Актуальность магистерской диссертации заключается в использовании нейронных сетей для решения плохо формализованных задач в интеллектуальном анализе данных. Рост объемов информации, а также расширение круга технически сложных задач принятия решений требуют систематизации существующих методов и разработки новых методик и алгоритмов решения. В магистерской диссертации рассматривается возможность применения нейронной сети при решении задачи распознавания эмоций человека. Основной целью работы является выбор информационной модели нейросети и реализация алгоритма распознавания двигательной активности лица. Нейронная сеть должна быть оптимальна по внутренней структуре, способу управления информационными потоками между нейронами. Выбранная информационная модель будет использована для решения практической задачи. Основными задачами диссертационной работы являются: 1) Изучение существующих видов искусственных интеллектуальных систем, а также методов их функционирования. 2) Изучение основных видов информационных моделей искусственных нейронных сетей. Выбор оптимальной информационной модели нейронной сети для решения задачи распознавания эмоций. 3) Изучение существующих методов распознавания мимики и выделение универсальных методов среди них. 4) Реализация и описание алгоритма распознавания двигательной активности лица и решение практической задачи. Объектом данного исследования являются подходы, методы распознавания мимических выражений. Предметом исследования являются информационные модели искусственных нейронных сетей, а также описание алгоритма распознавания двигательной активности лица для решения практической задачи Научная новизна магистерской диссертации заключается в использовании технологий нейросетей (информационных моделей), а также системы двигательной активности лица для реализации алгоритма распознавания эмоций человека. Практическая значимость диссертационной работы: результаты работы могут быть использованы при решении задач интеллектуального анализа данных, в решении сложных технических задач видеоанализа. Результаты работы предполагают последующую реализацию собственной методики распознавания двигательной активности лица. / In the master's thesis, the possibility of using a neural network for solving the problem of recognizing human emotions is considered. The growth of information and expansion of the range of technically complex decision-making problems require the systematization of the existing methods and develop new methods and algorithms. The main goal of the work is the choice of the information model of the neural network and the implementation of the algorithm for recognizing the motor activity of the human face. The practical significance of the work is that the results of the work can be used in solving problems of data mining, in solving complex technical problems of video analysis. The results suggest the subsequent implementation of the recognition techniques of the motor activity of a human face.

The study proposes an ecosystemic approach as an intervention for attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity, traditionally known as AD/HD. A literature study of AD/HD is presented first as a psycho-educational frame of reference. The focus then shifts to the symtoms of AD/DH to move closer to the possible underlying causes of these symptoms. In doing so, the focus changes from AD/HD as a diagnosis to attentional difficulties and heightened motor activity as presenting symptoms. Attention and motor activity as constructs are investigated in terms of their neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and neuro-physiological aspects. Furthermore, neurodevelopment, physiological stress, neurodevelopmental delay, information processing systems, sensory-motor subsystems and integration as constructs are investigated to understand their role in attention and modulation of motor activity. The study of attention and motor activity and their associated neurological factors motivates an alternative, ecosystemic method of intervention. The proposed approach includes an investigation into internal and external biochemical ecosystems such as environmental pollutants, deficiencies of essential nutrients and genetic deficiencies of the immune system. Other aspects such as time, maturation and neurodevelopment are also considered as well as the gentle interplay between these aspects. The therapeutic intervention includes sound therapy, neurodevelopmental movement activities, EEG neurofeedback and nutrition. Experimental research with a sample population of 12 diagnosed grade 4 and 5 AD/HD learners over a 11 week period was conducted. Statistically significant improvements in aspects of attention were noted using 2 standardised instruments and verification through parent interviews in the first and second experimental groups. Statistically significant improvements were noted in aspects of motor activity (a decline in hyperactive behaviour) in the second experimental group with verification from teacher interviews. Additionally, children in the first experimental group improved significantly more than children in the control group with regards to mathematic skills. The second experimental group showed significant improvement with large effect sizes on reading, mathematic skills and spelling. In conclusion, the statistically significant results obtained with the proposed approach motivates implementation, with improvements in attention, motor activity control and academic performance as a prospect. / Psychology of Education / D. Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Introduction: L’arthrose est une maladie fréquente chez le chien. Même si des traitements palliatifs ont prouvé leur efficacité pour soulager les signes cliniques associés, aucun n’a permis de restaurer la structure des cartilages ou la fonction des patients. De nouvelles modalités de traitement sont proposées mais très peu d’évidences existent quant à leur efficacité. Un problème récurrent pour apporter plus d’évidence est le manque d’outils d’évaluation dûment validés. Objectif: Evaluer l’efficacité d’une diète contenant de la moule verte, ainsi que la validité de différentes méthodes pour évaluer les effets de ce traitement sur la condition arthrosique de chiens de propriétaire. Méthodes: Une étude prospective croisée contrôlée en aveugle a été conduite sur 30 chiens de propriétaires. Leur condition était stable et non traitée. Ils ont reçu une diète contrôle pendant 30 jours puis la diète thérapeutique pendant 60 jours. A J0 (inclusion), J30 (fin de la période contrôle) et J90 (fin du traitement), les concentrations plasmatiques en acides gras ω–3 (EPA et DHA), le pic de force verticale (PVF – critère de référence), un questionnaire multifactoriel standardisé (MFQ), et la conductance électrodermique (EDA) ont été mesurés. Deux fois par semaine, les propriétaires remplissaient un questionnaire sur la fonction spécifique à leur animal (CODI). L’activité locomotrice (actimétrie) a été enregistrée en continu sur 7 chiens. Résultats: Aucun effet secondaire n’a été documenté excepté une augmentation du poids des chiens durant la période traitement. La localisation -thoracique ou pelvienne- du membre étudié et le poids ont interagi avec PVF. Les taux d’EPA et DHA ont augmenté durant la période traitement (p=0.026 et p<0.001, respectivement), tout comme PVF corrigé pour l’effet du poids et de la localisation du membre (p=0.003). La validité technique de PVF a été vérifiée. La validité technique et selon-critère du CODI ont été vérifiées. MFQ n’a pas montré d’homogénéité suffisante entre ses différents composants, bien que les résultats du composite convergent partiellement avec PVF. L’EDA n’a pas montré de validité technique suffisante. L’actimétrie a montré une validité technique satisfaisante ainsi que des résultats convergeant avec ceux de PVF. Conclusions: La méthode choisie comme référence a montré un effet bénéfique de la diète testée et sa validité technique a été vérifiée. À la fois, CODI et l’actimétrie ont été validés. La validité d’EDA et de MFQ a été remise en question. L’actimétrie a donné des résultats prometteurs, probablement complémentaires de PVF. / Background: Osteoarthritis is a frequent disease in dogs. Even though palliative treatments have been proven efficient in alleviating the associated clinical signs, none restored structure of the cartilage or complete function of the patients. New modalities have been proposed but evidence of their effects is weak. The weakness of the evidence is partially explained by the rare validation of the methods of assessment. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a diet containing green-lipped mussel, as well as technical and concurrent validity of different assessment instruments for measuring the effects of a treatment on the osteoarthritic condition of client-owned dogs. Methods: A prospective blinded controlled crossover study was performed on 30 client-owned dogs, suffering from stable and non-treated osteoarthritis. They received a 30-day control diet, followed by a 60-day experimental therapeutic diet. Punctual methods of assessment included Peak of Vertical Force (PVF – “gold standard”), standardized MultiFactorial Questionnaire (MFQ) and ElectroDermal Activity (EDA), and were assessed at D0 (inclusion), D30 (end of control) and D90 (end of treatment). Twice a week, the owners completed a case-specific functional (CODI) assessment. Motor activity (actimetry) was continuously recorded on seven dogs. Results: No side effects were observed except the dogs gained weight during the second period. The location of the affected limb, thoracic or pelvic, as well as the body weight interfered with PVF. Both EPA and DHA increased during treatment (p=0.026 and p<0.001, respectively), as well as PVF after adjustment for location of the limb and weight (p=0.003). The technical validity of PVF was confirmed. Technical and concurrent validity of CODI were documented. The reliability of MFQ was insufficient since the individual components did not show homogeneity. However, concurrent validity of the composite scale was partially noted. Preliminary results proved the technical and concurrent validity of actimetry. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The “gold standard” method, PVF, showed a beneficial effect of the tested diet and its technical validity was verified. CODI and actimetry have been validated. The validity of MFQ and EDA has been questioned. Actimetry showed promising results, possibly complementing PVF.

Bien que l’imagerie motrice positive ait été bien étudiée et est utilisée en réhabilitation, l’effet de l’imagerie motrice négative est beaucoup moins connu. Le but de cette recherche était de définir si l’intention et/ou l’imagerie motrice négative serait en mesure de réduire l’effet d’une stimulation magnétique transcrânienne (SMT) sur le cortex moteur. Vingt participants ont reçu trente stimulations de SMT dans trois situations différentes : En restant passif, en portant une attention particulière aux sensations dans leur main ou en tentant de réduire l’effet de la SMT. La moitié des participants ont utilisé une stratégie d’imagerie motrice, l’autre moitié leur intention. Dans les deux cas, l’amplitude dans la condition de modulation n’a pas été réduite de façon significative. / Although positive motor imagery has been widely studied and is used in rehabilitation, the effect of negative motor imagery on our motor system is less well understood. Our goal was to ascertain whether intention and/or negative visual imagery is effective in decreasing the twitch resulting from transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex. Twenty participants received 30 TMS stimulations in three different conditions: remaining passive, paying particular attention to the sensations in their hand, and attempting to modulate the amplitude of the resulting movement. To do this, half the participants used an imagery strategy, whereas the other half used an intention strategy. In both cases, amplitude in the modulation condition was not significantly reduced.

Introduction: L’arthrose est une maladie fréquente chez le chien. Même si des traitements palliatifs ont prouvé leur efficacité pour soulager les signes cliniques associés, aucun n’a permis de restaurer la structure des cartilages ou la fonction des patients. De nouvelles modalités de traitement sont proposées mais très peu d’évidences existent quant à leur efficacité. Un problème récurrent pour apporter plus d’évidence est le manque d’outils d’évaluation dûment validés. Objectif: Evaluer l’efficacité d’une diète contenant de la moule verte, ainsi que la validité de différentes méthodes pour évaluer les effets de ce traitement sur la condition arthrosique de chiens de propriétaire. Méthodes: Une étude prospective croisée contrôlée en aveugle a été conduite sur 30 chiens de propriétaires. Leur condition était stable et non traitée. Ils ont reçu une diète contrôle pendant 30 jours puis la diète thérapeutique pendant 60 jours. A J0 (inclusion), J30 (fin de la période contrôle) et J90 (fin du traitement), les concentrations plasmatiques en acides gras ω–3 (EPA et DHA), le pic de force verticale (PVF – critère de référence), un questionnaire multifactoriel standardisé (MFQ), et la conductance électrodermique (EDA) ont été mesurés. Deux fois par semaine, les propriétaires remplissaient un questionnaire sur la fonction spécifique à leur animal (CODI). L’activité locomotrice (actimétrie) a été enregistrée en continu sur 7 chiens. Résultats: Aucun effet secondaire n’a été documenté excepté une augmentation du poids des chiens durant la période traitement. La localisation -thoracique ou pelvienne- du membre étudié et le poids ont interagi avec PVF. Les taux d’EPA et DHA ont augmenté durant la période traitement (p=0.026 et p<0.001, respectivement), tout comme PVF corrigé pour l’effet du poids et de la localisation du membre (p=0.003). La validité technique de PVF a été vérifiée. La validité technique et selon-critère du CODI ont été vérifiées. MFQ n’a pas montré d’homogénéité suffisante entre ses différents composants, bien que les résultats du composite convergent partiellement avec PVF. L’EDA n’a pas montré de validité technique suffisante. L’actimétrie a montré une validité technique satisfaisante ainsi que des résultats convergeant avec ceux de PVF. Conclusions: La méthode choisie comme référence a montré un effet bénéfique de la diète testée et sa validité technique a été vérifiée. À la fois, CODI et l’actimétrie ont été validés. La validité d’EDA et de MFQ a été remise en question. L’actimétrie a donné des résultats prometteurs, probablement complémentaires de PVF. / Background: Osteoarthritis is a frequent disease in dogs. Even though palliative treatments have been proven efficient in alleviating the associated clinical signs, none restored structure of the cartilage or complete function of the patients. New modalities have been proposed but evidence of their effects is weak. The weakness of the evidence is partially explained by the rare validation of the methods of assessment. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a diet containing green-lipped mussel, as well as technical and concurrent validity of different assessment instruments for measuring the effects of a treatment on the osteoarthritic condition of client-owned dogs. Methods: A prospective blinded controlled crossover study was performed on 30 client-owned dogs, suffering from stable and non-treated osteoarthritis. They received a 30-day control diet, followed by a 60-day experimental therapeutic diet. Punctual methods of assessment included Peak of Vertical Force (PVF – “gold standard”), standardized MultiFactorial Questionnaire (MFQ) and ElectroDermal Activity (EDA), and were assessed at D0 (inclusion), D30 (end of control) and D90 (end of treatment). Twice a week, the owners completed a case-specific functional (CODI) assessment. Motor activity (actimetry) was continuously recorded on seven dogs. Results: No side effects were observed except the dogs gained weight during the second period. The location of the affected limb, thoracic or pelvic, as well as the body weight interfered with PVF. Both EPA and DHA increased during treatment (p=0.026 and p<0.001, respectively), as well as PVF after adjustment for location of the limb and weight (p=0.003). The technical validity of PVF was confirmed. Technical and concurrent validity of CODI were documented. The reliability of MFQ was insufficient since the individual components did not show homogeneity. However, concurrent validity of the composite scale was partially noted. Preliminary results proved the technical and concurrent validity of actimetry. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The “gold standard” method, PVF, showed a beneficial effect of the tested diet and its technical validity was verified. CODI and actimetry have been validated. The validity of MFQ and EDA has been questioned. Actimetry showed promising results, possibly complementing PVF.

Problématique : Les prématurés évoluent dans l’unité néonatale qui présente une intensité lumineuse parfois forte et variable, ce qui a pour effet de provoquer une instabilité physiologique, ainsi qu’une augmentation du niveau d’activité motrice chez ces derniers. Par ailleurs, le contrôle de l’éclairage à l’unité néonatale favorise la stabilité physiologique et réduit le niveau d’activité motrice des prématurés. Deux méthodes de contrôle de l’éclairage ont été étudiées, soit l’éclairage tamisé constant et l’éclairage cyclique. Or, la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage la plus appropriée au système nerveux immature des prématurés est inconnue et il y a ambivalence en ce qui concerne les résultats des études ayant évalué ces deux modes de contrôle de l’éclairage. But : Le but de cette étude était de mesurer les effets de l’éclairage cyclique versus l’éclairage tamisé constant sur la stabilité physiologique et le niveau d’activité motrice de prématurés nés entre 28 et 32 semaines d’âge gestationnel. Méthode : Un essai clinique randomisé a été réalisé. Les 38 prématurés recrutés dans une unité néonatale de niveaux II et III d’un hôpital universitaire, ont été randomisés dans l’un des deux groupes d’intervention, soit le groupe exposé à l’éclairage tamisé constant ou celui exposé à l’éclairage cyclique. Ces deux types d’éclairage ont été appliqués pendant 24 heures. La stabilité physiologique a été mesurée par le score Stability of the Cardio Respiratory System in Premature Infants (SCRIP) et le niveau d’activité motrice a été mesuré avec un accéléromètre (Actiwatch®). L’intensité lumineuse à laquelle les prématurés ont été exposés a été mesurée de façon continue à l’intérieur de l’incubateur à l’aide d’un photomètre. Résultats : L’analyse des données révèle qu’il n’y aucune différence significative entre les deux groupes d’intervention en ce qui a trait à la stabilité physiologique (valeur-p du score SCRIP de 0,54 à 0,96) et au niveau d’activité motrice (valeur-p de 0,09 à 0,88). Les participants des deux groupes ont manifesté une stabilité physiologique et un niveau d’activité motrice comparables. Conclusion : Des interventions de contrôle de l’éclairage doivent être adoptées à l’unité néonatale, que ce soit des interventions qui permettent la mise en œuvre de l’éclairage cyclique ou de l’éclairage tamisé constant, dans le but de favoriser l’adaptation du prématuré à l’environnement de l’unité néonatale. Des recherches additionnelles sont requises afin d’identifier la méthode de contrôle de l’éclairage (éclairage cyclique ou éclairage tamisé constant) qui doit être implantée à l’unité néonatale. / Problem statement: After birth, preterm infants evolve in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) characterized by a high and variable lighting which differs significantly from the dimmed intra-uterine environment. Exposure to high or variable NICU lighting can create physiological instability in preterm infants as well as increasing their motor activity level. An appropriate control of the NICU lighting can prevent the adverse effects of exposing infants to inadequate levels of lighting. To date, it appears that two methods of lighting control have been discussed and studied: near dark lighting and cycled lighting. At the same time, it is acknowledged that there is ambiguity about the results of studies which have evaluated these two NICU lighting methods. Therefore, the optimal NICU lighting remains unknown and further research is needed to identify the lighting mode witch promote preterm infant’s adaptation to the NICU environment. Purpose: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of cycled lighting versus near dark lighting on the physiological stability and motor activity level of preterm infants born between 28 and 32 weeks of gestation. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) allowed the assessment of preterm infants' physiological stability and motor activity level. 38 preterm infants born between 28 to 32 weeks of gestational age were recruited from a level II and III NICU university affiliated hospital. Each infant were randomly allocated to one of the following groups for 24 hours: cycled lighting or near dark lighting. Physiological stability was assessed by the SCRIP score, while the motor activity level was evaluated by an accelerometer (Actiwatch®). The light intensity level was continuously measured with a light meter to ensure that the lighting mode assigned was respected. Results: The analysis conducted indicates no significant difference between the two intervention groups in regard to physiological stability (score SCRIP = p-value 0.54 to 0.96) and the motor activity level (p- value 0.09 to 0.88). This lack of significant difference between the two groups indicates that the participants in the two groups demonstrated a comparable physiological stability state and a comparable level of motor activity when exposed to near dark lighting or cycled lighting. Conclusion: Guidelines to decrease bright light, either near dark or cycled light should be adopted in NICUs to control preterm infant’s’ exposure to light. Further research is required to identify the method of lighting control (cycled lighting or near dark lighting) which should be implanted in the neonatal unit.

A marcha é um importante biomarcador na evolução funcional das crianças com distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD). A escala de Avaliação Funcional - domínio marcha (FES-DMD-DOMÍNIO MARCHA) foi desenvolvida e teve sua confiabilidade demonstrada em estudo prévio. Atualmente, as escalas funcionais são necessárias para fundamentação da tomada de decisão clínica e como medidas de desfecho em pesquisas científicas e, para tanto, devem ser confiáveis, validas e responsivas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a responsividade da FES-DMD-domínio marcha no período de um ano, considerando suas três fases e o escore total. Trata-se de estudo observacional, longitudinal e retrospectivo. Foi estudada amostra de 160 avaliações funcionais a partir de filmagens de 32 crianças com DMD (5 a 15 anos). A atividade da marcha foi pesquisada com intervalos de avaliações de 3 meses, totalizando 5 coletas (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 meses). A responsividade foi analisada por meio dos testes estatísticos tamanho do efeito (TE) e resposta média padronizada (RMP). A responsividade nos intervalos de avaliação de três meses foi considerada de baixa a moderada para as três fases da escala (TE variando de 0.12 a 0.34 e MRP variando de 0.27 a 0.80); de baixa a alta para os intervalos de avaliação de seis meses (TE variando de 0.36 a 0.72 e MRP variando de 0.37 a 1.10); de moderada a alta para os intervalos de avaliação de nove meses (TE variando de 0.70 a 1.0 e MRP variando de 0.50 a 1.43) e alta no período de avaliação de um ano (TE variando de 0.74 a 1.34 e MRP variando de 0.88 a 1.53). O domínio marcha da FES-DMD se mostrou responsivo a partir do intervalo de três meses, aumentado sua capacidade de resposta ao longo das avaliações em até 12 meses. Recomenda-se o uso da FES-DMD-domínio marcha a partir do intervalo de seis meses, que apresenta responsividade, no mínimo moderada para fins de pesquisa, embora seu uso a partir de intervalos de avaliação de três meses possa oferecer informações relevantes nas tomadas de decisão clínico-fisioterapêuticas / March is an important biomarker in the functional evaluation of children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The Functional Scale Evaluation -march domain (FES-DMD-march domain) was developed and its reliability was demonstrated in a previous study. Currently, functional scales are necessary for the reasoning of clinical decision making and as an outcome measure in scientific research and to do so, must be reliable, valid and responsive. The aim of this study was to determine the responsiveness of the FES-DMD-march domain in a one year follow up, considering its three phases and the total score. It is an observational, longitudinal and retrospective study. A sample of 160 functional assessments from filming of 32 children with DMD (5-15 years) was studied. The course of the activity was studied at three monthly intervals evaluations totaling 5 samples (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months). Responsiveness was analyzed by statistical tests named effect size (ES) and standardized response mean (SRM). The responsiveness in the three-month evaluation intervals analyzed was considered low to moderate for the three phases of the scale (ES ranging from 0:12 to 0:34 and SRM ranging from 0.27 to 0.80); varied from low to high for the six-months evaluation intervals (ES ranging from 0.36 to 0.72 and SRM ranging from 0:37 to 1:10); varied from moderate to high for the nine-month evaluation intervals (ES ranging from 0.70 to 1.0 and SRM ranging from 0:50 to 1:43) and was high in one year evaluation period (ES ranging from 0.74 to 1.34 and SRM ranging from 0.88 to 1.53). The domain march of the FES-DMD scale showed responsive from the three-month interval, increased their responsiveness during the evaluations within 12 months. It is recommended the use of FES-DMD-march domain from the six-month interval, which presents responsiveness, at least moderate, although its use from three-month evaluation intervals may provide relevant information in clinical-physiotherapeutic decision-making

INTRODUÇÃO: Existem dúvidas em relação à atividade física (AF) de adultos residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal no que tange à organização e à execução desta prática. Neste estudo avaliamos a prevalência de AF segundo cada uma das principais diretrizes internacionais que recomendam a AF para a promoção da saúde e exploramos as divergências e consensos na classificação do nível da AF. Avaliamos também a associação entre características sociodemográficas e comportamentais com a prática da AF, como os principais componentes da AF se relacionam na determinação do nível da AF individual e descrevemos o padrão nos portadores de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). METODOLOGIA: Os participantes foram selecionados a partir de dados prévios do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico para as estimativas sobre frequência e distribuição sociodemográfica de fatores de risco e proteção para doenças crônicas nas capitais dos 26 estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal em 2006. RESULTADOS: Foram elegíveis 54.369 participantes sendo 51,5% classificados como inativos. Houve divergências importantes na graduação da AF pelas principais diretrizes entre os ativos (Kappa = 0,4). A frequência das sessões de AF foi o aspecto que mais contribuiu para a determinação do grau de AF. Recomendação que orienta a frequência diária resultou em uma prevalência menor de AF suficiente. As que orientam volume semanal, sem determinar frequência mínima tiveram as maiores prevalências de AF suficiente. Como decorrência dessa divergência, a prevalência de AF suficiente nas cidades abordadas variou, distinguindo diferentes rankings conforme a recomendação adotada. Cerca de 90% da população ativa realizava sessões com duração entre 30 a 60 minutos e não houve diferença significante entre o grupo que alcançou e o que não alcançou a meta da recomendação. A quase totalidade (90%) dos participantes que alcançou a meta se exercitava três ou mais vezes na semana e 80% dos que não alcançaram a meta se exercitavam entre 1 a 2 vezes na semana. A caminhada, o futebol e a musculação foram as modalidades de exercício físico ou esporte mais frequentes. Encontramos maior prevalência de AF em homens. Negros e amarelos foram fisicamente mais ativos, e a AF diminuiu com a idade, com menor escolaridade e com viuvez. Aproximadamente 65% da população consideraram a sua saúde boa ou excelente e entre os que a consideraram ruim, a maioria estava inativa. O deslocamento ativo e a dieta hipocalórica são características predominantes dos participantes ativos. O tabagismo foi mais frequente entre os inativos e o maior consumo de bebidas alcoólicas ocorreu entre os ativos. As pessoas fisicamente ativas mais frequentemente conheciam instalações próprias para a prática de AF nas proximidades de suas moradias. A inatividade física (62%) foi uma característica destacada entre os participantes portadores de DCNT. No conjunto 70% dos portadores de alguma DCNT não alcançaram a recomendação mínima de AF. CONCLUSÕES: O nível de AF variou muito entre as diretrizes que recomendam a AF. Para uma boa parte desta população, a resposta para a pergunta: \"estou fazendo AF suficiente para a minha saúde?\" Pode ser simultaneamente \"sim\" e \"não\", dependendo do critério da recomendação escolhida. Dentre os insuficientemente ativos, a duração do esforço em cada sessão foi adequada na maioria dos relatos, o que tornou a AF insuficiente foi a baixa frequência. Pensar estratégias que aumentem a frequência semanal para 2 a 3 dias pode elevar o nível de AF para 90% dos insuficientemente ativos / INTRODUCTION: In regards to the organization and implementation of physical activity (PA), there are many doubts related to the PA in adults residing in the capitals of the federation and in the Federal District. This study evaluated the prevalence of PA according to each of the main international guidelines that recommends the practice of PA for good health, explores its divergences, and also the concordances of the PA level classification. We also evaluated the association between the sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics to the practice of PA. More specifically, we focused on how the main components of the PA relates to themselves to determine the level of individual PA and which patterns are present in patients with chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCD). METHODOLOGY: Participants were selected from previous data that the System of Risk Factors Surveillance and Chronic Diseases Protection Telephone Survey, which was used for the estimation of frequency and sociodemographic distribution of risk and protective factors for chronic diseases in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District in 2006. RESULTS: There were 54,369 eligible participants of which 51.5% classified as inactive. There were important divergences in the PA graduation by the main guidelines among the active participants (Kappa = 0.4). The PA session frequency was the main reason that most contributed to the determination of the PA degree. The recommendation, which guides the daily frequency, resulted in the lowest prevalence of enough PA. The recommendations that guide weekly volume without determining minimum frequency had the highest prevalence of enough PA. As a result of this divergence, the prevalence of enough PA in the addressed cities ranged in different distinguishing rankings according to the adopted recommendation. About 90% of the active population performed sessions which lasted between 30 to 60 minutes. From this data, it was evident that there was no significant difference between the group which achieved the recommended PA and the the group which did not achieve the goal of the recommended PA level. Almost all of the participants (90%) who achieved the goal of recommended PA levels exercised three or more times a week and 80% of those who did not reach the goal exercised between 1 to 2 times a week. Trekking, soccer and weightlifting were the most frequent physical exercise modalities or sports performed. We found a higher prevalence of PA in men than in women. Furthermore, the study showed that Blacks and Yellows were more physically active. The amount PA level decreased with age, decreased amongst those with less education and amongst those who were widowed. Approximately 65% of the population considered their health good or excellent and among those who considered it bad, the majority were inactive. Active commuting and hypocaloric diets are predominant characteristics of the active participants. Smoking was more common among the inactive participants but higher alcohol consumption occurred among those that were active. Physically active people frequently knew more suitable facilities for the PA practice near their homes. Physical inactivity (62%) was a prominent characteristic among the participants suffering from CNCD. Overall, 70% of the participants suffering from any CNCD did not attain the minimum recommendations of PA. CONCLUSIONS: The PA levels varied widely among the guidelines that recommend PA. For a large portion of the population, the answer to the question of whether one is doing enough PA for ones health can simultaneously be \"yes\" and \"no\", depending on the criterion of the chosen recommendation. Among the insufficiently active population, the exercise duration in each session was adequate enough in most reports but what made the PA insufficient was the low frequency. Thinking about strategies to increase the weekly frequency for 2 to 3 days can raise the level of PA for 90% of the insufficiently active population

INTRODUÇÃO: Promover a atividade física na atenção básica passa por mudar sua representação social, de técnica curativa e reparadora, junto aos profissionais de saúde. Isto se dará, dentre outras ações, pela educação transformadora do ser, a partir da problematização do mundo em que vive, em consonância com a proposta da Política Nacional de Educação Permanente, que rege as ações de formação em saúde na Estratégia de Saúde da Família. OBJETIVO: Construir e avaliar um programa educativo com os profissionais das equipes de saúde da família para a promoção de atividade física. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção com grupo controle, com trabalhadores de saúde de duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde de Ermelino Matarazzo, Município de São Paulo. O programa educativo foi composto de seis encontros de uma hora e meia de duração, entre julho e outubro de 2010. Os referenciais teóricos da construção do programa foram a Teoria Educacional de Paulo Freire e a Educação Permanente. Para o processo de investigação temática, foram realizados dois grupos focais ao início do estudo e para a avaliação do efeito do programa educativo sobre o significado da prática de atividade física e aconselhamento sobre atividade física, realizou-se um grupo focal com os participantes ao final do programa. Além disso, todos os encontros foram registrados pelo professor e por um observador independente. Todo o material qualitativo foi analisado segundo o método de análise da conversação e da fala. O efeito do programa sobre comportamentos de saúde relacionados à atividade física foi avaliado a partir da comparação dos grupos segundo a média das diferenças dos valores antes e depois da intervenção para as variáveis de atividade física no tempo livre e de deslocamento, o uso de televisão e de computador, e a soma de barreiras para a prática de atividade física no tempo livre, a partir do teste U de Mann-Whitney. Adotou-se como nível de significância o valor de p < 0,05 para todas as análises. RESULTADOS: O programa educativo para a promoção de atividade física teve ótima aceitação entre os ACS e auxiliares de enfermagem, tendo sido observadas alterações positivas sobre o significado da prática de atividade física e nova percepção sobre o aconselhamento feito pelos profissionais. Foram observados importantes limitantes institucionais à promoção de atividade física. CONCLUSÃO: O programa educativo promoveu alterações positivas no significado da prática de atividade física e na qualidade do aconselhamento junto aos profissionais de saúde, sendo também reconhecido por estes como espaço de diálogo e acolhimento. Entretanto, para que as potencialidades do programa sejam plenamente aproveitadas, é imprescindível superar limitantes institucionais à promoção de atividade física e de aprendizagem em serviço / INTRODUCTION: Promoting physical activity in primary care must consider changing its social representation of a curative and restorative technique from health professionals. This will occur, among other actions, by the transforming education, from questioning the world we live, according to the National Policy of Permanent Education, which guides the educational actions of the Health Family Strategy. OBJECTIVE: To construct and evaluate an education program for the promotion of physical activity together with family health teams. METHODS: We conducted a controlled intervention with workers from two primary healthcare units in Ermelino Matarazzo, municipality of Sao Paulo. The education program consisted of six meetings of one hour and a half each (nine hours total), between July and October of 2010. The theoretical frameworks for its construction were the Educational Theory of Paulo Freire and the Permanent Education. Two focus groups were held at the beginning of the program to investigate the minimum thematic universe and another focus group was held at the end to evaluate the effect of the education program on the meaning of the practice and counseling about physical activity. Also, all meetings were reported by the professor and by an independent observer. Qualitative data were analyzed using the speech and conversation analysis method. The programs effects on health behaviors related to physical activity were evaluated by comparing both groups according to free time physical activity, active commuting, use of television and computer, and the sum of barriers reported for free time physical activity practice. Mann-Whitney was used and significance level of p < 0,05 was adopted for all analysis. RESULTS: The education program for physical activity promotion had great acceptation among lay health workers and assistant nurses. Positive changes were observed in the meaning of the practice and counseling about physical activity. We also identified important institutional obstacles for physical activity promotion. CONCLUSION: The education program for physical activity promotion led to positive changes over the meaning of the practice and counseling about physical activity among health professionals, being also recognized by them as a space for dialogue and care. However, if we want to fully use all the programs potentialities, it is indispensable to overcome institutional limits for physical activity promotion and health education

Utilizou-se de um inquérito domiciliar de saúde, realizado em dois distritos administrativos de São Paulo (compreendendo uma população de 190 mil habitantes) em 2001, para se analisar o possível impacto do \"Programa de Saúde da Família\" (PSF) - QUALIS na morbidade referida e estilo de vida dos maiores de 14 anos. Utilizando-se de análise uni e multivariada, com diversas variáveis sócio-econômicas, mostrou-se que há diferenças na morbidade crônica entre as populações cobertas ou não pelo PSF. Esse fato deve-se, possivelmente, a um maior acesso à Atenção Primária por parte das populações cobertas por essa nova estratégia. Praticamente não houve diferenças em relação a estilo de vida. / A health survey, held in 2001 in two administrative districts of the city of Sao Paulo (inhabited by 190,000 people) was used to measure the impact of the \"Family Health Program\" - QUALIS in referred morbidity and lifestyle for those 15 and older. Through univariate and multivariate analysis, using several socioeconomic measures, we came to the conclusion that there are differences in chronicle morbidity between the populations attended or not by the program. It is so, possibly, due to a larger access to Primary Health System with this new strategy. There is basically no difference concerning lifestyle.