The aim of this thesis is to study the role that policy measures and market mechanisms have played in promoting innovation in metal recycling from end-of-life vehicles. This is achieved using an econometric analysis and the panel data negative binomial regression model. The data cover 16 OECD countries over 24 years (1980-2003). Patent applications are used as a proxy for innovation, and with sole focus on end-of-life vehicle metal waste (i.e., classification codes IPC B62D67 and B30B9/32). The empirical results suggest that innovations in this field have been influenced by the presence of national regulations, the introduction of the EU end-of-life vehicle directive, the level of primary steel production and the cost of labor in the respective countries. The results also indicate that the influence of labor costs on innovation is greater in countries with high primary steel production levels compared to countries with low production of primary steel. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken roll som politiska styrmedel och olika marknadsmekanismer har spelat för att främja innovation inom metallåtervinning från uttjänta fordon. Detta åstadkoms genom en ekonometrisk analys baserat på en negativ binomial regressionsmodell och ett paneldataset. Data utgörs av 16 OECD länder över en tidsperiod på 24 år (1980–2003). Antalet patentansökningar används som approximation för innovation och fokus är metallåtervinning från uttjänta fordon (klassificeringskoderna IPC B62D67 och B30B9/32). De empiriska resultaten visar att innovationsbenägenheten inom detta område har påverkats av förekomsten av nationella regleringar, EU-direktivet för uttjänta fordon, nivån på den primära stålproduktionen och kostnaden för arbetskraft. Resultaten visar även att effekten av arbetskraftskostnad på innovationsbenägenheten är större i länder med hög primär stålproduktion jämfört med länder med låg motsvarande produktion.

The aim of this work was to analyze complexly the failure of financial market entities, with the accent of a banking institution, comparison with the European legal system, but also with the emphasis on solving the financial crisis of the banking system and its ways of resolving or maintaining the activity, possible insolvency of banking entities. At the end of the thesis, the author also deals with practical aspects of selected banks. From the above point of view, three sub-concepts are key to this work, which deserve a brief explanation as they permeate the work and gradually reveal the basic issues of the subject matter, but also their hypotheses outlining the next direction of research, and at the same time offers some legislative guidance material solution of the given issue. The first term is the "starting point". In this work, there is a detailed survey of research to find answers to the question as to what are the basic points of the financial market entities as well as banking institutions, but above all their failure. The hypothesis in this context is the evolutionary development of the areas concerned, in particular financial law in a broad sense, and the extent of its impact on the current legal regulation of financial market participants and the resolution of their failures. The second...

This study investigates the impact of tax incentives on the firms’ innovative activity and economic growth by using sample of 28 OECD countries. The study using panel data analysis and applies fixed effect OLS models. The results of the econometric investigation indicate that tax incentives have significant and positive effect on the R&D expenditure. Regression analysis also shows a positive significant impact of R&D tax incentives in combination with direct funding for business R&D. The paper finds no evidence of significant relationship between tax incentives and economic growth. The research also finds a positive significant impact of direct R&D support, R&D expenditure and tax incentives on registered patents. We suggest to apply public support policy including both types of support since previous studies showed that tax incentives and direct funding are not perfect substitutes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 791997 bytes, checksum: f3ad0c758d859a493db03aabe9e56eea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Given to the changes occurred from a wave of corporate mergers in recent decades, the global process of liberalization and also some technological advances arising from the current phase of globalization, new challenges were brought up to the economic regulation. As a result, it is questioned whether the regulatory model applied is the most suitable for promoting the goals of economic regulation, or if the most appropriate regulatory model would be different, being necessary to reform the regulatory structure. Thus, this work provides a critical view of the existing regulatory models, especially the unissetorial one, and upholds for a multissetorial, conceived as more appropriate to face the new entrepreneurial behaviors, such as horizontal specialization and internationalization, as well as to promote effective information management, preventing the regulator of the consequences stemming from asymmetric information. It is still unpredictable whether a shift of regulatory standards in the major world economies will minimize the effects of market failures. This paper analyzes the main aspects of this problem in order to promote greater discussion of the models and structure of regulatory agencies. / Diante das transformações advindas da onda de fusões empresariais das últimas décadas, ao processo mundial de liberalização e também alguns avanços tecnológicos decorrentes da fase atual da globalização, novos desafios se apresentam para a regulação econômica. Como consequência, é questionado se o modelo de regulação aplicado é o mais adequado para a promoção dos objetivos da regulação econômica, ou se o modelo regulatório mais apropriado seria outro, sendo necessária a reforma da estrutura regulatória. Nesse sentido, este trabalho estabelece uma visão crítica dos modelos regulatórios existentes, principalmente, o modelo unissetorial, e propugna por um multissetorial, concebido como mais apropriado frente aos novos comportamentos empresariais, como a especialização horizontal e a internacionalização, assim como, para a promoção da gestão informacional eficaz, prevenindo o ente regulador das consequências advindas das informações assimétricas. Ainda é imprevisível saber se uma mudança de atuação regulatória nas grandes economias do mundo minimizará os efeitos das falhas de mercado. Este trabalho analisa os principais aspectos dessa problemática de modo a promover maior discussão sobre os modelos de atuação e estruturação das agências reguladoras.

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Digital transformation is highlighted as a way of solving many of the problems and challenges that the public sector faces in terms of cost developments and increased demands for better public services. Open data is a strategic resource that is necessary for this development to takeplace and the municipal sector collects information that could be published to create value inmany stages. Previous research believes that economic value is generated through new innovative services and productivity gains, but also social values such as increased civic participation and transparency. But despite previous attempts to stimulate open data, Sweden is far behind comparable countries and there is a lack of research that looks at exactly how these economic values should be captured. To investigate why this is the case and what role open datahas in value creation in the municipal sector, this study has identified several themes through qualitative interviews with an inductive approach. The study resulted in a deeper theoretical analysis of open data and its properties. By considering it as a public good, it is possible to use several explanatory models to explain its slow spread and but also understand the difficult conditions for value capture which results in incentive problems. In addition, there are structural problems linked to legislation and infrastructure that hamper the dissemination of open data and its value-creating role in the municipal sector. / Digital transformationen lyfts som ett sätt att lösa många av de problem och utmaningar som den offentliga sektorn står inför gällande kostnadsutveckling och ökade krav på bättre samhällsservice. Öppna data är en sådan strategisk resurs som är nödvändig för att dennautveckling ska ske och kommunsektorn samlar på sig information som skulle kunna publiceras för att skapa värden i många led. Dels menar tidigare forskning att ekonomiska värden kan genereras genom nya innovativa tjänster och produktivitetsökningar, men även sociala värden som ökad medborgardelaktighet och transparens. Men trots tidigare försök att stimulera öppna data, ligger Sverige långt efter jämförbara länder och det saknas forskning som tittar på exakt hur dessa ekonomiska värden ska fångas. För att undersöka varför så är fallet och vilken roll öppna data har på värdeskapande i kommunsektorn har denna studie genom kvalitativa intervjuer med en induktiv ansats identifierat flertalet teman. Studien resulterade i en djupare teoretisk analys av öppna data och dess egenskaper. Genom att betrakta det som en kollektiv vara går det att använda flera förklaringsmodeller för att förklara dess långsamma spridning och förstå de svåra förutsättningarna för värdefångst vilket resulterar i incitamentsproblem. Till det finns det strukturella problem kopplat till lagstiftning och infrastruktur som hämmarspridningen av öppna data och dess värdeskapande roll i kommunsektorn.

於理論上，自由市場透過「價格機能」之運作，將使資源之配置與使用達到最高效率 ，然此市場之運作需有某些前提–完全競爭及無外溢效果等方能成立。但於現實社會 中上述假設前提並不存在，致使柏拉圖的最適境界(pareto optimal)無法達成，尤其 是具有異質性，不可移動性、不可增減性之土地，更易導致土地市場的地理區隔及非 完全競爭等現象；外部性及公共財不足之市場失靈(Market Failure)問題更是伏拾皆 是；再者和經濟部門為追求最大利潤，往往罔顧社會成本，導致不當的土地配置與使 用。故政府之適當干預確有其必要，而土地規劃與管制則係反應此種需要，以修正及 彌補土地市場之缺失，俾達土地之合理配置與使用。 然而，土地規劃管制之實施過程中，由於各宗土地使用類別與密度之差異，或變更使 用等，往往對地價造成上漲或下只之經濟效果，導致土地所有權人間之利得(windfa- ll) 或損失(wipeout) 之不公平現象，實有待積極改善。處理此類公平性問題的方法 有許多，例如區段征收、市地重劃、發展權移轉(T.D.R) 及稅捐等方式，本研究乃選 擇我國土地政策之最高指導原則–平均地權之主要政策手段–土地稅–進行研究。此 外，如何運用土地稅來促進土地規劃與使用管制目標之達成，亦為本研究之範圍。 故本研究擬基於效率與公平之觀點，參考國外土地稅制針對我國土地稅之課稅時機、 課稅方式、稅基、稅率結構等予以檢討分析，俾能改進現行之地價稅、土地增值稅與 空地稅的課征，以達平均地權之地盡其利與地利共享之崇高目標。 全文計六章，分別為： 第一章 緒論 第二章 文獻回顧 第三章 土地規劃管制與其公平性之探討 第四章 土地稅促進土地規劃管制實施之分析 第五章 現行我國土地稅制之檢討與改進措施 第六章 結論與建議

自主創新研發能力，對一國經濟成長與產業發展潛能有關鍵性之作用。技術交易市場失靈肇因於市場不完善所導致的高交易成本，而在技術商品化過程中往往面臨：1、產權之歸屬與使用權之專屬的問題，2、技術項目專業化程度高雙方資訊不對稱，3、技術價值難估算使技術鑑價不易降低供需雙方技術移轉誘因，4、研發與商品化過程需投入大量人力物力所帶來之資金投入風險，5、交易雙方基於自利的角度使交易過程中缺乏對彼此的信任所帶來的信任風險。 中國長期實施計畫經濟使科技研發面與產業面脫節情形較其他國家情形更為嚴重，為此中國企業與政府在投入大量研究經費從事科學技術之研發與創新的同時於各地方設立大量相關技術中介機構作為科研成果轉變為實質產出之孵化器。2009年由中國國務院批准北京市人民政府、科技部、國家智慧財產權局和中科院於北京聯合設立唯一以國家為命名的交易服務機構─中國技術交易所（China Technology Exchange）。不同於傳統技術中介機構在技術供需雙方之外所提供的第三方專業服務，「中國技術交易所」倡導的「IPOS知識權一站式服務平臺」為一整合技術供需雙方與技術中介機構的第四方平台，試圖利用北京中關村國家自主創新示範區之優勢，並針對科技成果產業化的不同需求以創新交易模式結合技術、金融與產業，提供技術交易雙方一系列客製化技術交易的相關服務。 如今，「中國技術交易所」營運四年多並逐步探索出適合中國科研成果商品化之創新模式。因此，本研究以「中國技術交易所」為例，配合歷史文獻與統計資料，針對交易所經典個案分析，探討中國如何解決其技術交易市場所面臨之市場失靈問題。本研究發現，「中國技術交易所」的第四方整合交易平台與創新的交易服務機制有機會成為目前中國在技術移轉商品化過程中所面臨市場失靈問題的解決方式。 / The R&D capability of independent innovation is important to the growth of economic and the potential of industrial development. The market failure of technical transactions is due to high transaction costs caused by market imperfections, and in the process of technology commercialization often faces: 1. the belonging of intellectual property and the exclusive of usufruct, 2. The information asymmetry, 3. it is hard to evaluate the value of technology, 4. The investment risks, 5. The risk of lack of trust. After long-term implementation of the planned economy, the achievements of China’s R&D are disconnected with its industries. Because of that, China enterprises and the government invested a lot in R&D and innovation. China government also set up lots of intermediaries as incubators to change scientific achievements into real outputs. China Technology Exchange (CTE) set up in 2009 by the Beijing Municipal People's Government, the Ministry of Science, the National Intellectual Property Office and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, and approved by General Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China. Unlike traditional technology intermediary agencies need outsourcing some parts of professional services to other agencies, CTE advocated " Intellectual Property One stop Service(IPOS) " as the fourth platform which integrated technology supply sides, demand sides and technology intermediary agencies. CTE tries to take the advantages of Beijing Zhongguancun Science Park. For the different needs from industrialization of scientific and technological achievements, CTE uses innovative trading patterns which combined with technology, finance and industry to provide technical transactors a series of technology transactions related to Customization Innovative Services. Today, CTE has operated for more than four years and gradually explores suitable innovative models for commercialization in China. Therefore, by collecting historical documents and statistic data, this study chose China Technology Exchange as a case to analyze that how to solve the market failure of China technology transaction market. The study found that the fourth integrated platform and innovative trading mechanisms have the opportunity to become the solution of market failure which is faced in the process of the commercialization of technology transaction.

The aim of this diploma thesis is an analysis of the contemporary mortgage crisis in the USA. The thesis consists of four sections. The first part describes historical developments of the American mortgage market with the emphasis on securitization. The second chapter deals with the market failures occurring within the securitization process. The third chapter is dedicated to the primary mortgage market, in particular to the causes of the previous credit boom, "running" house prices. Moreover, this chapter analyzes the "subprime" and "Alt-A" mortgage market, their products and practices prevailing on these markets. The last chapter is devoted to the secondary mortgage markets. The aim of this chapter is to describe how "subprime" and "Alt-A" mortgage deals were structured. The case study offers an example and its results are presented.

This thesis analyses the causes of states interventions in the market environment and the risk associated with them, in particular with the state support of research and development. There are several types of support, each of them has benefits on the one hand and inducted costs on the other one. The thesis assesses the benefits and inducted cost of the various types of state support of research and development from the perspective of the company Vyzkumny ustav organickych syntez. In the case of this business entity there is the economic analysis performed and the decision rule for the most appropriate aid derived. At the same time thesis tries to find how to increase efficiency of the government support.