Esta tese tem a finalidade de apresentar estudos sobre o turismo, o território e a modernidade. Para isto, realiza-se um debate teórico e metodológico sobre os usos dos diferentes conceitos de território. Dentro desta lógica, insere-se o turismo como alavanca do desenvolvimento com base local. De uma parte, analisa-se o turismo indígena e, de outra, estuda-se o turismo em territórios indígenas. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de campo divide-se entre os estudos etnológicos, etnográficos, pesquisa-ação, pesquisa-participante e a literatura sobre turismo e desenvolvimento com base local. O trabalho de campo entre os Krahô ocorreu entre os anos de 2004, 2005 e 2006, permitindo levantar informações sobre a ocorrência do turismo nas comunidades e associações indígenas, assim como propor o entendimento sobre o turismo nos sentidos econômico, político, cultural e ambiental. O turismo emissivo indígena pode ser definido como aquele em que os indígenas das várias etnias viajam para as cidades locais, regionais, nacionais e internacionais para participarem de eventos (Jogos Indígenas, etc.). O turismo em territórios indígenas se define como aquele que ocorre no interior dos territórios indígenas (Feira Krahô de Sementes Tradicionais, etc.). Os territórios das populações autóctones no Brasil estão adquirindo sentido de territórios descontínuos e de territórios-rede, pois todas as etnias possuem mobilidades de seus territórios para outras territorialidades. Portanto, tanto o turismo emissivo indígena quanto o turismo receptivo em territórios indígenas contribuem para a construção da elevação da auto-estima dos índios, para a venda do artesanato e, por último, para a constituição de novas multiterritorialidades turísticas. / This thesis aims at submitting studies about tourism, territory and modernity. For such, a theoretical and methodological debate on the uses of the different territory concepts takes place. Within this logic, tourism is inserted as development with local base. On the one hand, we analyze indigenous tourism, and on the other hand, we study tourism in indigenous territories. The methodology used in the field research is divided among ethnologic, ethnographic studies, research-action, research-participant and the literature on tourism and development with local base. The field work among the Krahô took place between the years 2004, 2005 and 2006, allowing to survey information on the occurrence of tourism in the indigenous communities and associations, as well as proposing the understanding on tourism in the economical, political, cultural and environmental senses. The emissive indigenous tourism can be defined as the one where the natives of the different ethnic groups travel to the local, regional, national and international cities to take part in events (Indigenous Games, etc.). The tourism in indigenous territories is defined as the one taking place within the indigenous territories (Krahô Fair of Traditional Seeds, etc.). The territories of the autochthonous populations in Brazil are acquiring sense of discontinuous territories and network-territories, because all the ethnic groups can move from their territories to other territories. Therefore, both emissive indigenous tourism as well as the receptive tourism in indigenous territories contribute for elevating the self-esteem of the Indians, for selling handicraft and, for last, for constituting new multi-territory tourism.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_ana_paula_noronha.pdf: 4923653 bytes, checksum: a2e437e0832f96226c225d34ec23b616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29 / The National Program of School Meals (PNAE) developed in Brazil is one of the largests in Latin America, reaching approximately 50 million students, providing at least one meal a day. The program has been developed in the country since 1955 and has suffered modifications with the aim of improving food security and nutrition of schoolchildren; as well as local development, through the strengthening of family agriculture. Since 2009, the Federal law 11.947, requires that the minimum investment of 30% among the financial resources of the program to purchase food must be spent with this social category, prioritizing: agrarian reform settlements, indigenous and Quilombola communities and those with ecological/organic production. This descriptive research, sought to identify the actions developed by public managers from Capão do Leão/RS, for the purchase of food from local and regional farmers. This town was chosen because besides having two land reform settlements, consisting of 36 families, which provide no foodgrade for PNAE; it acquires food produced by farmers with basic ecological production from Pelotas. So, we also understand the social and productive dynamics of these groups in order to identify the reasons that allow the participation of one, while the other cannot access the program. The results show that the social and productive organization of family farmers of ecological basis from Pelotas, which integrate the South Ecological Cooperative and the access to information about the operationalization of the PNAE, are crucial to the participation of these subjects. The factors that restrict the participation of family farmers settled by agrarian reform, which integrate the priority of public food source to PNAE, are: the asymmetry of information between this group and the managers of the municipality and the structural problems that they face. Thus, PNAE in Capão do Leão has not fully reached their goals, especially regarding to the promotion of local development. / O Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) desenvolvido no Brasil é um dos maiores da América Latina, atendendo aproximadamente 50 milhões de estudantes, fornecendo pelo menos uma refeição ao dia. O Programa funciona no país desde 1955 e vem sofrendo modificações com o intuito de promover a melhoria da segurança alimentar e nutricional dos escolares, bem como o desenvolvimento local, através do fortalecimento da agricultura familiar. Desde 2009, a Lei Federal 11.947 prevê o investimento mínimo de 30% dos recursos financeiros do Programa para compra de alimentos desta categoria social, priorizando-se: assentamentos de reforma agrária, comunidades indígenas e quilombolas e aqueles com produção agroecológica/orgânica. Esta pesquisa de caráter descritivo, procurou identificar as ações desenvolvidas pelos gestores públicos de Capão do Leão/RS, para a compra de alimentos de agricultores familiares locais e regionais. Este município foi escolhido, pois além de possuir dois assentamentos de reforma agrária, formado por 36 famílias, que não fornecem nenhum gênero alimentício para o PNAE; ele adquire alimentos produzidos por agricultores com produção de base ecológica de Pelotas. Deste modo, procuramos também compreender as dinâmicas socais e produtivas destes grupos, a fim de identificar os motivos que permitem a participação de um, enquanto o outro não consegue acessar o Programa. Os resultados apontam que a organização social e produtiva dos agricultores familiares de base ecológica de Pelotas, que integram a Cooperativa Sul Ecológica, juntamente com o acesso às informações sobre a operacionalização do PNAE, são determinantes para a participação destes sujeitos. Os fatores que limitam a participação dos agricultores familiares assentados da reforma agrária, que integram o público prioritário de fornecedores de alimentos para o PNAE, são: a assimetria de informações existentes entre este grupo e os gestores do município e as dificuldades estruturais que estes enfrentam. Deste modo, o PNAE em Capão do Leão não vem atingindo plenamente seus objetivos, especialmente no que diz respeito à promoção do desenvolvimento local.

The vulnerable social situation of the indigenous women in Bolivia is often on the agenda of many organisations (CSOs and NGOs). Especially, the deep rooted socio-political discrimination of this group has been addressed in several researches and during various international development forums. However, few of these investigations have tried to understand in what ways the Aymara women themselves want to be supported by organisations in order to become socially empowered. In regard to this, the contemplation of this Master Thesis has been to, in an inductive manner, increase the understanding of the concept of social empowerment from the perspectives of Aymara women and NGOs/CSOs. To do so a qualitative field based study, aimed at letting Aymara women themselves explain the social situation, was conducted in Bolivia during the spring 2007. The outcome of this research has also served as a foundation to a discussion, with special references to the Swedish aid-agency Svalorna Latinamerika, concerning what NGOs and CSOs ought to consider when working with social empowerment of Aymara women. The overarching methodological approach of the study has been that of a bottom-up implementation analysis. In order to retrieve information from the field techniques such as socio-anthropological studies, observations, interactions and interviews have been applied. Several interesting insights and conclusions have been retrieved from the investigation. The primarily conclusion drawn is that empowerment can neither be received nor given as it has the features of a learning process. Accordingly, in regard to this organisations must adopt the role of 'supporters' rather than 'suppliers'. Secondly, it has been reasoned that any undertaking aimed at supporting social empowerment for and of Aymara women must be synchronised with the progression of the women's learning processes. This specifically suggests that organisations must adopt long-run as well as holistic programmes rather than ad hoc activities. The overall conclusion drawn is that if the social empowerment for and of Aymara women is to benefit from the undertakings of organisations the planning, implementation and evaluation of the activities must primarily be based on terms given by the women. 4

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The dynamics of space today, shows the competition between the different territorial units mediated by capital. This, in a way, confirms the importance of location and stimulus their crops in the process of regional participation making the living space attractive, by emphasizing their capabilities. In this perspective we intend to evaluate the cultivation of banana as an economic alternative to the local economy. In this perspective it is intended to evaluate the cultivation of banana as an economic alternative to the local economy.Thereby the general objective of the research focuses on characterizing and analyzing the the productive chain of banana in São João Do Polêsine/RS emphasizing their transformations (socio-economic, technological and cultural) responsible for (re) spatial organization and its insertion in the local / regional. Specifically, the research aims to: (a) identify the spatial transformations of banana production chain in São João Do Polêsine, (b) analyze the production chain that is organized for the development of banana, considering all its stages to the local market / regional and expanding agribusinesses and (c) verify that the banana is a local agricultural practice or whether it can be introduced in other municipalities that make up the MRG Restinga Seca. The investigative path to achieve the proposed objectives will rely on the dialectic method of investigation. The decision to work with this method is justified by the understanding of reality as a constantly changing process which is inserted in an environment of contrasts, contradictions and changes, where it is observed that different actors dialectical (re) configure the local space. In this way is intended to understand the dynamics of banana production chain and its influence on this territorial unit. It is understood, then, that the understanding of productive space pervades the practices of local society, which are directly linked through their work, in search of higher returns ie the insertion of new forms of agriculture in the local / regional economy. With this purpose looking up new alternatives in rural areas, to produce using all their potential locations. / A dinâmica do espaço, na atualidade, evidencia a competição entre as distintas unidades territoriais mediadas pelo capital. Tal fato, de certa forma, ratifica a importância do local e o estímulo às suas culturas no processo de participação regional, tornando o espaço vivido atrativo, mediante a valorização de suas potencialidades. Nesta perspectiva, pretende-se avaliar o cultivo da banana como alternativa econômica para a economia local. Desse modo, o objetivo geral da pesquisa centra-se em caracterizar e analisar a cadeia produtiva da banana em São João do Polêsine/RS destacando suas transformações (aspectos socioeconômicos, tecnológicos e culturais) responsáveis pela (re)organização espacial e sua inserção no mercado local/regional. Especificamente a pesquisa procura: (a) Identificar as transformações espaciais da cadeia produtiva da banana em São João do Polêsine; (b) analisar a cadeia produtiva que se organiza para o desenvolvimento da banana, considerando as suas etapas até o mercado loca/regional e as agroindústrias em expansão e (c) verificar se a bananicultura é uma prática agrícola local ou se ela pode ser introduzida em outros municípios que compõe a Microrregião de Restinga Seca. O caminho investigativo para alcançar os objetivos propostos se apoiou no método de investigação dialético. A decisão em se trabalhar com este método se justifica pelo entendimento da realidade como um processo em permanente transformação o qual se insere em um ambiente de oposições, de contradições e de mudanças, onde observa-se distintos atores dialéticos que (re)configuram o espaço local. Desse modo, pretende-se entender a dinâmica da cadeia produtiva da banana e sua influência sobre esta unidade territorial. Entende-se, então, que à compreensão do espaço produtivo perpassa as práticas da sociedade local, as quais estão diretamente ligadas através de seu trabalho, na busca de maior rentabilidade, ou seja, de novas formas de inserção da agricultura na economia local/regional. Com esse propósito buscam-se novas alternativas, no espaço rural, de produzir utilizando-se de todas as suas potencialidades locais.

Destination development has become a key issue in local and regional development. In particular, many governments recognize the industry's potential for fostering economic growth and development. The tourist destination is often conceptualized as a complex network with several levels of interaction – both networks of actors within the destination, but also networks linking it to its surrounding environment with potential and actual customers, other destinations, government bodies and so on. It is hence the assumption here that we cannot fully understand destination development in a particular community unless we have a good understanding of how the key stakeholders interact. By applying different network approaches that are based upon and united by a relational economic geography perspective to the study of destination development, we can widen our understanding of why some destinations struggle to survive and often decline, others maintain a threshold of success as tourist visiting areas, whereas there are still others, which exhibit a high level of competitiveness with local entrepreneurial milieus characterized by growth and long-term development. More generally, this thesis deals with a traditional core issue in economic geography, i.e., to explain what it is that makes a place or region characterized by growth and development. This thesis explores this issue, and expands our knowledge on the links between various types of network structures and growth in a destination context, as demonstrated by case studies of two successful tourism areas. These studies of the Swedish mountain resort of Åre, and of Icehotel in northern Sweden, explore relational destination development and the significance of tourism networks.

Magister Artium - MA / The objective of the study was to find out whether the decentralisation of responsibulities for social economics development facilitated the management of disaster risk during the 2007 floods in Mozambique. the specific aims of the study were to : analyse and discuss national policies for decentralisation and their significance for DRM. Investigate which responsibilities, human and financial resources were available to local governments for the planning, implemantations and monitoring of DRM activities. Identify mechanisms institutions and activities for DRM and find out whether they provided to be effective. Explore how concerned communities participated in DRM activitiesto reduce their vulnerability to disaster risk.

La Roumanie est passée en un laps temps très court du centralisme autoritaire à un pluralisme décentralisé. Son inscription sur l’axe politique occidentale, marquée par l’adhésion à l’OTAN et à l’UE, a intensifié les mécanismes de contrôle extérieurs, notamment dans le domaine de la justice et de la « liberté » (d’expression, de la presse, etc.). Au sens large, l’enjeu majeur fut la consolidation de la démocratie. Afin d’accomplir cette dernière, une émergence de la société civile et des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire est indispensable. Dans les pays post-communistes, les organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire ont connu une renaissance après la chute du communiste. D’un côté, les coopératives et les mutuelles, bien présentes dans la vie économique pendant le communisme, ont gagné leur liberté interne de décision démocratique. De l’autre, les associations et les fondations, interdites auparavant, ont commencé à apparaître. Nous parlons donc d’une émergence, dans le sens d’une apparition d’un fait social, économique et politique nouveau. L’objectif général de cette étude est d’analyser l’économie sociale et solidaire roumaine par une approche géographique, à plusieurs échelles. La référence de l’étude sera la région Ouest de la Roumanie, à travers cinq territoires d’études. La finalité de la thèse est de comprendre ce qu’est l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) dans le contexte post-communiste roumain et de quelle émergence et de quelle structuration peut-on parler dans la région Ouest de la Roumanie. / Romania evolved in a very short time from an authoritarian centralism to a decentralized pluralism. Its inscription on the Western political axis, joining NATO an the EU, intensified extremal control mechanisms, particularly in the field of justice and "freedom" (of expression, of the press, etc) Broadly, the major challenge was the consolidation of democracy. To accomplish this, the mergence of civil society and social and solidarity economy's organizations was essential. In post-communist countries, the organizations of the social and solidarity economy experienced a renaissance after the fall of the Communist. On the one hand, cooperatives and mutual insurance systems, althought present in the economy during communism, gained their internal freedom of democratic decision. On the other hand, associations and foundations, previously forbidden, began to appear. We are talking about the emergence, in the sense of an appearance of a social economic and political fact. The aim of this study is to analyze the Romanian social and solidarity economy through a geographical approach, on several scales. The reference of the study will be the Western region of Romania, through five study areas. The purpose of the thesis is to understand what the social and solidarity economy (SSE) is in the Romanian post-communist context and about what kind of emergence and structuring can we deal in the Western region of Romania

Quando se fala em desenvolvimento deve-se pensar não só em crescimento econômico, mas também nas questões sociais e nos indicadores que refletem o bem-estar da população e informam, mesmo que de forma quantitativa, inicialmente, o índice de qualidade de vida. Diante disso, o presente estudo buscou investigar se os reflexos de uma concentração produtiva nos indicadores de desenvolvimento no município de Buriti Alegre (GO), ocorrida no ano 2006, apontam alavancagem nos aspectos socioeconômicos em um patamar que indique se houve desenvolvimento local. O objetivo foi verificar se os reflexos da implantação dessa concentração produtiva nos indicadores de desenvolvimento em um pequeno Município, que gerou emprego e renda, foi suficiente para a melhoria dos indicadores socioeconômicos, evidenciando uma alavancagem que se reflete no desenvolvimento local. O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa descritiva, bibliográfica, documental e qualitativa, com tratamento dos resultados feito pela análise documental, mediante a comparação dos dados coletados do período anterior à instalação da concentração produtiva (2000 a 2006) com os do período posterior à implantação (2006 a 2010). Os resultados encontrados demonstram que ocorreu desenvolvimento local, dada a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população de Buriti Alegre (GO), principalmente no que tange ao aumento do número de empregos e renda, redução do número de pessoas pobres e extremamente pobres, aumento da população atendida com água encanada, energia elétrica e coleta de lixo, além da melhoria do Índice de Gini e dos indicadores IDH e IFDM. / When it comes to development must consider not only economic growth, but also on the social issues and indicators that reflect the welfare of the population and inform, even though quantitatively initially, the quality-of-life index. Given this, the present study sought to in estigate the impact of a concentration on productive development indicators in the municipality of Buriti Alegre (State of Goiás), which took place in the year 2006, socioeconomic aspects leverage points at a level that would indicate the occurrence of local development. The objective was to verify that the reflexes of the deployment of this productive concentration on development indicators, in a small Town, which generated employment and income, was sufficient for the improvement of socio-economic indicators, evidencing a leverage which is reflected in local development. The study was developed from research, documentary and bibliographic descriptive qualitative, with the treatment of the results made through documentary analysis, by comparing the data collected from the period prior to the installation of productive concentration (2000 to 2006) with those of the later period to the deployment (2006 to 2010). The results show that local development occurred, given the improvement in the quality of life of the population of Buriti Alegre (State of Goiás), especially with regard to the increase in the number of jobs and income, reducing the number of poor and extremely poor, increase in population served with piped water, electricity and garbage collection, in addition to the improvement in the Gini index and the HDI indicators and IFDM.

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar o impacto que as atividades portuárias exercem na cidade de São Sebastião. O porto é um instrumento de viabilização economica dos fluxos de produção com demandas socioeconômicas, que influenciam a vida dos moradores locais pelo desarranjo e degradação dos espaços urbanos. Os portos são articuladores da produção e consumo mediante a vinculação das diferentes esferas da cadeia produtiva global, colaborando decisivamente para a internacionalização do capital. Esse cenário os coloca como fatores de indução do desenvolvimento local e regional. O mar e o porto constituem, como conjunto, a principal via de movimentação econômica da cidade de São Sebastião (SP), numa relação histórica e indissociável de entrelaçamento porto-cidade. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso único, integrado à quatro unidades de análise: i) cidade portuária; ii) porto; iii) cadeia de serviço portuária e; iv) integração porto-cidade. Como resultado a pesquisa demonstrou sua potencialidade como vetor do desenvolvimento local por promover articulação com o tecido produtivo local. Entretanto, o histórico das intervenções antrópicas estabeleceu uma política de intervenção do espaço por meio de aterros (acrescido de marinha). E, promoveu uma ocupação desordenada no entorno portuário com habitações de precariedade e insalubridade, pela atração de trabalhadores nas obras civis para assentamento do porto e do Terminal de Uso Privativo. A desigualdade social da ocupação econômica do espaço por grandes empresas transferem ao orçamento público as despesas em funções sociais que garantam a cidadania no avanço das oportunidades sociais. A pesquisa conclui que a articulação das atividades produtivas portuárias na cidade estabeleceu um processo de desequilíbrio nas relações econômicas e sociais. / This study aimed to identify the impact of port activities play in the city of São Sebastião. The port is an economically viable instrument of production flows and socioeconomic demands, which influence the lives of local residents by derangement and degradation of urban spaces. Ports are articulators of production and consumption by linking the different spheres of global production chain, contributing decisively to the internationalization of capital. This scenario puts as induction factors of local and regional development. The sea and the port are, as a whole, the major route of economic movement in São Sebastião (SP), a historical and inseparable relationship of port-city entanglement. The method used was the single case study, integrated with four analysis units: i) port city; ii) port; iii) port and service chain; iv) port-city integration. As a result, research has shown its potential as a vector of local development by promoting cooperation with the local productive fabric. However, the history of human interventions established a space policy intervention through landfills (plus Navy). And promoted a disorderly occupation in the port environment with housing insecurity and unsanitary conditions, by attracting workers in civil works for laying the port and the Private Use Terminal. The social inequality of economic occupation of space by big companies transferred to the public budget expenditures on social functions that guarantee citizenship in advance of social opportunities. The research concludes that the articulation of productive activities in the port city established an imbalance in the process of economic and social relations.

Samhällsarbete som begrepp och praktik är närmast bortglömt inom den offentliga sektorn i dagens Sverige. Det har inte alltid varit så. Under 1970-talet var samhällsarbetet välkänt och praktiserat inom många av kommunernas socialtjänster. Denna uppsats intresserar sig för diskurser om det offentliga samhällsarbetet i Sverige. Studiens syfte är att klargöra den hegemoniska diskursutvecklingen om det svenska offentliga samhällsarbetet över tid. För att uppnå detta syfte undersöks tre förarbeten till socialtjänstlagen som spänner från förarbeten till socialtjänstlagen 1982 fram till den senaste statliga offentliga utredningen om socialtjänstlagen 2020. Genom användandet av diskursteori med utgångspunkt i Foucault och Rothmans teori om samhällsarbete, undersöks hur samhällsarbetet och närliggande begrepp beskrivs i förarbetena, men också hur samhällsarbetet skulle kunna beskrivas. Vidare undersöks hur samhällsarbetet regleras rättsligt och vilka effekter detta kan ha på samhällsarbetet. Resultaten visar att förarbetena intar en kritisk hållning till samhällsarbetet. Enligt analysen av förarbetena framstår samhällsarbetet och närliggande begrepp som toppstyrt, individualiserat och konsensusorienterat i linje med en nyliberal diskurs och nyliberal socialpolitisk utveckling. En annan slutsats är att socialtjänstlagens form som ramlag försvårar samhällsarbetets etablering inom svensk socialtjänst. Ett annat invånarbaserat samhällsarbete vore dock möjligt där människor ges ökade möjligheter att påverka samhället de lever i. / Community work as a concept and practice is almost forgotten today within the public sector in Sweden. It has not always been like that. During the 1970s community work was well-known and practiced in many of the Swedish municipal social services. In the current study, discourses on public community work in Sweden is investigated. The purpose of the study is to explore the development of hegemonic discourses on public community work and its variation over time. To achieve this purpose, the history of community work is examined as well as the academic debate on community work. Also, legislatory histories of the social service act from 1982 are compared with the latest government public inquiry of the social service act from 2020. By using discourse theory from Foucault and Rothman’s theory about community work, the study explores how community work and similar concepts are described in the legislatory histories. Also, the study explores how community work could be carried out. Furthermore, the study investigates the legal framework of the social service act and its consequences for community work. The results are showing that the legislatory histories are taking a critical stance towards community work. Community work and similar concepts were found to be top-down, individualized, and based on consensus, in agreement with a neoliberal discourse and neoliberal socio-political development. Another conclusion is that the social service act’s shape as a framework law is hindering the establishment of community work within the social services. However, a people-oriented community work could be possible, where people have better opportunities to affect the society they live in.