I ett BIM-projekt skapas ett flertal intelligenta 3D-modeller innehållande geometrier och information. Respektive fackområde skapar modeller innehållande sina byggdelar och installationskomponenter. Genom att samordna modellerna från alla områden skapas en BIM-modell över hela projektet. En förutsättning för att projekteringen ska effektiviseras är att modellerna håller god kvalitet. Då allt fler byggnader projekteras i 3D-miljö finns det idag goda möjligheter att underlätta arbetet med kvalitetssäkring. Det finns ett flertal programvaror där det är möjligt att sammanfoga och granska modeller. Förutom att upptäcka kollisioner och kvalitetsfel, innehåller programmen flera andra funktioner som kan effektivisera projekt. En egenskap är möjligheten att virtuellt gå omkring i en byggnad innan den uppförs. Det finns även möjlighet att mäta avstånd, rita och göra noteringar i modellen och dess vyer, vilket är till hjälp när den ska granskas av de olika disciplinerna. Bakgrunden till det här examensarbetet är att konsultföretaget Byggteknik AB vill veta vilken programvara för samordning som uppfyller deras behov bäst. Genom implementering av programvaran vill de kunna ta på sig samordningsansvaret i framtida BIM-projekt. Frågeställningen är: Vilken programvara lämpar sig bäst för konsultföretaget Byggteknik AB? Den besvarades genom att en fallstudie genomfördes. I fallstudien jämfördes tre olika programvaror för kvalitets- och kollisionskontroller; Autodesk Navisworks Manage, Solibri Model Checker och Tekla BIMsight. Svaret på frågeställningen, som presenteras i rapporten, är att Autodesk Navisworks Manage är den programvara som i dagsläget lämpar sig bäst för Byggteknik AB. / In a BIM-project several intelligent 3D-models is being created. The 3D-models contain both geometries and information. Each discipline creates models containing their building and installation components. By coordinating the models from all the disciplines, a BIM-model of the entire project is being created. A prerequisite for the design to be effective is that the models have a good quality. Today there are good opportunities to facilitate the work of quality assurance, since more and more buildings are designed in 3D. There are several softwares for merging and checking models. In addition to detecting collisions and quality defects, the software can do several tasks to make projects more effective. One feature is the ability to virtually walk around in the building before it is constructed. It is also possible to measure distances, draw and make notes in the model and its views, which is helpful when it will be reviewed by the various disciplines. The background to this thesis is that the consultancy Byggteknik AB would like to know what software for coordination that meets their needs best. By implementing the software, they want to be able to assume responsibility for coordination in future BIM-projects. The question for this thesis is: What software is best suited for the consultancy Byggteknik AB? To answer the question a case study was conducted. In the case study three different softwares for quality and collision checks was being compared. The softwares being compared were Autodesk Navisworks Manage, Solibri Model Checker and Tekla BIMsight. The answer to the question, presented in this report, is that Autodesk Navisworks Manage in the current situation is best suited for Byggteknik AB.

Idag tillämpas BIM (Building Information Modeling) som ett ledande verktyg inom byggprojektering och möjliggör lösningar som är hållbara och optimerade mellan olika discipliner för att effektivt hantera informationsflöden. Vid överföring av data mellan programvaror används ett neutralt filformat, IFC (Industry Foundation Classes). Detta filformat exporteras från 3Dmodelleringsprogrammet Tekla Structures. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att granska orsaken till saknad information vid IFC-export från Tekla Structures. Studien innefattar en fallstudie, komparativ studie samt intervjuer. I fallstudien studeras inställningarna för en IFC-export från en komplex modell i Tekla Structures. Den komparativa studien berör två samordningsprogram Solibri Model Checker och Navisworks Manage, som sedan ställs mot varandra. Det som undersöks är hur IFC-filer lämpar sig i samordningsprogrammen. Intervjuerna har legat till grund och har gett tydliga riktlinjer under arbetets gång. Resultatet av denna studie tyder på att orsakerna kring saknad information i IFC-filer är den mänskliga faktorn och bristande kunskaper av inställningarna i en IFC-export. Ytterligare resultat är jämförelsen mellan samordningsprogrammen som visar att båda är lämpade för IFC-formatet. Genom den komparativa studien har det visat att Solibri lämpar sig bättre för IFC-exporter från Tekla Structures. Med hänsyn till examensarbetets resultat är den mänskliga faktorn avgörande för informationsförluster. Den mänskliga faktorn utgör att det råder bristande kommunikation samt bristande kunskap om IFC-exporter. / Today, BIM (Building Information Modeling) is applied as a leading tool in structural design and modeling and enables solutions that are sustainable and optimized between different disciplines to effectively manage information flows. In connection with transfers between software’s a neutral file format, IFC (Industry Foundation Classes), is used. This file format is exported from the 3D-modeling program Tekla Structures. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the reason for missing information on IFC exports from Tekla Structures. The study includes a case study, comparative study and interviews In the case study, the settings for an IFC- export are studied from a complex 3D- model in Tekla Structures. The comparative study concerns two coordination programs Solibri Model Checker and Navisworks Manage, which are compared against each other. What is examined is how IFC- files are suitable in the coordination programs. The interviews have given clear guidelines during the work. The results indicate that the causes of missing information in IFC -files are the human factor and the lack of knowledge of the settings of an IFC- export. Additional to the results that was achieved are the comparison between the coordination programs shows that both programs are suitable for the IFCformat. The difference between the coordination programs is how one of them signalized the format better than the other Regarding the results, the human factor is crucial for the information loss. The human factor has shown that the lack of communication and knowledge of IFC- exports is a reason for the information loss. Through the comparative study, it has also been shown that Solibri is better suited for IFCexports from Tekla Structures.

The research on management strategies by the school principal for the managing of the female teacher with burnout, is divided into six phases. Firstly it is to determine what the nature of burnout in the female teacher is, what the causes of burnout in the female teacher is, what the causes of burnout are, which symptoms are detected by teachers suffering from burnout and what consequences the burnout in female teachers may have for the learners, colleagues, employer and for the female teacher concerned. In the second place it is shown what strategies can be applied for the managing of the female teacher suffering from burnout. A few recent models for managing burnout are explained and strategies aimed at intra- en interpersonal skills, factors related to the environment as well as group activities are discussed. In the third place it is empirically determined to what extent female teachers in d1e North West Province are suffering from burnout by means of standardised questionnaires for the measurement of burnout. Fourthly it is indicated how female teachers who differ with regard to home language, medium of instruction in their schools, years of experience and !he area where the school is situated, also differ with regard to the degree of burnout they experience. During the fifth phase of this study it is determined empirically, by means of questionnaires for principals, how principals are recently managing female teachers with burnout The first ten strategies, according to the order of preference by principals, are then discussed, Lastly directives are given. by means of a holistic management model aimed at the causes of burnout, which could be used by principals as managing strategies. These strategies deal with the professional development of the female teacher, acquirement of intra- en inter-personal skills as well as the management of demographic and environmental causes of burnout. / Thesis (PhD)--PU for CHE, 1998

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka aspekter i socialsekreterarnas yrkesutövning iorganisationen som de upplever bidrar till hög arbetsbelastning, hur de beskriver att de hanterarden och eventuellt förbättrar sin egen arbetssituation och vilka arbetsfaktorer de upplever sommeningsfulla och som gör att de fortfarande arbetar kvar inom socialtjänsten. För att besvarastudiens syfte använde vi oss av en kvalitativ forskningsansats i form av semistruktureradeintervjuer. Dessa intervjuer har sedan tolkats för att hitta likheter och skillnader som sedananalyserats med hjälp av sociologiska teorier om organisationens roll, krav och kontroll ochkänsla av sammanhang. Studiens resultat visar att socialsekreterarna i perioder upplevde högarbetsbelastning. I resultatet redogörs det även för olika strategier som socialsekreterarnaanvände sig av för att kunna hantera detta. Resultatet visade också att socialsekreterarna upplevdeatt det finns en hel del belöningar och att de ändå ser sitt arbete som meningsfullt. Vår slutsatsblev att arbetsbelastningen inte behöver vara ett problem så länge som samarbetet mellan ledningoch anställda fungerade. / The purpose of this study is to investigate which aspects of social secretaries profession in theorganization that they feel contributes to high workloads, how they describe their handling of itand how they possibly improve their work situation and what work factors they perceive asmeaningful and that makes them still work in social services. To answer the purpose of the studywe used a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews. These interviews havesince been interpreted to find similarities and differences which then has been analyzed usingsociological theories about the organization's role, requirements and control and sense ofcoherence. The study results show that social workers in periods experienced heavy workload.The result also discusses the various strategies that the social workers made use of to be able tohandle this. The results also showed that social workers felt that there are a lot of rewards andthat they still see their work as meaningful. Our conclusion was that the workload does not needto be seen as a problem as long as the cooperation between management and employees worked.

Bakgrund : Våld på arbetsplatser och då särskilt inom sjukvården är ett växande problem. Akutmottagningar utgör en av de största riskavdelningarna för sjuksköterskor att drabbas av våld från patienter och deras anhöriga. En akutmottagning har öppet dygnet runt vilket resulterar i ett stort patientflöde och en ökad arbetsbelastning för sjuksköterskor. Syfte : Syftet med litteraturöversikten är att belysa våld på akutmottagningar med fokus på sjuksköterskans upplevelser och arbetssituation. Metod : Studien genomfördes som en litteraturöversikt. Resultatet baseras på 15 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats. Resultat : Att arbeta som sjuksköterska på en akutmottagning innebär en risk för att utsättas för verbalt och/eller fysiskt våld från såväl patienter som deras medföljande. Den grupp av sjuksköterskor som oftast drabbas av våld är yngre kvinnor med kort arbetslivserfarenhet inom akutsjukvård. Det verbala våldet dominerar jämfört med fysiskt våld. Våld skapar en mängd olika känslor hos sjuksköterskor, bland annat rädsla, oro, ångest, ilska och en form av acceptans. Känslorna kan ha en inverkan på sjuksköterskors förmåga att ge en optimal vård. De flesta som utsatts för våld under sitt arbetspass valde att inte rapportera det vidare uppåt i organisationen. Slutsats : Runt om i världen visar statistik på att en nyutexaminerad ung kvinnlig sjuksköterska som börjar arbeta på en akutmottagning har en hög risk att utsättas för våld från patienter jämfört med äldre med längre erfarenhet. Sjuksköterskors arbetssituation och hälsa påverkas negativt av våld. Det ger en ökad risk för sjukskrivning och vantrivsel på arbetet. Utsatta sjuksköterskor upplever att de inte kan ge optimal omvårdnad under ett våldsamt möte. Resultatet visar också på att många sjuksköterskor efterfrågar mer utbildning och tydligare rutiner kring hantering och rapportering av våld. / Background: Violence in the health care profession is a growing problem. Emergency departments are one of the more high risk areas for nurses to be subjected to violent acts from patients and their accompanied family. An emergency department is open around the clock which results in high patient flow and an increased work load for nurses. Aim : To illustrate violence in emergency departments with an emphasis on nurses’ experiences and work situation. Method : The study was conducted as a literature review. The results are based on 15 scientific articles with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Results: Working as a nurse at an emergency department means a risk of being subjected to violence from patients and their accompanied family or friends. Most prone to be subjected to violence are younger nurses with a short work experience in emergency care. Verbal abuse dominates the physical violence. Violence create different feelings among the nurses such as fear, anxiety, anger and a form of acceptance. These feelings may have an impact on nurses’ ability in providing optimal care. Most of the nurses subjected to violence during their work chose not to report the event to their supervisors. Conclusion : International statistics shows that a recent graduate young female nurse working at an emergency department has a high statistic risk of being subjected to violence from patients and their accompanied family or friends. Nurses’ work situation and health are negatively affected by violence. This may lead to an elevated risk of the need for sick leave and dissatisfaction at work. The results implicate the need of more education and clearer routines on how to manage and report violent incidents.

The failure rate of mergers is high, with the greatest effects being felt by the employees. Company mergers result in managers burdened with extra responsibilities that often result in poor people integration management of employees. A gap in literature exists regarding people integration resources available to managers during mergers. The purpose of this phenomenological, descriptive study was to explore resources managers perceive to have available to assist with managing employees through a merger. Greenleaf's servant leadership and Herzberg's 2 factor theories were used as the study's conceptual foundation. The research questions explored managers' perceptions of the range of resources available to assist with managing employees during a merger. The snowball sampling method was used to select a sample of 14 participants for individual semi structured interviews. The target population was managers who directly managed employees during a merger while working for a North American company. The qualitative data were collected, coded, and then analyzed for themes. The key findings were that while managers perceived they were not provided resources, managers' personal experiences along with resources such as human resource personnel and other managers' expertise were used as great resources. Open communication and information exchange were critical between the manager and the employees during the merger. Managers should focus on their soft skills when they engage with the employees. Implications for positive social change include employee satisfaction and engagement, employee retention, customer satisfaction, along with business growth and development in the global market.

Efficient planning of freight transportation requires a comprehensive look at wide range of factors in the operation and man- agement of any transportation mode to achieve safe, fast, and environmentally suitable movement of goods. In this regard, a combination of transportation modes offers flexible and environmentally friendly alternatives to transport high volumes of goods over long distances. In order to reflect the advantages of each transportation mode, it is the challenge to develop models and algorithms in Transport Management System software packages. This paper discusses the principles of green logistics required in designing such models and algorithms which truly represent multiple modes and their characteristics. Thus, this research provides a unique practical contribution to green logistics literature by advancing our understanding of the multi-objective planning in intermodal freight transportation. Analysis based on a case study from hinterland intermodal transportation in Europe is therefore intended to make contributions to the literature about the potential benefits from com bining economic and environmental criteria in transportation planning. An insight derived from the experiments conducted shows that there is no need to greatly compromise on transportation costs in order to achieve a significant reduction in carbon-related emissions.

Since Montesquie's incisive differentiation of the principal forms of governance and their components, the rate at which theories of governance have been proposed has exponenetially grown now when we have a plethora of different theories on the best way to govern, lead and /or manage. Anyone interested in this topic is confronted with many conflicting schools of thought, from Weber's theory of the 'iron cage' to Wheatley's new-age concept of leadership. This seeming maze of different theories can be seen merely as different perspectives on the overall embracing concept of governance which is essentially the holistic conception and explanation of differentiated purposive human systems - about paradigms and systems that have their inception in and are limited by, human mind. The core challenge, then, is to put some order and rationale into the understanding of this 'many-headed ' concept of governance. This thesis meets this challenge by mapping out a cognitive framework that is capable of embracing and ordering all the multitudinous differentiated conceptions of human governance experienced at the different levels of society. In essence, this thesis reformulates the concept of organizational governance in terms of the metaphor of the human mind. The cognitive model of governance are embraced by the different organizations in different circumstances and why this is appropriate and necessary, how and why governance changes over time, and how it is important to institute processes of inquiry, dialogue and reflection in order to know and choose more consciously. As a consequence of using the mind metaphor to analyse governance in Western society, the key conclusion is that there has been a substantial shift or evolution in thinking from a mangerialist mindset to the more abstract politicist mindset. This fundamental shift in mindset is pervasive and influences the perspectives taken at many levels in the human governance systems. / Doctor of Philosophy (Management)

As technology continues to affect the business sector, many companies have been faced with the nesessity of transformation. Adapting to a new, more Internet based society im-plies that companies are venturing into new market channels to get their products or ser-vices out to the consumers. Simultaneously as many companies are digitalizing, they are also launching or planning to launch brand extensions. Combining the two phenomenon’s we get a corporate situation that is vaguely explored, namely how a brand extension be-tween market channels work. Further more, how can value be transferred in this process? The purpose of this thesis is to further investigate the phenomenon described above and to gain more understanding about the new situation. Therefore, the authors have chosen to conduct an empirical investigation exploring how a company can transfer brand value to a new online product or service. This was done in cooperation with the company Eniro that recently have focused their efforts from their traditional printed market channel into a digital brand extension. During the study 15 in-depth interviews with small to medium sized companies were performed, and backed up with complementary communication with managers at Eniro. Four research questions were formulated to serve as a read thread throughout the work. The main aim was to evaluate brand equity of the traditional product to then compare if this brand equity had been transferred to the new online extension. After having performed the in depth interviews with representatives from the various companies, the authors could conclude that the original product of the printed directory with the company/person Gula Sidorna held stronger brand equity than the online exten-sion despite the company’s effort to promote the extension. The authors believe the rea-sons for this could be that during the process of extending the brand, some strategic deci-sions were made that did not enable the parent brand value to be transferred to the new extension. There were however value in the new extension in terms of simplicity and speed. Being able to quickly respond to the new and dynamic market where speed to market can be an important advantage was part of the positive associations for eniro.se. In the discussion regarding the main issue of transferring brand value to a digital platform the authors found that one of the most vital aspects is having clear communication within the organisation, sending out a clear message in marketing activities, not forgetting to emphasize reliability and stability to ensure that people in all ages feel inclined to use the digital product.

In the digital industry, FTV mainly develops three kinds of business: digital TV, network and cell phone. In the aspect of digital TV, there are ¡§Follow Me TV¡¨ and ¡§Fly Vision¡¨; in the aspect of network, there are ¡§Online TV¡¨ and ¡§FTV-beauty.com¡¨ e-commerce website; and in the aspect of cell phone, there are ¡§Cell-phone TV¡¨ and ¡§FTV Master¡¨ monitoring system. This research adopts ¡§semi-structured interview¡¨ and transaction cost theory to study the motive, type and management actions of FTV strategic alliance and evaluate the performance of the strategic alliance. It is found in this research that, after FTV enters the digital industry, the network TV and transmission stations with simpler alliance motives and type have lower performance in management and see less profit. ¡§Fly Vision¡¨ and ¡§Cell-phone TV¡¨ have complicated motives, including market expansion, cost sharing, risk reducing, technology supplementing and competitive advantage increasing; they have achieved relatively stable growth due to the longer time of alliance. ¡§Follow Me TV¡¨ has the five motives of alliance; however, it fails to reach remarkable performance because the viewership rate of digital TV is not clear. ¡§FTV-beauty.com¡¨ and ¡§FTV Master¡¨ also have the five motives of alliance, but the time of market exploitation is relatively shorter, so it has just seen a relatively high growth and its performance will be steady after that.