This study examines the mediation of multilingualism, localism and the nation in the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, henceforth, ZBC as the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies subsumed in the Broadcasting Services Act (2001) and the Broadcasting Services Amendment Act (2007) respectively translated into radio and television programming. This purpose is pursued by analysing the language choices and practices on the ZBC radio and television stations and programming. This study is informed by an eclectic approach within the critical theory tradition and therefore it disapproves the domination, marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC as a public sphere. Against this backdrop, the study envisages the promotion of linguistic diversity and indigenous African languages in the ZBC broadcasting. Data for this study was gathered from the ZBC employees, academics and the ZBC audience using questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. As the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies translated into ZBC programming, this study detected a hierarchical organisation of the languages spoken in Zimbabwe on the radio and television stations where English is the most dominant language, while Shona and Ndebele dominate the minority languages, Shona dominates Ndebele and the supremacy of the Zezuru dialect in the Shona language is easily felt. This is a confirmation of the fragility of Zimbabwean linguistic nationalism in the ZBC which is convoluted by the ideological and political nature of the media, electronic colonisation, the political economy of broadcasting, the transformation of the ZBC public sphere by the market and state interests, the influence of the global media firms, and the relentless hegemony of the western countries in the world system. This study established that broadcasting in indigenous African languages is obligatory if the informative, communicative and symbolic functions of the public service broadcasting are to be achieved. However, this study contends that it is remarkably insufficient for linguists to minimally identify, lament and deplore the marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC without taking into account the economic, political and technological factors which contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of these languages in the ZBC broadcasting in the context of the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies. Therefore, this study implores scholars in the discipline of language studies to ameliorate their sophistication by espousing a multidisciplinary approach to the study of language if they are to make meaningful arguments which can influence meaningful language policy outcomes instead of parroting. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This study examines the mediation of multilingualism, localism and the nation in the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, henceforth, ZBC as the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies subsumed in the Broadcasting Services Act (2001) and the Broadcasting Services Amendment Act (2007) respectively translated into radio and television programming. This purpose is pursued by analysing the language choices and practices on the ZBC radio and television stations and programming. This study is informed by an eclectic approach within the critical theory tradition and therefore it disapproves the domination, marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC as a public sphere. Against this backdrop, the study envisages the promotion of linguistic diversity and indigenous African languages in the ZBC broadcasting. Data for this study was gathered from the ZBC employees, academics and the ZBC audience using questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. As the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies translated into ZBC programming, this study detected a hierarchical organisation of the languages spoken in Zimbabwe on the radio and television stations where English is the most dominant language, while Shona and Ndebele dominate the minority languages, Shona dominates Ndebele and the supremacy of the Zezuru dialect in the Shona language is easily felt. This is a confirmation of the fragility of Zimbabwean linguistic nationalism in the ZBC which is convoluted by the ideological and political nature of the media, electronic colonisation, the political economy of broadcasting, the transformation of the ZBC public sphere by the market and state interests, the influence of the global media firms, and the relentless hegemony of the western countries in the world system. This study established that broadcasting in indigenous African languages is obligatory if the informative, communicative and symbolic functions of the public service broadcasting are to be achieved. However, this study contends that it is remarkably insufficient for linguists to minimally identify, lament and deplore the marginalisation and exclusion of the indigenous African languages in the ZBC without taking into account the economic, political and technological factors which contribute to the marginalisation and exclusion of these languages in the ZBC broadcasting in the context of the local content and multilingual broadcasting policies. Therefore, this study implores scholars in the discipline of language studies to ameliorate their sophistication by espousing a multidisciplinary approach to the study of language if they are to make meaningful arguments which can influence meaningful language policy outcomes instead of parroting. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

This dissertation interrogates the representation of SiSwati programming (a minority language) on SABC 1 It critically analyses the statutory provisions in place for language parity and utilises hegemony as the theoretical framework for understanding the concept of language parity in the South African broadcasting landscape. To the researcher’s knowledge, there is limited information pertaining to this particular research topic however, most of the previous literature refers to all eleven official languages and not SiSwati specifically. Hegemony, a strand of critical theory as developed by Antonio Gramsci, will serve as the theoretical base of this study. This study falls within the framework of qualitative research. An extensive literature study of various sources and a content analysis of the relevant legislative documents form the basis of the research. SABC TV is positioned in a highly competitive, multi-channel market environment with powerful social, political and economic forces to contend with, this makes it difficult for SABC TV to fulfil its mandate of treating all eleven official languages equitably, hence languages such as SiSwati are underrepresented on national television. This study is seminal and relevant insofar as it offers a much needed insight into the plight of a marginalised language by the country’s public broadcaster. / MA (Communication Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

本文探討的動機在於美-日或歐-日有關汽車產品存在已久的貿易摩擦，以及鉅額的貿易赤字等問題，如何有效運用進口救濟措施來達到改善上述問題的嚴重性。一般而言，汽車產業的救濟措施通常採取關稅或配額的形式，唯關稅在歷年GATT談判回合中均朝向逐年減讓的趨勢，所以其重要性在此不予討論，主要則針對汽車的配額措施，或進口數量限制以及認定汽車身分國籍的原產地規則加以論述，以期我國在未來加入GATT之時可提供政府作為汽車產業防禦措施之參考。

This dissertation interrogates the representation of SiSwati programming (a minority language) on SABC 1 It critically analyses the statutory provisions in place for language parity and utilises hegemony as the theoretical framework for understanding the concept of language parity in the South African broadcasting landscape. To the researcher’s knowledge, there is limited information pertaining to this particular research topic however, most of the previous literature refers to all eleven official languages and not SiSwati specifically. Hegemony, a strand of critical theory as developed by Antonio Gramsci, will serve as the theoretical base of this study. This study falls within the framework of qualitative research. An extensive literature study of various sources and a content analysis of the relevant legislative documents form the basis of the research. SABC TV is positioned in a highly competitive, multi-channel market environment with powerful social, political and economic forces to contend with, this makes it difficult for SABC TV to fulfil its mandate of treating all eleven official languages equitably, hence languages such as SiSwati are underrepresented on national television. This study is seminal and relevant insofar as it offers a much needed insight into the plight of a marginalised language by the country’s public broadcaster. / MA (Communication Studies), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Submitted by Clara Costellini de Souza (costellini@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T17:33:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Versão Final.pdf: 760259 bytes, checksum: bb2d4e1cccf2563e68c9daf5f0881309 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2015-11-09T13:33:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Versão Final.pdf: 760259 bytes, checksum: bb2d4e1cccf2563e68c9daf5f0881309 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-11-11T18:18:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Versão Final.pdf: 760259 bytes, checksum: bb2d4e1cccf2563e68c9daf5f0881309 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-11T18:18:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Versão Final.pdf: 760259 bytes, checksum: bb2d4e1cccf2563e68c9daf5f0881309 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-02 / In this paper, we study by means of a theoretical approach the Brazilian production sharing regime for oil exploration approved in Law No 12.351. We develop a model for production sharing to capture certain aspects of the Brazilian sharing model as compulsory participation of Petrobras, asymmetric information, and the presence of strategic participants. Using numerical solutions, we discuss the bidders’ strategies and their expected gains. Furthermore, we developed a model with heterogeneous costs to study the local content rules. / Neste trabalho, estudamos o regime de partilha de produção brasileiro, instituí do pela Lei No 12.351, para exploração de petróleo através de uma abordagem te orica. Desenvolvemos um modelo de partilha de produção a fim de capturar algumas características do modelo de partilha brasileiro como, por exemplo, a participação obrigatória da Petrobras, assimetria de informação e a presença de participantes estratégicos. Através de solução numérica, fazemos uma análise das estratégias dos participantes e dos ganhos esperados. Além disso, desenvolvemos um modelo de custos heterogêneos para estudar as regras de conteúdo local.

The resource curse is a defining feature of the African content. Despite vast resource wealth, Africa remains the poorest and most underdeveloped continent in the world. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the primary laws regulating of oil and gas exploration and product activities in Angola, Nigeria and South Africa in order to determine their effectiveness in protecting the continent's depleting petroleum resources. Different regulatory models apply to Angola, following the Norwegian carried-interest model, Nigeria, where a British discretionary model has been retained, an a South africa, where a unique model has been developed. The comparison is conducted by analysing and comparing these different regulatory systems in terms of legal frameworks; the legal nature of the regulatory systems; ownership of the oil and gas resources; legal nature of licenses; organisational or institutional structures; fiscal systems; local communities benefits from these proceeds of oil and gas resources; local content; state/government participation arrangements; and environmental challenges. The study evaluates the effectiveness of these regimes by examining the extent to which they recognise and enforce state ownership of he oil and gas resourcs in situ; recognise and enforce the doctrine of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources (PSNR); protect the environment; how they provide for institutional capacities for the management of resources; and the protection of local communities from exploitation and abuse by recognising their rights to benefit from revenues derived from these resources. An overall assessment of the three systems reveals that there is no ideal model for oil and gas regulation in Africa. The Norwegian model might well be considered an ideal model if it was applied with care and correctly in Angola. The study hopes to gain practical importance for the proper regulationof the oil and gas industries' upstream activities in Africa and assist governments of the selected jurisdictions in their policy revisions, as some recommendations are made. / Economics / LLD.

Submitted by Bruno Francisco (brmatt@gmail.com) on 2015-07-09T21:10:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20140627_Dissertacao vf4 rev2 imp.pdf: 1323767 bytes, checksum: b0f103e4c50e3d2754d2882b5015e8c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-09-09T13:11:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20140627_Dissertacao vf4 rev2 imp.pdf: 1323767 bytes, checksum: b0f103e4c50e3d2754d2882b5015e8c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-09-11T12:07:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20140627_Dissertacao vf4 rev2 imp.pdf: 1323767 bytes, checksum: b0f103e4c50e3d2754d2882b5015e8c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-11T12:07:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20140627_Dissertacao vf4 rev2 imp.pdf: 1323767 bytes, checksum: b0f103e4c50e3d2754d2882b5015e8c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-29 / Brazil’s oil auctions use an equation to form a score that defines the winner. Each company or consortium interested in the oil block must bid in three attributes: Signature Bonus (BA), Minimum Exploration Program (PEM) and Local Content (CL). Each of these attributes receives a weight in the equation and bidder’s final score also depends on the others companies bid. Although oil auctions have being widely studied in the economy the multi-attribute score auction is still poorly analyzed specially as a mechanism of mining rights allocation. The present work highlights the insertion of the local content as an attribute which transforms the auction structure from what could be a first price auction to a multi-attribute score auction. Through the project’s costs curve is demonstrated how the local content is related to another important score attribute that is the signature bonus. To better understand the insertion of the local content attribute we have created three cases of hypothetical auctions. We also have fixed the minimum exploration program and made some simplifications in order to build those cases. In the first scenario (Sem CL), the structure comes down to a first-price auction, where only the BA attribute defines the auction winner. In the second scenario (CLO=CLR), where the local content does impact the final score, the bidder is obligated to realize the local content as was bid. The last scenario is the complete case (Com Multa) which allows the bidder to failure the local content bid when paying the penalty represents an economic gain to the company. Taking those cases into consideration we have verified that, although the company’s revenue and the allocation efficiency don’t vary, the government revenue drops significantly when the local content is introduced as an attribute of score auctions. / Os leilões para concessão de blocos de petróleo no Brasil utilizam uma equação para formar a pontuação que define o vencedor. Cada participante deve submeter ao leiloeiro um lance composto por três atributos: Bônus de Assinatura (BA), Programa Exploratório Mínimo (PEM) e Conteúdo Local (CL). Cada atributo possui um peso na equação e a nota final de cada participante também depende dos lances ofertados pelos outros participantes. Apesar de leilões de petróleo serem muito estudados na economia, o leilão multi-atributos, do tipo máxima pontuação, ainda é pouco analisado, principalmente como mecanismo de alocação de direitos minerários. Este trabalho destaca a inserção do CL como atributo que transforma a estrutura, do que poderia ser um leilão simples de primeiro preço, em um leilão multi-atributos de máxima pontuação. Demonstra-se como o CL, através da curva de custos do projeto, está relacionado também ao Bônus de Assinatura, outro importante atributo da equação. Para compreender o impacto do fenômeno da inserção do CL, foram criados três casos de leilões hipotéticos, onde, dentre outras simplificações, o programa exploratório mínimo foi fixado para todas as empresas envolvidas. No caso base (Sem CL), simula-se a estrutura de um leilão de primeiro preço, onde apenas o BA define o vencedor do leilão. Já no caso forçado (CLO=CLR), há inserção do atributo CL, sendo o participante obrigado a cumprir o CL ofertado. Por fim, o caso completo (Com Multa) permite que o participante preveja a aplicação de multa por descumprimento do CL ofertado e, caso haja benefício econômico, descumpra efetivamente o CL ofertado. Considerando estes casos, argumenta-se que, apesar do o lucro das empresas e a eficiência do leilão não serem alterados, a inclusão do conteúdo local na estrutura do leilão pode ter reflexos consideráveis na receita do governo.

Dans un contexte de libéralisation globale de l'économie, la majorité des pays en développement ont, à partir des années 1980-1990, réformé leur législation minière dans le but d'attirer les capitaux étrangers. La Guinée, avec des ressources minérales potentielles estimées à plus de 45 milliards de tonnes, est considérée comme l'un des pays disposant du sous-sol le plus riche en Afrique. Conscient d'un tel potentiel pour le développement du pays, le législateur guinéen adopte, en 1995, un nouveau code minier pour rendre le territoire attractif pour les investisseurs privés étrangers. Cependant, avec l'avènement du concept de développement durable, comme l'un des nouveaux défis mondiaux, de nombreuses réglementations minières ont progressivement été modifiées pour s'adapter à ce dernier. La Guinée, une fois de plus, n'a pas échappé à cette tendance, en adoptant un nouveau code minier en 2011. Ce dernier est la conséquence d'une mobilisation sociale sans précédent dans le pays, ayant débutée dans la moitié des années 2000 et visant à dénoncer l'absence de retombées économiques et financières, issues du secteur minier, pour l'État et la population. Néanmoins, peu de temps après sa promulgation, cette nouvelle législation minière a suscité de vives critiques de la part des compagnies minières. Le gouvernement, prenant en compte ces recommandations, s'est donc engagé dans un processus d'amendement de certaines dispositions du code de 2011, qui s'est achevé par l'adoption d'une nouvelle loi minière en avril 2013. Par conséquent, ce travail a pour objectif d'analyser de quelle manière la réglementation minière en Guinée (2011 et 2013) prend en compte les meilleures pratiques internationales actuelles en matière d'attractivité et de développement durable. Pour ce faire, des comparaisons sont réalisées, à la fois avec le code minier de 1995, pour donner une dimension évolutive à cette étude, ainsi qu'avec les législations minières d'autres États dans le monde. / In the context of a general liberalisation of the economy, the majority of developing countries have since the years 1980-1990 reformed their mining legislation in order to attract foreign capital. Guinea, with its potential mineral resources estimated at more than 45 billion tons, is considered to be one of the African countries with the richest subsoil. Conscious of such potential for the development of the country, the legislature in Guinea adopted, in 1995, a new Mining Code in order to make the Guinean territory more attractive to foreign private investors. However, with the arrival of the concept of sustainable development as one of the new global challenges, numerous mining regulations have been progressively modified in order to adapt. Guinea, once again, did not escape this trend and adopted a new Mining Code in 2011. This code is the consequence of a social mobilization without precedent in the country, which started in the first half of the 2000s. Its goal was to denounce the absence of economic and financial repercussions born from the mining sector on the Government and the population. Nevertheless, not long after its promulgation, this new legislation was the subject of harsh criticism from mining companies. The government, taking into account its recommendations, undertook the process of amending certain dispositions of the Mining Code of 2011, which resulted in the passage of a new Mining Law in April of 2013. Consequently, this work will analyze how mining regulation in Guinea (of 2011 and 2013) takes into account current international best practice in terms of attractiveness and sustainable development. In order to do so, comparisons will be made with the Mining Code of 1995 in order to give an evolutionary dimension to this study, as well as with Mining Regulations from other countries in the world.

Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making. This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied? For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future. Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.