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The state of our society is frequently changing. Due to various factors, the pressure of creating a changeable city is high and necessary to adequately supply the needs for its inhabitants. But making these changes and adapt to the fast shifting state of the city is not always physical possible. Young adults and students is a group that often seeks to move to intensely growing city regions. The reason for this is a more promising job market and more attractive educations, but coincidentally the shortage of housing is extremely high in these areas. Thus the market for simple and cheap housing already exists, so the question is how to provide a quick solution for this problem and fill the need? It´s our opinion that a sustainable city must have a stabile action program when these kind of problem, for instants when shortage of housing, occurs.The aim of this study is to create a multifunctional basis structure for a versatility module (V-module), try it virtually and hypothetical in an existing city environment, and investigate how several units together with its surroundings can form a vibrant living situation. Furthermore, the intention is to evaluate the module housing concept as a part of a sustainable city development, and how it could become a part of the city of Malmo’s durability strategy.

Near Field Communication (NFC) är en trådlös kommunikationsteknik för korta avstånd, vanligast med cirka 10 cm vilket medför en säkrare förbindelse. NFC är en relativt ung teknologi som är billig att implementera samt användarvänlig. NFC är lämpad främst för mobiltelefoner där en bred implementering av applikationer är möjlig. Tekniken medför snabbare och enklare utbyte av information genom att ställa enheter sida vid sida. I dagsläget används tekniken mest i Asien. I Europa har ingen stor satsning påbörjats än, men den är på väg. I framtiden förväntas det att NFC kommer att finnas i de flesta mobiltelefoner.Denna uppsats behandlar praktisk implementering av en ”verktygslåda” med NFC teknologi. Målet är att skapa en ”verktygslåda” med olika komponenter. ”verktygslådan” är tänkt att användas som grundskelett för implementering av NFC applikationer och för experiment med de olika komponenterna. Hårdvarukomponenterna består av mobiltelefon, tagg, RFID läsarmodul och mikroprocessor. Programvarukomponenterna består av ett antal kodexempel.Vårt arbete har resulterat i tre prototyper som tillsammans utgör ”verktygslådan”. I prototyperna sker kommunikation mellan en kombination av komponenter i ”verktygslådan”: mobiltelefon och tagg, läsare och tagg samt läsare och mobiltelefon. / Near Field Communication (NFC) is a contactless short distance (approximately 10 centimeters) communication technology, which conveys a more secure connection. NFC is a relatively young technology which is cheap to implement, and user-friendly. NFC is directed to mainly cellphones, where opportunities for implementation of applications are wide. The technology conveys a faster and easier exchange of information, by putting units side by side. At present, the technology is used mostly in Asia. In Europe, no major effort has begun yet, but is expected to. NFC is expected to exist in a majority of cellphones, in the future.This essay treats practical implementation of a “toolbox” with the NFC technology. The goal was to make a “toolbox” with different components. The “toolbox” is intended as a base for implementing NFC applications and for experimenting with the different components. The hardware components are: cellphone, a tag, a RFID module and a microprocessor. The program components consist of a number of code examples.Our work has resulted in three prototypes which together constitute a “toolbox”. The prototypes communicate between any combinations of the components in the “toolbox”: cellphone with tag, reader with tag and reader with cellphone.

I denna studie görs en jämförelse av prefabricerade våtrumsmoduler gentemot platsbyggda våtrum ur ett ekonomiskt-, tids- och kvalitetsperspektiv. Detta arbete görs i samarbete med Gunnar Prefab AB där en undersökning görs baserat på 300 fiktiva våtrum. Det huvudsakliga målet med detta arbete är att ta fram en kostnadskalkyl, en tidsplan och de kvalitetsmässiga aspekterna för metoderna. Detta i syftet om att ge en vägledning vid beslutsfattande om produktionsmetod vid framställning av våtrum. Jämförelsen baseras på en egenframtagen mängdförteckning och våtrummen granskas under godtyckliga förutsättningar i nyproduktion. Undersökningen har begränsats till en leverantör och en planlösning. Först tas en teoretisk referensram fram som är grundförutsättningarna för arbetet. I denna del sker en genomgång för hur tillverkningen av ett våtrum går till för respektive metod och teorin bakom framställningen av en kostnadskalkyl. Slutligen redovisas det hur tidsplanen och hur de kvalitetsmässiga aspekterna tas fram. I nästa kapitel redovisas tillvägagångssättet för beräkning av de direkta- och gemensamma kostnaderna samt genomförandet av jämförelsen i tid och kvalité. Det visade sig vara svårt att göra en kostnadsjämförelse baserat på ett så pass stort projekt som 300 badrum då övrig litteratur i ämnet visade på olika siffror i kostnadsfrågan. I jämförelse vad gäller kvalitén granskades metodernas kvalité- och ledningssystemen samt för- och nackdelarna ur kvalitésynpunkt. Detta resulterade i att kvalitén för det prefabricerade modulerna var något högre då enheterna tillverkas i kontrollerade förhållanden. Den största skillnaden mellan dessa byggmetoder var byggtiden. För det prefabricerade våtrummet tog det 34 veckor att framställa och för det platsbyggda tog det 102 veckor. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att det prefabricerade våtrummet produktionstekniskt blir det billigare alternativet endast om omfattning av projektet är tillräckligt stort, dock kan det vara ett bättre val ur ett kvalité- och tidsperspektiv. En rekommendation vid val av denna metod är att entreprenören behöver vara delaktig i ett tidigt skede för att minska byggtid och kostnad. Vid projekt med flera olika typbadrum rekommenderas att kombinera den prefabricerade metoden med den platsbyggda, då moduler inte går att implementera för exempelvis mindre WC. På grund av det höga trycket på marknaden kan det vara svårt att få tag på material och arbetskraft vilket kan leda till konsekvenser för slutresultatet. Vid pressade tids- och kostnadsförhållanden så kan prefabricerade moduler vara att föredra då de framställs i fabrik med en löpandebandprincip. / The premise of this thesis is a comparison study of which prefabricated bathroom modules are compared to on-site built bathrooms from an economic, time and quality standpoint. This work is done in collaboration with Gunnar Prefab AB where a survey is carried out based on 300 fictitious bathrooms. The main objective of this work is to develop a cost estimate, a timeline and the quality aspects for each method. The purpose is to provide guidance when choosing what production method is the most optimal choice when producing bathrooms. The comparison is based on a self-made quantity list and the bathrooms are examined under arbitrary conditions in new production. The survey has also been limited to one contractor and one specific architectural plan. The thesis starts off with a theoretical reference framework which is considered as the foundation of this report. In this chapter, an explanation is carried out on how the production of a bathroom is constructed for each method and the theory behind the production of a cost estimate. Lastly, an explanation is given on how the timeline and the quality aspects are developed throughout the project. The following subheading presents the approach of calculating direct and common costs and the implementation of the comparison in time and quality. It proved difficulties to make a cost comparison based on a project as large as 300 bathrooms do to that literature in this subject showed different figures revolving the cost issue. The result of collected quotes and cost calculations gives a total of 17 533 544 kronor for the prefabricated bathroom modules and 18 290 691 kronor for the built on-site bathrooms. To compare the quality and its advantages, disadvantages and quality- and management systems were examined from a quality point of view. The results concluded that the quality of the prefabricated modules was slightly better due to the fact that they were manufactured under a controlled environment. The main difference between said construction methods was the construction time. For the prefabricated bathrooms it took 34 weeks to produce and for the built on-site bathroom it took 102 weeks. The conclusion of this thesis is that the prefabricated bathroom could be the cheaper option only if the project would be of a larger scale and could be a better choice from a time-saving perspective. One recommendation when selecting this method is that the contractor needs to be involved from an early stage in order to reduce construction time and lower the costs. For projects with several different type of bathrooms where they have different layouts, it is recommended to combine the prefabricated method with the built on-site, as modules can’t be implemented for plans with smaller WC. Due to the high pressure on the market, it can be difficult to obtain materials and labour, which can lead to consequences for the end result. In projects where time and cost is of essence, the prefabricated modules may be preferable when produced in a factory that runs by the assembly line principle.

This paper examines the integration of geometric and feature cues in spatial memory with a modified version of the spatial reorientation task. Proponents of the geometric module position argue that there is an encapsulated reorientation module, and that true reorientation is accomplished only via geometry (Lee & Spelke, 2010). Features can be used in a second and separate step, but only to locate a goal rather than as a reorientation cue. In contrast, proponents of the adaptive combination approach argue that geometry and feature cues are integrated in spatial memory and that both cues can be used to facilitate reorientation (Newcombe & Ratliff, 2007). The present experiment provides support for the adaptive combination position. The first phase of the experiment was a reorientation task in a trapezoid enclosure (unambiguous geometry) with a narrow feature strip (unambiguous feature). During training, participants started facing a set direction, were disoriented, and then were asked to return to the original facing direction using the geometry, the feature, or both. During these training trials, participants were biased in the direction of the feature, indicating that both features and geometry might be integrated in a Bayesian fashion in spatial memory. The test trials provided additional support for integration and the adaptive combination position. There were four conflict test conditions where the feature moved in relation to the geometry present in training. When the feature moved a small distance in the direction of the geometry, when the feature moved to a novel wall, or when the feature moved a small distance away from the geometry of an acute corner angle, participants selected the correct geometric position. In contrast, when the feature moved a small distance away from the geometry of an obtuse corner angle or when the feature moved a moderate distance away from the geometry of either an acute or an obtuse angle, participants integrated their response and selected and area between the training geometry and feature. The modularity position predicts choices exclusively at the geometry position. This was not found. The adaptive combination position predicts that features and geometry will sometimes be used independently and crucially can be integrated. The data support this position. In sum, the present research provides the first evidence for integration of geometric and feature cues in adult spatial memory during reorientation, and supports the adaptive combination position. Additionally, a mini spatial battery was administered to participants. Correlations of individual differences in spatial skills with reorientation in this paradigm are discussed. / Psychology

Road transports face increasing societal challenges with respect to emissions, safety, and traffic congestion, as well as business challenges. Truck automation, e.g. self-driving trucks may be utilized to address some of these issues. Autonomous transport vehicles may be characterized as Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). A drawback is that CPS significantly increase technical complexity and thus introduce new challenges to system architecting. A product architecture is the interrelation between physical components and their function, i.e. their purpose. Product architectures can be categorized as being modular or integral. The main purpose of a modular architecture is to enable external variety and at the same time internal commonality. Products with a modular architecture are configured from predesigned building blocks, i.e. modules. A stable module, which is a carrier of main function(s) has standardized interfaces, is configured for company-specific reasons, which means it supports a company-specific (business) strategy. In this thesis, the present state at the heavy vehicle manufacturer Scania, concerning product architecting, modularization, product description and configuration is investigated. Moreover, a new clustering based method for product modularization that integrates product complexity and company business strategies is proposed. The method is logically verified with multiple industrial cases, where the architecture of a heavy truck driveline is used as a test bench. The driveline contains synergistic configurations of mechanical, electrical and software technologies that are constituents of an automated  and/or semi-autonomous system, i.e. the driveline may be characterized as a CPS. The architecture is analyzed both from technical complexity and business strategy point of view.  The presented research indicates that a structured methodology which supports the development of the product architecture is needed at Scania, to enable control of the increasing technical complexity in the Cyber-Physical Systems. Finally, configuration rules are identified to be highly important in order to successfully realize a modular product architecture. A drawback with this approach is that the solution space becomes hard to identify, therefore a complete and flexible product description methodology is essential. The results from the case studies indicate that clustering of a Product Architecture DSM may result in a modular architecture with significantly reduced complexity, but with clusters that contain conflicting module drivers. It is also identified that the new modularization methodology is capable of identifying and proposing reasonable module candidates that address product complexity as well as company-specific strategies. Furthermore, several case studies show that the proposed method can be used for analyzing and finding the explicit and/or implicit, technical as well as strategic, reasons behind the architecture of an existing product.

The emergence of the Intel Pentium TM processor necessitates that a dedicated converter, the voltage regulator module (VRM), be physically located very close to the processor in computer power systems. The efficiency and transient response specifications of the VRM place contradictory requirements on the inductance. This dissertation discusses possible VRM inductor designs to improve efficiency without compromising transient responses. The multi-channel interleaving buck converter is the most popular topology for present VRMs. Analysis in this work shows that the small-signal model of an n-channel interleaving buck can be simplified as a single buck converter. The equivalent inductance is 1/n of the inductance in the interleaving channel. The equivalent switching frequency is n times the switching frequency in each channel. Through the transient response analysis, the critical inductance of the VRM is identified. The critical inductance is a tradeoff point between transient response and efficiency. The inductances smaller than the critical inductance have equal transient responses. For the inductances larger than the critical inductance, the VRM transient voltage spikes increase with the inductance. The critical inductance is the largest inductance that gives the fastest transient responses. The critical inductance is a function of the control bandwidth and the load transient steps. Although multi-channel interleaving reduces the current ripple stress on the output capacitors, it cannot reduce the current ripples in each channel. The large current ripples reduce the efficiency of the VRM. With the proposed concept of integrated coupling inductors between channels, the converters have larger equivalent inductances in steady-state operation and smaller equivalent inductances in transient response. The steady-state current ripples can be reduced without compromising the transient response. The overall efficiency of the converter is improved. In order to evaluate the application of the coupling inductor concept in multi-channels, an appropriate magnetic model is required. This dissertation proposes a flux reluctance model for the core and winding structures. With this reluctance model and mathematical transformations, the coupled inductors can be decoupled in the electric circuit simulation model. This reduces the complexity of the model when a large number of inductors are coupled. The model can be easily scaled to model the structures that involve more inductors. Examples are presented to show the application of this proposed model. / Ph. D.

The goal of this dissertation is to present a systematic approach to integrating the multidisciplinary design process in power electronics through the integration of existing CAD tools, multidisciplinary modeling and system optimization. Two major benefits are expected from the utilization of the proposed integrated design methodology. Firstly, it will significantly speed up the design process and will eliminate errors resulting from repeated manual data entry and information exchange. Secondly, the integrated design optimization will result in better utilization of materials and components. In order to understand the basic relationship between electrical and thermal phenomena, the self-heating effect of a simple copper conductor is modeled analytically. Based on these models, a guideline for copper trace design is proposed. The next step towards developing an integrated design methodology is to create threedimensional solid-body-based models that characterize the electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. The electrical model of an integrated power electronics module (IPEM), including parasitic parameters, is developed and experimentally verified with impedance measurements. Together with the thermal model, it lays the foundation for the integrated electrical and thermal analysis and design. The software integration framework is presented along with the software tools chosen for this study, which include Saber for electrical circuit simulation, Maxwell Q3D Extractor for parameter extraction, and I-DEAS for geometry and thermal modeling. Each of these software tools is controlled via its own macro language files. iSIGHT is then used to interface with these tools in order to achieve software integration. The DC-DC IPEM layout design is investigated and improved upon by using the integrated design methodology. Several examples of parametric study are presented. The first example shows the tradeoff between electrical and thermal performance for different ceramic layer thicknesses of module substrate. The next example looks at the commonmode noise problem that exists in different direct-bonded copper (DBC) layouts. / Ph. D.