<p>This thesis is a part of a Bachelor’s degree within the field of Media and Communication at the School of Education and Communication at Jönköping University in Sweden. It is based on a Minor Field Study accomplished from the 30th of October to the 17th of December 2006 in Kampala, Uganda, East Africa.</p><p>The background of the research is that women who are between 15 and 24 years old and live in sub-Saharan Africa are more than tree times as likely to be infected by HIV/AIDS as men in the same age and location.</p><p>The purpose of the study is to discover indicators of what kind of health communication young women need to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS. The young women in the study are between 15 and 24 years old and live in areas affected by urban poverty in Kampala, Uganda.</p><p>To be able to gain a deeper understanding for the young women’s situation, the empirical study has been based on eleven conversation interviews made one by one with eleven young women. The procedure of the study has been guided by developed grounded theory and during the analysis of the interviews phenomenology has been used.</p><p>The result of the study shows that the ABC (Abstinence, Be faithful and Condom use) approach, which is used to fight HIV/AIDS in Uganda, is well known and carries an important message about prevention methods. At the same time it preaches moral in its hierarchical order which seems to judge women harder than men. The ABC approach was turned around by one of the young women in the study, which might create a more realistic message. It is however necessary to complement the approach with communication to young women about for example women’s rights and general sexual knowledge. This can be done through the use of verbal interpersonal communication, combined with easy access to HIV testing. The young women themselves can be effective peer educators and there is a need to let the interpersonal agenda be reflected in the political agenda, as well as in the developing media. To make young women able to act on their knowledge for protection, men and the community also need to be approached with gender sensitive messages.</p>

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to look into the teaching methods and content in Zimbabwean biology education, and the possible influences that the teachers’ view of nature have on this education. The study was performed in and around Mutare in eastern Zimbabwe with eleven observations and six interviews in primary and secondary schools, corresponding to years four to nine in the Swedish compulsory school. </p><p>My study shows that the teachers’ view of nature is in many parts similar to the Swedish view of nature, but differ in a closer connection to religiosity and in a more every-day-life relation to nature. This is reflected in several of the concepts that view of nature consist of. The view of nature is influencing the content in biology partly. Since science hold universal concepts which are the same all around the world, the view of nature does not influence the scientific parts of biology, but have influence on where the emphases in the education is put. The results show no direct influence of the view of nature on teaching methods, but indirectly influenced by the choice of content.</p>

A Minor Filed Study in South Africa / rapporten är inlagd för att ses på skärmen, kvaliten kan därför bli sämre vid ev. utskrift.

SUMMARYThe diversity of cancer molecular origins associated with the genetic variability of patients has encouraged the development of chemotherapeutic treatments adapted not only to the target tumor, but also to a specific patient. This personalized strategy is based on cancer biomarkers allowing a better identification and characterization of each tumor where predictive biomarkers provide the distinction between various factors indicative of the response to the treatment. In this context, several studies highlighted the role of the solute carrier transporter family 22 (solute carriers 22 or SLC22) in the uptake of platinum anticancer drugs. This mechanism being not well understood, our work intends to establish the potential role of SLC22 member A18 (SLC22A18) as predictive biomarker in the aim to help to a better targeted chemotherapeutic strategy for each patient. We optimized a system overexpressing SLC22A18 stably or transiently in HeLa cancer cell line. SLC22A18 expression was confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, microscopy and flow cytometry. The cell lines were treated with taxane, anthracyclin, vinca alkaloid and nitrosoureas anticancer drug families. We showed that doxorubicin, camptothecin, chloroquine, tetracycline and carmustin had no effect on the cell viability assays suggesting that they are not substrates of SLC22A18. Interestingly, the cell line was sensitized in the presence of antimitotic drug with a sensitivity factor of 2.7 in the presence of paclitaxel, 1.4 with docetaxel, 1.8 with vinblastin and 2.2 in the presence of vincristine. To confirm these results, we elaborated a SLC22A18 knockdown cell line in HS683 cells using siRNA technology. The downexpression of SLC22A18 was correlated to a tendency to resist to the accumulation of paclitaxel thereby confirming the previous results. Simultaneously, a knockout cell line was established using the transcription activator-like effectors nuclease (TALEN) technology in U373 cell line. Our studies constitute a robust base of knowledge for further investigation on SLC22A18 transporter as a predictive biomarker promoting antimitotic treatment in tumors where this transporter is detected. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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The study was conducted in Moshi, the regional Capital of Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. It was financed by Sida’s Minor Field Study scholarship in March and April 2019. This study was carried out at a Secondary school and focuses on students’ attitudes and knowledge about sexual and reproductive health and rights, SRHR, as well as examine how different actors influence the students’ decision-making and attitudes in Form 4. Qualitative semi-structured interviews are conducted, combined with the use of flashcards, as a method. Each flashcard contains topics within the concept of SRHR and was based on previous research and definitions. The use of flashcards was conducted in two steps. Firstly, the students’ categorized SRHR-topics in five different categories. Secondly, the students’ ranked ten actors in which affect them the most to least. Most of the students believe that most of the topics are important to learn about but in a future context. They also believe that education in some topics will result in increased sexual behavior. The students identify that authorities, such as parents and school, affect them the most in their decision-making and attitudes. To conclude, the students were found to have limited education focusing on attitudes as well as access to evidence-based education.

During the recent prolonged drought in La Guajira, Colombia, the child mortality rate surged to 23.4 per 1000. With the focal point in rural Alta Guajira, a lack of rainfall and wind resulted in an acute potable water scarcity. This paper presents data gathered from interviews conducted with members of the Wayúu indigenous group residing in Alta Guajira and the results surveying in field the solutions already present to the water scarcity. Four potential technological solutions were then devised and evaluated in this context: wind-driven wells, solar-driven wells, solar stills, and reverse osmosis desalination systems. This study shows that reverse osmosis desalination systems are economically unfeasible due to their high initial investment. Solar stills are concluded to be potentially viable for drought emergencies but prohibitively expensive due to their low productivity and area requirements. Solar-driven wells frequently break in the region, likely due to inadequate insulation in underground electrical components, but they represent a crucial yet non-existent complement for water production. Wind-driven wells are the most prominent water source, although relying solely on these creates significant risks. Hence a suggestion for mainly wind-driven production, complemented with solar-driven production, and backed by emergency systems of manual wells and solar stills is suggested.

Vi har utgått från de strukturella ojämlikheterna som finns i det Bolivianska samhället, och insett att dessa måste reduceras för att skapa ett mera fungerande samhälle. Vi har valt att göra en undersökning kring hur dessa strukturella ojämlikheter kan förminskas. För att göra detta har vi utfört en fältstudie i Bolivia där vi genom intervjuer och observationer studerat en social organisation belägen i El Alto, kallad FEJUVE. Vi har fokuserat på hur denna genom sitt arbete och organisation påverkar det Bolivianska samhället, såväl positivt som mindre positivt. Vi har valt ut fem olika aspekter av organisationen som vi har undersökt i särskilt djup detalj, då vi anser att dessa har en speciell relevans i kampen mot utraderandet av strukturella ojämlikheter. Dessa aspekter behandlar frågor om demokrati, machismokultur,tvång, kritisk medvetenhet, organisationens relation till det styrande politiska partiet, samtdess relation till samhällsomstörtande konflikt. Teorier kring demokrati; strukturella ojämlikheter; marginaliserade gruppers relation till konflikt, samt sociala rörelser diskuteras och utvärderas i denna uppsats. Vår slutsats visar att FEJUVE har goda så väl som mindre goda egenskaper, och således studie bidrar vår studie till att visa på civilsamhällets komplexitet, och omöjligheten i att se detta endast som en positiv eller negativ kraft. / We have taken as our point of departure the structural inequalities in Bolivian society, and recognised that these need to be reduced in order to create a better functioning society. We have chosen to conduct an investigation on how these structural inequalities can be reduced. In order to do this we have conducted a field study in Bolivia, where we through interviewsand observations investigated a social organisation situated in El Alto, called FEJUVE. We have focused on how this through it’s work and organisation influence Bolivian society, in positive as well as less positive manners. We have chosen five different aspects of theorganisation which we have studied in closer detail, since we hold that these have a special relevance in the struggle for a structurally more equal society. These aspects deal with questions concerning: democracy; machismo culture; coercion; critical awareness; theFEJUVE’s relation to the ruling political party and it’s current relation to conflict that “shuts down” society. Theories about democracy; structural inequality; marginalised groups’ relation to conflict and social movements are discussed and assessed throughout this thesis. Our conclusion erads that the FEJUVE has good as well as less good qualities, our investigation thus contributes to exhibiting the complexity of civil society, and the impossibility to view this as either simply a positive or a negative force.

<p>Decentralized development approaches have in recent years gained wide acceptance in policy circles. In India the national and the state</p><p>governments have for a long time undertaken the primary responsibility for water management. In recent years however, there has been a clear shift of policy towards increased reliance on the local communities. This thesis deals with the capacity of rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way.</p><p>Through a case study of water management in a South Indian village opportunities and barriers for rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way is analysed. The thesis deals with both formal and informal institutions involved in the water management.Factors that can promote and obstruct locals’ contribution in water management are discussed. Also the role of external actors such as NGOs, the Panchayats and the government is dealt with, and how they may facilitate a development towards sustainability and increased locals’ contribution in order to achieve a sustainable community bases water management.</p><p>Theories on collective action and the commons have been used in the analysis. These theories deal with how to get people to cooperate regarding the management of common resources such as water in order to achieve higher collective benefits. The study is primarily based on 66 semistructured qualitative interviews with local water users in a village in Andhra Pradesh.</p> / <p>Decentralized development approaches have in recent years gained wide acceptance in policy circles. In India the national and the state</p><p>governments have for a long time undertaken the primary responsibility for water management. In recent years however, there has been a clear shift of policy towards increased reliance on the local communities. This thesis deals with the capacity of rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way.</p><p>Through a case study of water management in a South Indian village opportunities and barriers for rural communities in India to manage their water resources in a sustainable way is analysed. The thesis deals with both formal and informal institutions involved in the water management.Factors that can promote and obstruct locals’ contribution in water management are discussed. Also the role of external actors such as NGOs, the Panchayats and the government is dealt with, and how they may facilitate a development towards sustainability and increased locals’ contribution in order to achieve a sustainable community bases water management.</p><p>Theories on collective action and the commons have been used in the analysis. These theories deal with how to get people to cooperate regarding the management of common resources such as water in order to achieve higher collective benefits. The study is primarily based on 66 semistructured qualitative interviews with local water users in a village in Andhra Pradesh.</p> / The ISRN in the pdf-file is incorrect. The correct ISRN is shown below.

<p>This paper outlines the current situation of Internet usage and attitudes towards the Internet among ordinary people in Arusha, Tanzania, and examines the views of ordinary citizens on the effects of the arrival of Internet and the possible digital divide.</p><p>Using qualitative interviews with equal groups of ordinary Internet users and ordinary non- Internet users in Arusha, the authors found varying levels of awareness about Internet services and facilities and their availability. There was also a widespread concern about immoral western influences communicated by the Internet and how it may affect the domestic culture. It was clearly shown that Internet usage and the possibility to utilize the information found is dependent on education levels and the economic situation of the users, two closely related factors. To get additional views on the subject interviews were also carried out with representatives for Radio and TV stations as well as newspapers located in Arusha, institutions for higher education in the ICT field, Internet providers, and Arusha Municipal Council. To examine the actual Internet usage we extracted random samples of visited websites in several of the Internet cafés, which most of the Arushans use to access the Internet.</p><p>It was found that government action is necessary that the in order to bridge the digital divide, but as a result of systematic censorship of media government efforts meet a profound distrust among people, neither does the government consider this to be any of their responsibilities.</p>