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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Early Stage Design of a Prefilmer at Siemens Energy : Numerical and Experimental Methodology

Hamzo, Jean-Pierre January 2023 (has links)
Design of atomizers for gas-turbine purposes are an important ordeal. The per-formance of the atomizer directly impacts the efficiency of the gas-turbine, andconsequently, the energy extracted from the turbine. Furthermore, the design ofthe atomizer can have an impact on reducing toxic emissions. On a global scale,gas-turbines can be considered crucial for the transition to renewable energy. Forengineers, designing of atomizers are however challenging. Turbulent flow, multi-phase interaction and chemical reactions are some of the complex physics involvedwhich has to be taken into consideration when designing the atomizer. Engineerstraditionally uses experimental testing for investigation of designs, and it is still verymuch a useful methodology. However, numerical simulations and CFD have recentlygained popularity due to being a more cost-effective methodology. In this work, theprocedure for designing a prefilm atomizer involving CFD (single phase model andmulti phase model) and experimental testing is documented. The details of the twonumerical models (a single phase model and a multi phase model) has been doc-umented as well as the experimental setup. The single phase model is used for aparametric study and experimental testing is used for evaluation of designs. Themulti phase model is aimed to replicate the experimental results. The validity ofthe numerical models and the experimental setup are discussed, and possible mod-ifications of the methodology for future studies are suggested. Finally, suggestionsfor how the prefilmer should be designed is suggested.
62

Modèle de film mince pour la croissance et la dissolution de cristaux confinées / Thin film modeling of crystal growth and dissolution in confinement

Gagliardi, Luca 06 November 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse traite de la modélisation de la croissance et de la dissolution de cristaux confinés. Nous nous concentrons sur la dynamique dans les contacts lubrifiés (ou hydrophiles) et dérivons un modèle de continu de couche mince prenant en compte la diffusion, la cinétique de surface, l’hydrodynamique, la tension de surface et les interactions avec le substrat (pression de disjonction). Premièrement, nous étudions la dissolution induite par une charge extérieure (dissolution sous contrainte). Nous trouvons que la forme fonctionnelle de la pression de disjonction -finie ou divergente au contact- est cruciale dans la détermination des taux de dissolution et des morphologies stationnaires. Ces formes conduisent respectivement à des taux de dissolution dépendant ou indépendants de la charge, et à des profils de surface plats ou pointus. Deuxièmement, nous avons considéré la croissance des cristaux à proximité d’un mur plat. Nous avons constaté qu’une cavité apparaît sur la surface cristalline confinée. Nous obtenons un diagramme de morphologie hors équilibre en accord avec les observations expérimentales. En traversant la ligne de transition, une cavité peut apparaître de manière continue ou discontinue en fonction de la forme de la pression de disjonction (répulsive ou attractive). Pour les épaisseurs de film nanométriques, la viscosité peut entraver la formation de la cavité. Enfin, nous étudions la force de cristallisation exercée par un cristal croissant entre deux parois planes. Nous soulignons l’importance d’une définition précise de l’aire de contact pour définir la pression d’équilibre thermodynamique. Pendant la croissance, la ligne triple subit une transition cinétique dépendant uniquement du rapport entre: la constante de diffusion, et le produit de la constante cinétique de surface et de la distance entre les murs. Après cette transition, la force de cristallisation diminue jusqu’à s’annuler, et un film macroscopique se forme / This thesis discusses the modeling of growth and dissolution of confined crystals. We focus on the dynamics within lubricated (or hydrophilic) contacts and derive a thin film continuum model accounting for diffusion, surface kinetics, hydrodynamics, surface tension and interactions with the substrate (disjoinining pressure). First, we study dissolution induced by an external load (pressure solution). We find the functional form of the disjoining pressure -finite or diverging at contact- to be crucial in determining steady state dissolution rates and morphologies. These forms respectively lead to load-dependent or load-independent dissolution rates, and to flat or pointy surface profiles.Second, we considered crystal growth in the vicinity of a flat wall. We found that a cavity appears on the confined crystal surface. We obtain a non-equilibrium morphology diagram in agreement with experimental observations. When crossing the transition line, a cavity can appear continuously or discontinuously depending on the form of the disjoining pressure (repulsive or attractive). For nanometric film thicknesses, viscosity can hinder the formation of the cavity.Finally, we study the force of crystallization exerted by a crystal growing between two flat walls. We point out the importance of a precise definition of the contact area to define the thermodynamic equilibrium pressure. During growth, the triple-line undergoes a kinetic pinning transition depending solely on the ratio between the diffusion constant and the product of the surface kinetic constant and distance between the walls. After this transition, the crystallization force decreases to zero, and a macroscopic film forms
63

Effet des films liquides en évaporation / Effect of evaporating liquid films

Chauvet, Fabien 26 November 2009 (has links)
Ce travail est axé sur l'étude de l'évaporation lente d'un liquide confiné dans un tube capillaire de section carrée, en lien avec l'étude du phénomène de séchage. Dans un tel capillaire, si le liquide est suffisamment mouillant, des films liquides se forment par capillarité le long des coins internes. L'évaporation du liquide en sommet de film engendre un pompage capillaire et l'espèce volatile est alors transportée, sous phase liquide, au plus près du sommet du capillaire. Ce mode de transport dépend de la compétition entre les effets capillaires et les effets visqueux et de gravité qui s'opposent tous deux au mouvement du liquide vers le sommet du capillaire. Ces films liquides sont étudiés en adoptant une approche expérimentale. Le principe des expériences est de laisser un liquide volatil s'évaporer dans un tube capillaire carré. Plusieurs expériences d'évaporation sont réalisées en faisant varier la nature du liquide, la taille du capillaire et son orientation (horizontale et verticale). Une méthode de thermographie infra-rouge permet de mesurer le profil de température le long du capillaire. Le refroidissement induit par le changement de phase liquide-vapeur ainsi que sa position sont alors mesurables. A partir d'une méthode de visualisation par ombroscopie, plusieurs grandeurs sont mesurées : position du ménisque principal, taux d'évaporation et épaisseur relative des films. En s'appuyant sur une analyse simple du transfert de masse, on montre alors que les cinétiques d'évaporation obtenues expérimentalement se divisent en trois principales phases caractéristiques, ressemblant fortement aux trois périodes de la cinétique classique de séchage des milieux poreux capillaires. L'analyse de l'hydrodynamique des films montre qu'il est indispensable de prendre en compte l'arrondi interne des coins des capillaires dans la modélisation de l'écoulement au sein des films. On montre notamment que le phénomène étudié est très sensible à ce paramètre, qui limite l'extension des films. Ce travail expérimental a permis de développer une modélisation du transfert de masse dans la configuration étudiée, couplée à une modélisation de l'écoulement des films, et finalement de proposer un modèle de séchage d'un capillaire carré quantitativement satisfaisant. / In connection with the study of the phenomenon of drying, this work focuses on the study of slow evaporation of a liquid confined in a capillary of square cross section. In such a capillary, if the liquid wetting contact angle is low enough, liquid films are trapped by capillary forces along the capillary inside corners. Evaporation of the liquid at the film top creates a capillary pumping. The volatile species is then transported in liquid phase to the top of the capillary. This efficient mode of transport depends on the competition between the effects of capillarity and the effects of viscosity and gravity both opposing to the liquid flow towards the top of the capillary. In this work, the liquid films are studied experimentally.The principle of the experiments is to leave a volatile liquid evaporate in a square capillary tube. Several evaporation experiments are conducted, varying the liquid, the capillary tube size and its orientation (horizontal and vertical). An infrared thermography method allows to measure the temperature profile along the capillary. The cooling induced by the liquid-vapor phase change and its location is then measured. Owing to an ombroscopy visualization method, the location of the bulk meniscus, the evaporation rate and the relative thickness of the films can be measured. The experimental results show that the evaporation kinetics is similar to the drying kinetics of capillary porous media. This finding allows to study evaporation in a square capillary by analogy with the study of drying of capillary porous media. Based on a simple analysis of mass transfer in the system, it is then shown that the evaporation kinetics obtained experimentally can be divided into three main characteristic phases. The analysis of the hydrodynamic of the films shows that it is essential to take into account the roundeness of the capillary tube inside corners in the modelling of the flow in the films. We show that the phenomenon studied is very sensitive to the degree of roundedness of the tube internal corners, which limits the extension of the films. Modelling of the mass transfer coupled with modelling the film flow lead to a quantitatively satisfactory model of the drying of a square capillary tube.
64

Free surface films of binary liquid mixtures

Bribesh, Fathi January 2012 (has links)
Model-H is used to describe structures found in the phase separation in films of binary liquid mixture that have a surface that is free to deform and also may energetically prefer one of the components. The film rests on a solid smooth substrate that has no preference for any component. On the one hand the study focuses on static aspects by investigating steady states that are characterised by their concentration and film height profiles. A large variety of such states are systematically analysed by numerically constructing bifurcation diagrams in dependence of a number of control parameters. The numerical method used is based on minimising the free energy functional at given constraints within a finite element method for a variable domain shape. The structure of the bifurcation diagrams is related to the symmetry properties of the individual solutions on the various branches. On the other hand the full time dependent model-H is linearised about selected steady states, in particular, the laterally invariant, i.e.\ layered states. The resulting dispersion relations are discussed and related to the corresponding bifurcation points of the steady states. In general, the results do well agree and confirm each other. The described analysis is performed for a number of important cases whose comparison allows us to gain an advanced understanding of the system behaviour: We distinguish the critical and off-critical case that correspond to zero and non-zero mean concentration, respectively. In the critical case the investigation focuses on (i) flat films without surface bias, (ii) flat films with surface bias, (iii) height-modulated films without surface bias, and (iv) height-modulated films with surface bias. Each case is analysed for several mean film heights and (if applicable) energetic bias at the free surface using the lateral domain size as main control parameter. Linear stability analyses of layered films and symmetry considerations are used to understand the structures of the determined bifurcation diagrams. For off-critical mixtures our study is more restricted. There we consider height-modulated films without and with surface bias for several mean film heights and (if applicable) energetic bias employing the mean concentration as main control parameter.
65

Geometria, Topologia e Elasticidade: aplicações a membranas e outros sistemas bidimensionais

Filgueiras, Cleverson 27 November 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1022891 bytes, checksum: c086e09a9f99e06278f85a5575162e2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Geometry, topology and elasticity are found in various branchs of physics and they play important roles in the understanding of many physical phenomena. In this work, we present three diferent systems where we can see such importance. First, a quantum neutral particle, constrained to move on a conical surface, is used as a toy model to explore bound states due to both a inverse squared distance potential and a delta-function potential, which appear naturally in the model due the geometry and topology of the cone. In the second one, we propose a method for probing the effects of curved 3-space by using materials with large coefficients of thermal expansion. Studying their fluctuations can be naturally cast in terms of a nonflat background geometry. In the last one, we determine the elastic-mediated interaction between colloidal nanoparticles adsorbed on the surface of free-standing smectic films. In contrast with the short-range character of the elastic- mediated force between particles adsorbed on smectic films supported by a solid substrate, the effective force acquires a long-range character in free-standing films, thus playing an important role in the formation of self-assembly structures in these systems. / A geometria, topologia e elasticidade estão presentes em vários ramos da física, e desempemham papel fundamental no entendimento de vários fenômenos físicos. Nesse trabalho, apresentamos três sistemas distintos onde podemos ver esse papéis. No primeiro, uma partícula quântica neutra confinada a mover-se em uma superfície cônica é usada como modelo para explorar estados ligados devido a um potencial proporcional ao inverso do quadrado da distância e devido a um potencial tipo delta. Ambos potenciais aparecem naturalmente devido a geometria e topologia do cone. No segundo, propomos um método de sondar os efeitos de um espaço curvo tridimensional usando materiais de grande coeficiente de expansão térmica. Neste caso, os três ingredientes citados acima são importantes para o entendimento do problema. Por fim, determinamos a interação entre nanocolóides adsorvidos na superfície de um filme esmético livremente suspenso. Essa interação é mediada por deformações elásticas no filme esmético; ela é de longo alcance, o que é importante para a formação de estruturas coloidais auto organizadas na superfície de tal filme.
66

Experimental and numerical investigation of gas jet and liquid film interaction

Myrillas, Konstantinos 14 October 2011 (has links)
The topic of this thesis is the interaction between gas jet flow and a liquid film dragged by a solid substrate. This method, known as jet-wiping, is used in several industrial processes. Hot-dip galvanization of steel strips is an important application, where jet wiping is used to control the thickness of the liquid zinc that is applied on a continuous steel substrate. Unsteady phenomena in the process lead to the creation of waves on the liquid film, which is known as undulation. This unwanted phenomenon deteriorates the quality of the final product.<p>The aim of the current study is to identify the causes of the undulation and propose possible solutions to tackle the problem. This is achieved through studying the hydrodynamic interaction between the gas jet flow and the liquid film. Experiments on a laboratory test facility and numerical simulations with 3 different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes are employed for that purpose. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
67

Modélisation de l'évaporation des films liquides minces, y compris au voisinage des lignes de contact: application aux caloducs à rainures

Rossomme, Séverine 17 December 2008 (has links)
Les recherches que nous présentons dans ce manuscrit s’inscrivent dans le cadre de l’analyse des phénomènes de transport fondamentaux impliqués lors du processus d’évaporation d’un film liquide mince. Outre les mécanismes macroscopiques (résistance thermique du solide, capillarité, thermocapillarité, …) qui influencent le comportement de tels films, des développements fondamentaux et expérimentaux ont mis en évidence le rôle significatif d’effets microscopiques, comme les forces de van der Waals [11,96,117]. L’objectif de cette thèse est double. Il s’agit tout d’abord de caractériser les phénomènes locaux qui influencent le processus d’évaporation et ensuite, d’étendre notre étude à une échelle globale “macroscopique”. Ce manuscrit est divisé en deux parties qui correspondent à ces deux objectifs. <p><p>L’étude décrite dans la première partie propose une contribution originale à la modélisation de l’évaporation des films minces, y compris au voisinage des lignes de contact. De manière générale, nous cherchons à mettre en évidence l’influence de phénomènes qui se déroulent aux petites échelles sur le transfert thermique d’un film mince déposé sur une paroi plane et chauffée. Dans le cadre de l’hypothèse de lubrification, deux modèles sont dès lors développés. Le premier modèle décrit l’évaporation d’un film liquide mince dans sa vapeur pure tandis que le second modèle porte sur l’évaporation d’un film liquide mince dans un gaz inerte. Les diverses recherches menées sont principalement orientées vers la quantification, d’une part, des angles de contact apparents générés par l’évaporation, malgré le caractère parfaitement mouillant du couple liquide-solide utilisé et, d’autre part, des flux de chaleur et de matière interfaciaux. Une particularité du premier modèle est qu’il généralise divers modèles existants [15,25,86,117] en regroupant un ensemble de phénomènes spécifiques et complexes tels que le saut de température à l’interface liquide-vapeur, la résistance thermique de la vapeur et celle du solide ou la variation locale de la température de saturation à l’interface liquide-vapeur suite à la courbure interfaciale et aux forces de van der Waals. En plus de ces effets, d’autres mécanismes plus classiques sont inclus dans le modèle :la tension superficielle, la thermocapillarité, la pression de disjonction, l’évaporation et le recul de vapeur. Des analyses de stabilité linéaires et des études paramétriques ont été réalisées afin de quantifier l’influence de ces phénomènes sur la stabilité d’un film liquide mince, sur son évaporation et sur le transfert de chaleur associé. Au travers des chapitres 3 et 4, nous mettons notamment en évidence <p>• comment les forces de van der Waals compensent l’évaporation du film liquide mince de façon à créer un film stationnaire stable,<p>• pourquoi le recul de la vapeur et la thermocapillarité sont deux phénomènes qui peuvent être négligés dans les conditions étudiées dans ce travail,<p>• des lois analytiques qui décrivent certaines variables du problème, plus particulièrement l’angle de contact et le maximum du flux de chaleur, en fonction de la surchauffe de la paroi solide.<p><p>Faisant suite aux travaux proposés par Haut et Colinet [59], nous avons ensuite développé un second modèle afin de caractériser l’évaporation dans une faible quantité de gaz inerte d’un film liquide mince déposé sur une paroi plate et chauffée. Tout comme dans le cadre de l’étude précédente, notre analyse s’articule autour d’une étude de stabilité linéaire ainsi que d’études paramétriques réalisées sur des nombres caractéristiques du problème. Alors que les conclusions sur la stabilité du film sont indépendantes de la quantité de gaz inerte contenue dans la phase vapeur, il n’en est pas de même pour les transferts de matière et de chaleur interfaciaux comme montré au chapitre 5.<p><p>Dans la seconde partie du travail, nous utilisons les conclusions auxquelles nous sommes arrivés dans la première partie dans le cadre d’une application industrielle. En collaboration avec le Centre d’Excellence en Recherche Aéronautique (CENAERO) et la société Euro Heat Pipes (EHP), une stratégie a été élaborée afin de simuler les transferts thermiques radiaux dans une rainure d’un caloduc au niveau de l’évaporateur. Les résultats numériques, obtenus sur base d’un modèle multi-échelle développé à l’ULB et implémenté numériquement lors d’un stage chez CENAERO, montrent que ces transferts sont influencés par la valeur de l’angle de contact. Celui-ci dépendant des phénomènes microscopiques, il s’avère par conséquent nécessaire de les inclure dans le modèle thermique. En effet, si nous ne considérons que les aspects macroscopiques du problème, qui se résument à la conduction dans le solide et dans le liquide, le coefficient d’échange global au niveau de la rainure est surestimé.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
68

Evolution and stability of falling liquid films with thermocapillary effects / Evolution et stabilité de films liquides tombants avec effets thermocapillaires

Scheid, Benoît 15 March 2004 (has links)
This thesis deals with the dynamics of a thin liquid film falling down a heated plate. The heating yields surface tension gradients that induce thermocapillary stresses on the free surface, thus affecting the stability and the evolution of the film. Accounting for the coherence of the flow due to viscosity, two main approaches that reduce the dimensionality of the original problem are usually considered depending on the flow rate (as measured by the Reynolds number): the `long wave' asymptotic expansion for small Reynolds numbers and the `integral boundary layer' approximation for moderate Reynolds numbers. The former suffers from singularities and the latter from incorrectness of the instability threshold for the occurrence of hydrodynamic waves. Thus, the aim of this thesis is twofold: in a first part, we define quantitatively the validity of the `long wave' evolution equation (Benney equation) for the film thickness h including the thermocapillary effect; and in a second part, we improve the `integral boundary layer' approach by combining a gradient expansion to a weighted residual method. <p>In the first part, we further investigate the Benney equation in its validity domain in the case of periodically inhomogeneous heating in the streamwise direction. It induces steady-state deformations of the free surface with increased transfer rate in regions where the film is thinner, and also in average. The inhomogeneities of the heating also modify the nature of travelling wave solutions at moderate temperature gradients and allows for suppressing wave motion at larger ones.<p>Moreover, large temperature gradients (for instance positive ones) in the streamwise direction produce large local film thickening that may in turn become unstable with respect to transverse disturbances such that the flow may organize in rivulet-like structures. The mechanism of such instability is elucidated via an energy analysis. The main features of the rivulet pattern are described experimentally and recovered by direct numerical simulations.<p>In the second part, various models are obtained, which are valid for larger Reynolds numbers than the Benney equation and account for second-order viscous and inertial effects. We then elaborate a strategy to select the optimal model in terms of linear stability properties and existence of nonlinear solutions (solitary waves), for the widest possible range of parameters. This model -- called reduced model -- is a system of three coupled evolution equations for the local film thickness h, the local flow rate q and the surface temperature Ts. Solutions of this model indicate that the interaction of the hydrodynamic and thermocapillary modes is non-trivial, especially in the region of large-amplitude solitary waves.<p>Finally, the three-dimensional evolution of the solutions of the reduced model in the presence of periodic forcing and noise compares favourably with available experimental data in isothermal conditions and with direct numerical simulations in non-isothermal conditions.<p><p>------------------------------------------------<p><p>Cette thèse analyse la dynamique d'un film mince s'écoulant le long d'une paroi chauffée. Le chauffage crée des gradients de tension superficielle qui induisent des tensions thermocapillaires à la surface libre, altérant ainsi la stabilité et l'évolution du film. Grâce à la cohérence de l'écoulement assurée par la viscosité, deux approches permettant de réduire la dimensionnalité du problème original sont habituellement considérées suivant le débit (mesuré par le nombre de Reynolds): l'approximation asymptotique dite `longues ondes' pour les faibles nombres de Reynolds et l'approximation `intégrale couche limite' pour les nombres de Reynolds modérés. Cependant, la première approximation souffre de singularités et la dernière de prédictions imprécises du seuil de stabilité des ondes hydrodynamiques à la surface du film. Le but de cette thèse est donc double: dans une première partie, il s'agit de déterminer, de manière quantitative, la validité de l'équation d'évolution `longues ondes' (ou équation de Benney) pour l'épaisseur du film h, en y incluant l'effet thermocapillaire; et dans une seconde partie, il s'agit d'améliorer l'approche `intégrale couche limite' en combinant un développement en gradients avec une méthode aux résidus pondérés.<p>Dans la première partie, nous étudions l'équation de Benney, dans son domaine de validité, dans le cas d'un chauffage inhomogène et périodique dans la direction de l'écoulement. Cela induit des déformations permanentes de la surface libre avec un accroissement du transfert de chaleur dans les régions où le film est plus mince, mais aussi en moyenne. Un chauffage inhomogène modifie également la nature des solutions d'ondes progressives pour des gradients de températures modérés et conduit même à leur suppression pour des gradients de températures plus importants. De plus, ceux-ci, lorsqu'ils sont par exemple positifs le long de l'écoulement, produisent des épaississements localisés du film qui peuvent à leur tour devenir instables par rapport à des perturbations suivant la direction transverse à l'écoulement. Ce dernier s'organise alors sous forme d'une structure en rivulets. Le mécanisme de cette instabilité est élucidé via une analyse énergétique des perturbations. Les principales caractéristiques des structures en rivulets sont décrites expérimentalement et retrouvées par l'intermédiaire de simulations numériques. <p>Dans la seconde partie, nous dérivons une famille de modèles valables pour des nombres de Reynolds plus grands que l'équation de Benney, qui prennent en compte les effets visqueux et inertiels du second ordre. Nous élaborons ensuite une stratégie pour sélectionner le modèle optimal en fonction de ses propriétés de stabilité linéaire et de l'existence de solutions non-linéaires (ondes solitaires), et ce pour la gamme de paramètres la plus large possible. Ce modèle -- appelé modèle réduit -- est un système de trois équations d'évolution couplées pour l'épaisseur locale de film h, le débit local q et la température de surface Ts. Les solutions de ce modèle indiquent que l'interaction des modes hydrodynamiques et thermocapillaires n'est pas triviale, spécialement dans le domaine des ondes solitaires de grande amplitude. Finalement, l'évolution tri-dimensionnelle des solutions du modèle réduit en présence d'un forçage périodique ou d'un bruit se compare favorablement aux données expérimentales disponibles en conditions isothermes, ainsi qu'aux simulations numériques directes en conditions non-isothermes<p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
69

Characterization of heterogeneous diffusion in confined soft matter

Täuber, Daniela 26 October 2011 (has links) (PDF)
A new method, probability distribution of diffusivities (time scaled square displacements between succeeding video frames), was developed to analyze single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments. This method was then applied to SMT experiments on ultrathin liquid tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane (TEHOS) films on Si wafer with 100 nm thermally grown oxide, and on thin semectic liquid crystal films. Spatial maps of diffusivities from SMT experiments on 220 nm thick semectic liquid crystal films reveal structure related dynamics. The SMT experiments on ultrathin TEHOS films were complemented by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The observed strongly heterogeneous single molecule dynamics within those films can be explained by a three-layer model consisting of (i) dye molecules adsorbed to the substrate, (ii) slowly diffusing molecules in the laterally heterogeneous near-surface region of 1 - 2 molecular diameters, and (iii) freely diffusing dye molecules in the upper region of the film. FCS and SMT experiments reveal a strong influence of substrate heterogeneity on SM dynamics. Thereby chemisorption to substrate surface silanols plays an important role. Vertical mean first passage times (mfpt) in those films are below 1 µs. This appears as fast component in FCS autocorrelation curves, which further contain a contribution from lateral diffusion and from adsorption events. Therefore, the FCS curves are approximated by a tri-component function, which contains an exponential term related to the mfpt, the correlation function for translational diffusion and a stretched exponential term for the broad distribution of adsorption events. Lateral diffusion coefficients obtained by FCS on 10 nm thick TEHOS films, thereby, are effective diffusion coefficients from dye transients in the focal area. They strongly depend on the substrate heterogeneity. Variation of the frame times for the acquisition of SMT experiments in steps of 20 ms from 20 ms to 200 ms revealed a strong dependence of the corresponding probability distributions of diffusivities on time, in particular in the range between 20 ms and 100 ms. This points to average dwell times of the dye molecules in at least one type of the heterogeneous regions (e.g. on and above silanol clusters) in the range of few tens of milliseconds. Furthermore, time series of SM spectra from Nile Red in 25 nm thick poly-n-alkyl-methacrylate (PnAMA) films were studied. In analogy to translational diffusion, spectral diffusion (shifts in energetic positions of SM spectra) can be studied by probability distributions of spectral diffusivities, i.e. time scaled square energetic displacements. Simulations were run and analyzed to study contributions from noise and fitting uncertainty to spectral diffusion. Furthermore the effect of spectral jumps during acquisition of a SM spectrum was investigated. Probability distributions of spectral diffusivites of Nile Red probing vitreous PnAMA films reveal a two-level system. In contrast, such probability distributions obtained from Nile Red within a 25 nm thick poly-n-butylmethacrylate film around glass transition and in the melt state, display larger spectral jumps. Moreover, for longer alkyl side chains a solvent shift to higher energies is observed, which supports the idea of nanophase separation within those polymers.
70

Characterization of heterogeneous diffusion in confined soft matter

Täuber, Daniela 20 October 2011 (has links)
A new method, probability distribution of diffusivities (time scaled square displacements between succeeding video frames), was developed to analyze single molecule tracking (SMT) experiments. This method was then applied to SMT experiments on ultrathin liquid tetrakis(2-ethylhexoxy)silane (TEHOS) films on Si wafer with 100 nm thermally grown oxide, and on thin semectic liquid crystal films. Spatial maps of diffusivities from SMT experiments on 220 nm thick semectic liquid crystal films reveal structure related dynamics. The SMT experiments on ultrathin TEHOS films were complemented by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The observed strongly heterogeneous single molecule dynamics within those films can be explained by a three-layer model consisting of (i) dye molecules adsorbed to the substrate, (ii) slowly diffusing molecules in the laterally heterogeneous near-surface region of 1 - 2 molecular diameters, and (iii) freely diffusing dye molecules in the upper region of the film. FCS and SMT experiments reveal a strong influence of substrate heterogeneity on SM dynamics. Thereby chemisorption to substrate surface silanols plays an important role. Vertical mean first passage times (mfpt) in those films are below 1 µs. This appears as fast component in FCS autocorrelation curves, which further contain a contribution from lateral diffusion and from adsorption events. Therefore, the FCS curves are approximated by a tri-component function, which contains an exponential term related to the mfpt, the correlation function for translational diffusion and a stretched exponential term for the broad distribution of adsorption events. Lateral diffusion coefficients obtained by FCS on 10 nm thick TEHOS films, thereby, are effective diffusion coefficients from dye transients in the focal area. They strongly depend on the substrate heterogeneity. Variation of the frame times for the acquisition of SMT experiments in steps of 20 ms from 20 ms to 200 ms revealed a strong dependence of the corresponding probability distributions of diffusivities on time, in particular in the range between 20 ms and 100 ms. This points to average dwell times of the dye molecules in at least one type of the heterogeneous regions (e.g. on and above silanol clusters) in the range of few tens of milliseconds. Furthermore, time series of SM spectra from Nile Red in 25 nm thick poly-n-alkyl-methacrylate (PnAMA) films were studied. In analogy to translational diffusion, spectral diffusion (shifts in energetic positions of SM spectra) can be studied by probability distributions of spectral diffusivities, i.e. time scaled square energetic displacements. Simulations were run and analyzed to study contributions from noise and fitting uncertainty to spectral diffusion. Furthermore the effect of spectral jumps during acquisition of a SM spectrum was investigated. Probability distributions of spectral diffusivites of Nile Red probing vitreous PnAMA films reveal a two-level system. In contrast, such probability distributions obtained from Nile Red within a 25 nm thick poly-n-butylmethacrylate film around glass transition and in the melt state, display larger spectral jumps. Moreover, for longer alkyl side chains a solvent shift to higher energies is observed, which supports the idea of nanophase separation within those polymers.

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