an exploratory transverse study of Portuguese use, function and representation by 110 students in the 3rd grade of Elementary School, from 15 community-based schools situated in areas of high concentration of Brazilians in Japan, all of which have been accredited by the Brazilian Government (MEC-Brazil). The thorough specifications concerning the profile of the participants have proved to be essential to gather more consistent parameters concerning the sustainability of Portuguese from a foundational perspective. According to a Brazilian education policy Literacy at the Right Age National Pact (Pacto Nacional de Alfabetização na Idade Certa PNE/MEC-Brazil), children of 8/9 years old are expected to be literate until the end of the 3rd grade of Elementary School. In order to achieve such goal, in any educational context, meaningful emergent literacy based on oral skills is necessary as it will build/broaden childrens discourse memory, facilitating the process of learning reading and writing skills in a more significant way and without traumas (TERZI, 1995; ROJO, 1998; MATA, 2006; SEMEGHINI-SIQUEIRA, 2013). Portuguese or Japanese language proficiency of Brazilian students in Japan differs a lot from one learner to another, especially for those to whom Portuguese can be considered a heritage language (PEYTON, 2008; FLORES, MELOPFEIFER, 2014). Mostly common among those who have studied in Japanese schools, in these cases, the social function of Portuguese is limited by various conditions and circumstances, resulting in diverse idiosyncrasies both in the learners life stories and Portuguese competence levels, which may impose barriers when transferred to Brazilian schools in Japan or in Brazil. For this reason, we have investigated a more linguistically stable context concerning the use of Portuguese in a school environment. For the purposes of this research, we have integrated the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The quantitative data (CONOVER, 1999; AGRESTI, 2002; NUNAN, 2006; CRESWELL, 2007) was obtained by using questionnaires and the National Literacy Evaluation (Avaliação Nacional de Alfabetização ANA/MEC Brazil) Mock Exam. As for processing the data, we had the support of the Department of Applied Statistics from the Institute of Mathematics and Statistics of University of São Paulo. As for the qualitative data, which consisted of textual analysis of the learners, the methodology used was the evidential paradigm (GINZBURG, 1989; ABAURRE, FIAD, MAYRINK-SABINSON, 1997). The results obtained indicate that within the group there had not been many pupils transferred from Brazilian to Japanese schools or the other way round, as the majority had been studying in the same institution for a significant period. It might be due to the fact that the parents are more aware of the well-known problematics surrounding the recurrent transferences. It may also be related to the financial stability of these families, mostly with both mother and father contributing to home income. In the vast majority of the families, Portuguese was the mother tongue, therefore, there were no linguistic barriers. The social and affective foundations constructed in social interactions at home and/or in the accredited Brazilian schools seem to have created an optimal condition for development of meaningful literacy practices in Portuguese inside and outside the classroom. In the analyzed texts, it has been registered hybrid structures which are typically found in oral discourses by students in Brazil, which turned out to be quite revealing from the linguistic and discursive perspectives. The data and the analysis indicate that there would not be linguistic hindrances for these students neither to continue their studies in Brazil nor to take Brazilian national examinations.