Bakgrund: KPP står för Kostnad Per Patient, vilket är en kalkylmodell som gör det möjligt att redovisa kostnader för varje enskild patients vårdkontakt. Syftet med KPP är att bidra med information vilket möjliggör jämförelse och analys av den utförda hälso- och sjukvården. KPP-modellen har funnits sedan 80-talet, men ännu inte nått sin fulla potential, vi ansåg därför det intressant att studera användningen av KPP inom landstingen samt deras svårigheter och möjligheter. Syftet: Denna uppsats syftar till att kartlägga utbredningen och användningen av KPP i Sveriges landsting samt analysera de svårigheter och möjligheter som finns med användandet av KPP. Metod: Denna studie utgår från en tvärsnittsdesign med både kvantitativa och kvalitativa aspekter. Studiens insamlade empiri utgörs av telefonintervjuer med 15 KPP-kontaktpersoner ute i Sveriges landsting.  Kvantitativa delen redogör för KPP-användningsområden. I den kvalitativa delen analyseras svårigheter och möjligheter utifrån respondenternas perspektiv. Teoretisk referensram: Studiens teoretiska referensram består till stor del av KPP-modellen samt dess olika användningsområden inom ekonomistyrning. Vidare har vi redogjort för de relevanta ekonomistyrningsteorier som kan kopplas till KPP, vilket i grova drag är kalkylering, benchmarking samt verksamhetsuppföljning. Eftersom sjukvården är en komplex verksamhet behandlas slutligen svårigheter och problem, vilka kan uppstå i samband med ekonomistyrning inom sjukvården. Slutsats: Användningsområden för KPP är många och, största nyttan upplevs i benchmarking, kostnadsanalys samt verksamhetsuppföljning. Svårigheter med KPP-användandet hör av förklarliga skäl samman med tidpunkten vid införandet av KPP inom landstingen. För att överbygga svårigheter och problem, vilka upplevs idag ser vi att utveckling av det gemensamma språket mellan ekonomi och sjukvård är en nyckel till framgång. Genom att utveckla och förbättra arbetet med KPP kopplat till kvalitetsregister där kostnader knyts till uppnådd kvalitet skulle potentiellt bidra till ökad acceptans och användning av KPP inom verksamheten samt bidra till KPP-metodens framtida utveckling. / Background: KPP stands for cost per patient, which is a calculation method, enabling accounting for a specific patient´s contact in the healthcare. The purpose with KPP is to contribute with information, which enables comparison and analysis of the treatment given. The model of KPP has existed since the late 1980´s but hasn’t reached its full potential. Thus we found it interesting to analyse the use of KPP among the counties of Sweden, including the difficulties and possibilities related to KPP. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to map the spread and areas of use for KPP among the Swedish counties and to analyse the existing difficulties and possibilities related with the use of KPP. Method: This thesis proceeds from a cross-sectional study and includes both quantitative and qualitative aspects. The collected data of this thesis constitutes of telephone interviews with 15 persons in charge of KPP among the Swedish counties. The quantitative part of this thesis narrates the use of KPP. In the qualitative part analyses the difficulties and possibilities from the counties perspective. Theoretical framework: In this thesis the theoretical framework contains of the model of KPP as well as the it´s different areas of use related to management accounting. The theoretical framework also includes relevant theories connected to management accounting and the difficulties and complications related to management accounting in the healthcare sector. Conclusion: The areas of for KPP are many and the greatest utility is perceived to be benchmarking, cost analysis and monitoring activities. Difficulties with the use of KPP are for obvious reasons related to the time of implementation in the different counties. To overcome the difficulties perceived today we can conclude that the development of a mutual language between economy and healthcare is a key for success. By developing a connection between KPP and quality, where costs are connected to the quality in medical procedures, we see that KPP´s potential would reach higher levels. Thus it would contribute to an increase of acceptance and use of KPP among the healthcare sector, which also would gild the development of the KPP model in the future.

Family firms the most common form of business in the world and the academic interest around them has grown significantly over the past decades. When a company is experiencing financial growth their information needs increases and they are encouraged to draw up plans to cover the information need. Previous studies on the subject have pointed out that the research on formal plans in family firms is incomplete in many areas. The research that has been done indicates that planning is not a priority in small family firms for various reasons and that the planning carried out is largely informal. Whether family firms implement more planning practices as they increase in size is haven’t been tested in qualitative research. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of how small family firms in Skaraborg change their use of formal plans when they are experiencing a period of financial growth and if the growth of the family firm is affected by it being planned or not. To answer this, we have selected 13 formal planning practices that we have studied the presence of in our case companies and if there was any change in the use of these practices over their most recent growth period. The study was conducted with a qualitative research method where data collection has been in the form of semi-structured interviews. This is to increase our ability to create a deeper understanding of our selected area of research. The results of the study have shown that small growing family firms perform few changes in their planning practices. We have not been able to demonstrate in the context of this study that financial growth increased the use of formal planning practices in family firms in Skaraborg. Our conclusion of this study is that if small growing family firms are going to change their use of formal planning and benefit from it, it is not enough to rely on external help for this. Instead these companies should focus their resources on educating current management staff in the use of formal planning practices and the difficulties that arises along financial growth to see the connection between the two. Just because financial growth increases the need for information that doesn’t mean that any planning to cover the information need will be implemented. A leader in the enterprise must discover the need and choose to use a planning practice to cover it. / Familjeföretag är den företagsform som är vanligast i världen och det akademiska intresset kring dessa har ökat markant under de senaste decennierna. När ett företag upplever tillväxt ökar deras informationsbehov och de uppmanas att upprätta planeringar för att hantera informationsbehovet. Tidigare studier inom ämnet har tryckt på att forskningen kring formella planeringar i familjeföretag på många områden är ofullständig. Den forskning som är gjord tyder på att planering inte är prioriterat i mindre familjeföretag av olika anledningar och att den planering som utförs är informell till stor del. Huruvida familjeföretag implementerar fler planeringspraktiker när de ökar i storlek saknas det dock kvalitativ forskning om. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur små familjeföretag i Skaraborg ändrar nyttjandet av deras formella planeringar när de upplever en tillväxtperiod och om tillväxten i ett familjeföretag påverkas om den är planerad eller ej. För att besvara detta har vi valt ut 13 formella planeringspraktiker som vi studerat förekomsten av i våra fallföretag och om det skedde någon förändring i användningen av dessa över deras senaste tillväxtperiod. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod där datainsamlingen har skett i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Detta för att öka våra möjligheter att skapa en djupare förståelse kring vårt valda undersökningsområde. Studiens resultat har påvisat att små växande familjeföretag utför få förändringar i deras planeringspraktiker. Vi har därför inte kunnat påvisa inom ramen för denna studie att tillväxt ökar användningen av formella planeringspraktiker i familjeföretag i Skaraborg. Vår slutsats i studien är att om små växande familjeföretag ska förändra deras användning av formella planeringar och ha nytta av dem är det inte tillräckligt att anlita extern hjälp för detta. Istället bör dessa företag fokusera resurser på att utbilda nuvarande ledningspersonal i användningen av formella planeringspraktiker och svårigheter som uppkommer med tillväxt för att de ska se kopplingen mellan dessa. Bara för att tillväxt ökar informationsbehovet implementeras ingen planering för att täcka det, en ledare i företaget måste upptäcka behovet och välja att använda sig av planeringar för att täcka det.

Bakgrund: För att styrelser ska kunna utföra sina uppgifter är det viktigt att de erhåller relevant, korrekt och aktuell information. Traditionellt sett har den information styrelser erhåller främst bestått av redovisningsbaserad finansiell information. Denna typ av information har dock kritiserats då den är otillräcklig för långsiktigt strategiarbete. Detta eftersom den inte beaktar omvärld och framtid. Denna kritik har på verksamhetsnivå besvarats genom anpassad information. Detta höjer frågan om informationen även på styrelsenivå anpassats, särskilt med tanke på styrelsens mer aktiva strategiska roll. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva vilken typ av information som styrelser i svenska medelstora icke-börsnoterade aktiebolag erhåller. Detta för att undersöka om och hur den förändrade synen på information för strategisk styrning på verksamhetsnivå avspeglats i den typ av information som styrelser i svenska medelstora icke-börsnoterade aktiebolag erhåller. Vidare ämnar studien undersöka om styrelser i svenska medelstora icke-börsnoterade aktiebolag erhåller den information de behöver för att inneha en mer aktiv strategisk roll. Metod: Denna studie har utgått från en deduktiv ansats där teori om bolagsstyrning, ekonomistyrning och information lyfts fram och utgjort en grund för studiens hypoteser. Studiens empiriska data baseras på en kvantitativ undersökning i form av en enkätundersökning som skickades ut till 1000 styrelseledamöter i svenska medelstora icke-börsnoterade aktiebolag. Resultat: Resultatet av denna studie påvisade att styrelser främst erhåller information om strategiska planer men även till stor del traditionell prestationsrelaterad information. Studiens resultat har även påvisat förändringar i den information styrelser erhåller. Denna förändring tar form av en ökad mängd information som beaktar omvärld och framtid. Detta i enlighet med den förändring av information som skett på verksamhetsnivå. Utav detta dras slutsatsen att styrelser erhåller den information de behöver för att inneha en mer aktiv strategisk roll. / Background: In order for the Board of Directors to perform their functions it is essential that they receive relevant, accurate and timely information. From a traditional point of view it has been stated that boards mainly receive accounting based financial information. However, this type of information has been criticized because it is inadequate for long-term strategy. It is because it does not take an external and future-oriented perspective in consideration. The criticism has at operational level been answered by adjusted information. This raises the question if information at board level also has been adjusted, particularly in view of the Board of Directors more active strategic role. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe which type of information Board of Directors in Swedish medium-sized not-listed companies receives. This in order to examine if and how the change in management accounting have affected the information Board of directors in Swedish medium-sized not-listed companies receive. Furthermore the study intends to examine if Board of Directors receives the information they need in order to fulfill a more strategic role. Method: This study was based on a deductive approach where theory about Corporate Governance, Management Accounting and information has been emphasized and formed the basis for the study’s hypotheses. The empirical data was based on a quantitative survey that was sent out to 1000 board members in Swedish medium-sized not-listed companies. Conclusions: The result of this study demonstrated that Boards mainly receive information about strategic plans but also a large amount of traditional performance-related information. The study results also demonstrated changes in the information Boards receive. This change takes the form of an increased amount of information that considers an external and future-oriented perspective. This is in accordance with the change of information that occurred at operational level. Out of this, it is concluded that the boards receive the information they need to hold a more active strategic role.

In my thesis I am focusing on the possibility of using elements of management accounting in small and medium-sized businesses, on a particular production company. The target is to show, how using elements of management accounting help to develop quality information system in the company. Generally is considered that management accounting is a tool for managing complex and large enterprises. This leads, that this information is used in a few small businesses. Owners of small businesses are afraid that the information system for managing their business is expensive, and often do not have knowledge of economic management and information support. I feel that it applies to the company of my parent as well. My goal is to evaluate the current state of managing company of my parents, with an emphasis on tools and information of management accounting, which will provide better information support, and system of information that will ensure the necessary information to the development of the company.

Sammanfattning Titel: Prestationsmätning av Corporate social responsibility (CSR) för den interna styrningen – En kvalitativ studie Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Josefine Walfridsson och Iman Yassin Handledare: Tomas Källquist och Pär Vilhelmson Datum: 2019 - januari Syfte: Syftet är att skapa förståelse för hur verksamheter arbetar med att föra in CSR i sina interna prestationsmätningar. Metod: Studien utgår från en hermeneutisk forskningstradition med en abduktiv ansats. Den teoretiska referensramen har byggts upp utifrån tidigare forskning. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in utifrån tio kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Både teorin och empirin diskuteras sedan i en tematisk analys som följs av studiens resultat och bidrag. Resultat: Prestationsmätningar av CSR används inte genomtänkt för den interna styrningen utan främst för att kunna rapportera CSR-prestationer externt som ett sätt att skapa transparens mot externa intressenter. Studien har visat att prestationsmätningar av CSR används för den interna styrningen i ett fåtal verksamheter men begränsat i majoriteten av de studerade verksamheterna. Studiens bidrag: Studien bidrar med praktisk insikt kring prestationsmätningar av CSR i den interna styrningen, där det visar sig att fokus främst ligger på extern rapportering i praktiken. Den tidigare forskningen kring ämnet präglas av normativa studier. Där prestationsmätningar av CSR tycks gynna verksamheters interna styrning. En del tidigare forskningen indikerar att verksamheters fokus kring prestationsmätningar av CSR ligger på extern rapportering, vilket vår empiriska studie stödjer. Förslag till vidare forskning: Förslag till vidare forskning är att göra flera kvaliativa studier kring prestationsmätningar av CSR i den interna styrningen eftersom det finns begränsat med studier inom området. Ett annat förslag är att forska kring hur verksamheter arbetar med att föra in CSR i sitt prestationsmätningssystem, som den tidigare forskningen benämner som SPMS. Nyckelord: Performance measurement, Corporate social responsibility (CSR), Management accounting, Sustainability performance measurement system (SPMS) / Abstract Title: Performance measurement of Corporate social responsibility (CSR) for internal control – A qualitative study Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Josefine Walfridsson and Iman Yassin Supervisor: Tomas Källquist and Pär Vilhelmson Date: 2019 – January   Aim: The aim of this study is to create an understanding of how operations are working to introduce CSR into their internal performance measurements. Method: The study is based on a hermenuetic research tradtition with an abductive approach. The theoretical framework has been built based on previous research. The empirical material has been collected based on ten qualitative semi-structured interviews. Both the theory and the empirics are then discussed in a thematic analysis that led to the study's results and contributions.   Results: Performance measurement of CSR is not used for management accounting purpose, but is primarily used for external reporting of CSR performance as a way of creating transparency towards external stakeholders. The study has indicated that performance measurement of CSR is used for management accounting purpose in few operations but limited in the majority of the operations studied.   Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes with practical insight into the performance measurements of CSR in operations management accounting, where it turns out that focus is mainly on external reporting in practice. The previous research on the subject is characterized by normative studies. Where performance measurements of CSR is described as very useful in the management accounting of operations. Furthermore the previous research indicates that performance measurements of CSR in operations mainly focus on external reporting, which our empirical study supports.   Suggestions for future research: Suggestions for future research is to do more empirical studies on performance measurements of CSR in the management accounting of operations, since there is few studies made in this area. Another suggestion is to do research in how operations work to bring CSR into their performance measurement system, as in the previous research is termed SPMS. Keywords: Performance measurement, Corporate social responsibility (CSR), Management accounting, Sustainability performance measurement system (SPMS)

O termo determinantes de custos tem origem na expressão em inglês cost driver, que faz parte da terminologia concebida no contexto das práticas de contabilidade gerencial que eclodiram no final do século XX. O termo cost driver passou a ser utilizado para designar os fatores que causam os custos, e na medida em que estas práticas de gestão se desenvolveram, o termo passou a ser adotado para finalidades distintas. O termo cost driver é adotado com diferentes propósitos nas práticas de gestão: (i) atribuir custos aos objetos de custos; (ii) estimar o comportamento dos custos (cost behavior); e (iii) designar os fatores que causam os custos das entidades no âmbito da gestão estratégica de custos (GEC). O termo cost driver costuma ser traduzido para a língua portuguesa de duas formas: como direcionador de custos, para designar as abordagens de atribuição de custos e cost behavior; e determinante de custos, para designar os fatores que causam os custos das entidades no contexto da GEC. Embora guardem inúmeras semelhanças em seu significado, a concepção do termo se modifica significativamente conforme a abordagem em que é utilizada. Além disso, constatam-se divergências de significado, conceituação e uso do termo em cada abordagem. Nota-se ainda que a acepção do termo em cada abordagem remete a uma perspectiva microeconômica diferente, o que implica uma série de condições que devem ser consideradas para garantir a adequação conceitual da prática de gestão. A existência de diversas concepções para o termo causa ambiguidades de interpretação, indefinições, e pode até mesmo levar o usuário a utilizar o arcabouço conceitual inadequado, obtendo informações distorcidas para o processo de gestão. Esta pesquisa propõe uma sistematização para auxiliar os usuários da informação de custos na aplicação dos conceitos relacionados aos cost drivers, no sentido de determinantes de custos e direcionadores de custos. A proposta de sistematização leva em conta as visões distintas, mas complementares, dos termos determinantes e direcionadores de custos, e desenvolve uma abordagem procedimental que auxilia usuários e pesquisadores na avaliação do arcabouço teórico e conceitual que deve ser adotado de acordo com o propósito prático que se deseja. / The concept of cost drivers emerged among the specific terminology developed within the new Management Accounting practices during the end of 20th century. Cost driver was the concept used initially to nominate the factors that cause costs, and as those new practices evolved, the expression cost driver turned to new purposes within different contexts. There is at least three different Management Accounting practices adopting the expression cost driver: (i) assign costs to the cost objects, particularly product cost; (ii) understand the cost behavior; and (iii) designate the factors that cause the costs of the company, within the Strategic Cost Management context. This problem is even bigger in Brazil due to the wide translations options. Despite the similarities of meanings through the management practices, the expression cost driver has different effects for each purpose. In addition to the differences of interpretation between the approaches, there is also some differences in cost driver meaning found within the same practice. Furthermore, the concepts of cost driver for each purpose has specific microeconomic theoretical assumptions, whose conditions has to be satisfied in order to provide correct information. Considering this exposition, the existence of different concepts and meanings attained to the expression cost driver mislead users to inadequate cost analysis and design inadequate cost systems. This research propose a systematization to help users to understand cost information and design better cost practices. The proposal is purpose-oriented and assume the different existing approaches as complimentary in order to design Management Accounting information according to desired user purpose.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo ampliar o conhecimento sobre a atividade de gestão e controle dos fluxos de caixa no setor bancário, sendo esta não muito explorada em pesquisas e literatura, contribuindo, deste modo, para um melhor entendimento da atividade, uma vez que a gestão ótima dos fluxos de caixa é muito importante para qualquer empresa, sendo esta tarefa ainda mais crítica para um banco, pois a correta alocação dos recursos financeiros contribui para a otimização dos seus resultados. Para tanto, foi realizado um estudo de caso em um banco brasileiro no qual foram coletadas as percepções de diversos colaboradores e gestores de áreas distintas, finanças, risco e tesouraria, acerca das características do processo de gestão e controle dos fluxos de caixa e da instituição como um todo, verificando a existência de relacionamento dessas com o estágio no ciclo de vida organizacional no qual a instituição está inserida. Numa primeira etapa, pretendeu-se analisar as percepções advindas da aplicação do questionário, sendo, estas, representações da visão das equipes diretamente relacionadas com o processo de gestão e controle dos fluxos de caixa. Essa etapa buscou o entendimento das relações entre as variáveis corporativas e as variáveis contextuais no que tange ao processo de gestão e controle dos fluxos de caixa, por meio da abordagem do ciclo de vida organizacional, captando aspectos relevantes, bem como a convergência ou divergência de percepções entre as equipes. Esses achados foram contrastados com a coleta das percepções materializadas por meio das entrevistas realizadas com os gestores gerais de cada área, de modo a triangular as percepções e construir as características predominantes do processo de gestão e controle dos fluxos de caixa e do ciclo de vida organizacional da instituição, bem como dos relacionamentos identificados, sejam eles convergentes ou divergentes. Adicionalmente buscou-se entender também a existência ou inexistência de relação entre o orçamento e esse processo. Sendo assim o trabalho contribuiu com o desenvolvimento de um construto teórico para análise do problema, embasado em diversos excertos de estudos esparsos; para a validação da possibilidade de utilização em uma instituição financeira do modelo de enquadramento de empresas nos estágios do ciclo de vida organizacional; e principalmente para demonstrar a existência de relação entre o processo de gestão e controle dos fluxos de caixa e o seu estágio no ciclo de vida organizacional, suscitando diversas proposições, servindo como ponto de partida para pesquisas futuras. / This work aims to expand the knowledge about the activity of cash flow management and control in the banking sector, which is not much explored in research and literature, thus contributing to a better understanding of this activity, since for any company to optimize cash flows management is important, and this task is even more critical to a bank, because the right resource allocation may contribute to optimize their results. For this purpose, a case study in a Brazilian bank was conducted in which was collected the perceptions of many employees and managers from different areas, finance, risk management and treasury, about the characteristics of cash flows management and control process and about the institution as a whole, by checking the relationship of these to the stage in the organizational life cycle in which institution is located. In a first step, sought to analyze the perceptions arising from the application of the questionnaire, these being the representations of the vision of the teams directly related to the process control and management of cash flow. This step aims to understand the relationship between the corporate variables and contextual variables, in relation to cash flow management and control process, by addressing organizational life cycle, capturing relevant aspects, and the convergence or divergence of perceptions between the teams. These findings were contrasted with collection of perceptions materialized through interviews with general managers in order to triangulate the perceptions and build the predominant features of cash flow management and control process and organizational life cycle of this institution, furthermore to identify if the relationship between it were convergent or divergent. Additionally were sought to understand either the existence or lack of relationship between budgeting and this process. This way, the work contributed to the development of a theoretical framework for analyzing the problem, based on several passages of sparse studies; to validate the possibility of use in a financial institution\'s business model framework stages of the organizational life cycle; and mainly to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between cash flow management and control process and its stage in the organizational life cycle, raising several propositions, serving as a starting point for future research.

A norma contábil internacional alterou o processo e a geração de informação. A convergência contábil no Brasil para as grandes empresas constitui uma realidade de profundas modificações para o relatório interno e externo. A substituição de regras por princípios como base da contabilidade financeira faz eclodir raízes da essência contábil, envolvendo características que traduzem a realidade social e econômica. Social, porque busca desnudar a motivação e justificar fatores relacionados à escolha da decisão; econômica, porque busca traduzir os efeitos das escolhas empresariais na forma de resultado, menos contábil e mais de natureza econômica. Nessa concepção, a literatura tem delineado influências que envolvem a prática da contabilidade gerencial, reduzindo os limites entre as duas abordagens, gerencial e financeira (Weißenberger & Angelkort, 2011; Gilio, 2011; Papadatos & Bellas, 2011; Boscov, 2013). Assim, no contexto de implementação das IAS/IFRS/CPC, a pesquisa investigou dois impactos, sendo o primeiro na integração entre as duas abordagens (gerencial e financeira), influenciada por três variáveis: informações preditivas/prospectivas (delineadas pelo valor justo, teste de recuperabilidade, resultado abrangente, informações por segmento e resultado econômico), modificação do sistema de informação (com adequação de procedimentos, geração de informação e integração) e pelo aprendizado organizacional (decorrente do processo de inter-relação dos envolvidos na implementação); o segundo impacto é o da influência da integração nas funções da controladoria. Para realizar tal análise, foi aplicado um questionário as 257 empresas da revista Maiores & Melhores, sendo que, desse total, obteve-se uma amostra de 105 profissionais. Todavia, somente 99 apresentaram-se em conformidade com os pressupostos da pesquisa, representando 39% das empresas contatadas. O método utilizado foi o de Modelo de Equações Estruturais (MEE/PLS). Em relação aos achados, diferentemente das pesquisas anteriores, que estão voltadas para a integração com o aumento da consistência da linguagem financeira, e pela aproximação das duas abordagens, o trabalho destaca que a integração está associada à informação preditiva e ao aprendizado organizacional, mas não constitui influência do sistema de informação ao nível de significância esperado. De forma corroborativa aos estudos anteriores, a pesquisa sugere que a integração está associada à área de controladoria, especificamente, às suas funções. De forma singular, porém, os resultados sugerem que a modificação do sistema de informação como ferramenta fundamental para as duas abordagens, apresenta-se inconsistente em atender à integração, para a amostra selecionada nesse contexto, embora haja fatores associativos. Assim, há indícios de uma longa via a ser percorrida na estrutura e adequação do sistema de informação com o objetivo de atender ao processo de integração. / The international accounting standard changed the process and generating information. The accounting convergence in Brazil for big companies is a reality of profound changes to the internal and external reporting. The substitution from rules by principles basis of the financial accounting makes to emerge roots of the accounting essence, involving features that reflect the social and economic reality. Social, because it seeks to show the motivation and justify factors related to the choice of the decision; economic, because it seeks to translate the effects of companies choice as a result, less accounting and more economic nature. In this conception, the literature has outlined influences that involve the management accounting practice, reducing the limits between both approaches, managerial and financial (Weissenberger & Angelkort, 2011; Gilio, 2011; Papadatos & Bellas, 2011; Boscov, 2013). Thus, the implementation context of IAS / IFRS / CPC, the research investigated two impacts. The first being the integration between both approaches (management and financial), influenced by three variables predictive/prospective information (outlined by fair value, impairment test, comprehensive income, segment information and economic result), information system modifying (with procedures adaptation, information generation and integration) and by organizational learning (resulting from the interrelationship of those involved in implementation); the second impact is the integration influence in the controller functions. To perform this analysis, a questionnaire was applied to 257 companies magazine Biggest & Best, and of those, we obtained a sample of 105 professionals. However, only 99 showed up in accordance with the assumptions of the survey, representing 39% of the contracted companies. The method used was to Structural Equation Model (SEM / PLS). About the findings, differently of previous research, which are focused on the integration with consistency increasing of financial language, and by the approximation of the two approaches, the work highlights that the integration is associated with predictive/prospective information and organizational learning, but it does not constitute influence of the information system to the expected level of significance. According to previous studies, the research suggests that integration is associated with the controller area, specifically, its functions. In a unique way, however, the results suggest that the modification of the information system as a key tool for both approaches, it presents inconsistent in attending the integration, for the sample selected in this context, although there are associative factors. Thus, there is evidence of a long road to be traveled in the structure and adequacy of the information system in order to meet the integration process.

As mudanças turbulentas no ambiente de negócios e a tendência de novas tecnologias para o gerenciamento da base de clientes sinalizam o caminho aos administradores para a gestão e maximização do valor da base de clientes da empresa. No contexto do aparelhamento aos gestores, os sistemas de controles gerenciais focados nos clientes servem como facilitadores do alcance dos objetivos organizacionais. A forma como são desenhados e a forma como são utilizados podem contribuir diretamente no desempenho do sistema e indiretamente para o desempenho organizacional. Assim, o presente estudo buscou, sob a perspectiva da teoria da contingência, compreender, no ambiente empresarial brasileiro, a influência de fatores contingenciais externos e internos no desenho e uso de sistemas de controle gerenciais focados nos clientes e se ambos, na prática, podem contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho desses sistemas nas organizações. Os dados de uma amostra formada por 83 empresas brasileiras foram coletados através de uma pesquisa tipo survey(levantamento). Para a análise dos dados foi adotada a técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com o método de estimação PartialLeast Square (PLS). Os resultados comprovaram todas as hipóteses de pesquisa. Conclui-se que as características do ambiente participam sobremaneira nas decisões que envolvem a configuração dos fatores contingenciais internos e estes no desenho de Sistemas de Controle Gerencial (SCG) focados nos clientes. O desenho dos SCG focados nos clientes representa, entre as hipóteses de pesquisa estudadas, aquele que se revelou mais forte em termos de associação com o uso intensivo desses mesmos sistemas.O desenho e o uso de SCG focados nos clientes, considerados na forma de artefatos, representados pela Análise da lucratividade do cliente, Valor vitalício do cliente e Valor econômico do cliente podem, inclusive, contribuir para o desempenho econômico da organização. Os resultados da pesquisa estão sujeitos a algumas limitações: i- os respondentes são, na sua maioria, representantes da área de Controladoria. ii- a amostra, constituída por 83 empresas, foi intencional, portanto, os resultados não podem ser generalizados para a população.Estas limitações remetem a novas oportunidades de pesquisa, tais como: i- verificar a possibilidade de estabelecer um arranjo (fit) entre fatores contingenciais, desenho, uso de SCG focados nos clientes e desempenho; iirealizar este modelo de pesquisa com outro público alvo; iii- verificar o impacto de variáveis como \"satisfação do cliente\"; \"lealdade do cliente\" e \"retenção do cliente\" no desempenho econômico da organização. / The changes in the turbulent business environment and the trend of new customer valuation technologies are evidences that challenge the management team to manage and maximize the value of the company customer basis. In the context of managerial tools, the customer oriented management control systems trigger a process that enables the management to reach the company targets and goals. The way they are designed and the way in which they are used can directly contribute to the system performance and indirectly for the economic organizational performance. Therefore, this study sought, based on the contingency theory to understand, in the Brazilian business market, the influence of the environment and internal contextual contingency factors over the design and use of the customers oriented management control systems and if both, in practice, can contribute to the improvement of the model and the own performance of the organization. The data of a sample made up of 83 Brazilian companies have been collected by means of a survey. For the data analysis was adopted the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) technique and PLS (Partial Least Squares) as a method for estimation. The outcomes have proved all of the hypotheses of this research. It is therefore concluded that the characteristics of the environment are rightly taking part on the decisions that involve the configuration of these internal contextual contingency factors and these on the design of customer oriented management control systems. The design of the customer oriented MCS (Management Control Systems) represents, among all the hypotheses that were studied, the one which has shown itself to be stronger in terms of association with the intensive use of these systems. The design and use of customer oriented MCS which are considered in this study to be in the form of certain artifacts were represented by the Customer Profitability Analysis; Customer Life time Value; and Customer Equity and in its set can even contribute to the overall performance to the firm. The results of the research are subject to certain restrictions: i- the-respondents are in its majority, representatives of the Controllership area. ii- the sample, consisting of 83 companies was intentional, therefore, the results may not be widespread for the population. These constraints address to new opportunities of research, such as: i- to verify the possibility of establishing a fitting-out between internal contextual factors, design, use of customer oriented MCS and performance; ii- have to carry out this model of research with the other public target; iii- to see the impact of variables such as \"satisfaction of the customer\"; \"loyalty of the customer\" and \"retention of the customer\" on the economic performance of the organization.

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar e identificar, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Contingência, os fatores ou circunstâncias que favorecem ou inibem a prática da Gestão de Custos Interorganizacionais (GCI) por parte de hospitais privados no Brasil. Como estratégia de pesquisa, utilizou-se de levantamento, por meio de questionário estruturado, aplicado a uma população de 40 hospitais privados brasileiros. Os dados foram analisados basicamente por meio de recursos da estatística descritiva com cálculos de médias, desvios padrão, mediana, moda e distribuição de frequência. A pesquisa não identificou nenhum novo fator capaz de inibir ou favorecer a GCI que seja configurado como específico do setor hospitalar. Entretanto, alguns fatores condicionantes, reportados na literatura, não se aplicam ou não fazem sentido no setor hospitalar. A análise dos dados revelou que, sob a perspectiva dos hospitais pesquisados, os fatores tipo de cadeia, confiança dos planos de saúde e expectativa de divisão de benefícios econômicos com planos de saúde são inibidores da GCI. Todos os demais fatores investigados sob a mesma perspectiva podem ser considerados favoráveis à GCI. A pesquisa identificou algumas ações realizadas pelos hospitais junto a fornecedores e/ou planos de saúde que se configuram como práticas de GCI, a saber: compras consignadas, compras programadas, e empacotamento de serviços. No tocante à gestão de processos ou atividades, tais como cirurgias, processamento de roupas, esterilização de materiais, exames, etc., nenhuma evidência foi encontrada a respeito da GCI. Os achados permitem afirmar que os hospitais pesquisados confiam mais em seus fornecedores do que nas operadoras de planos de saúde. Em se tratando de cooperação para resolução dos problemas que surgem no dia a dia dos negócios, sob a ótica dos hospitais, os fornecedores estão mais dispostos a cooperar do que os planos de saúde. Os hospitais percebem também que os fornecedores estão mais dispostos a comprometer-se no sentido de manter o relacionamento por longo prazo do que os planos de saúde. No que diz respeito à divisão justa de benefícios econômicos advindos de uma possível parceria com foco na gestão conjunta de custos, na percepção dos hospitais, as expectativas maiores recaem sobre seus fornecedores. Os dados também demonstram que os hospitais percebem seu relacionamento com fornecedores mais estável e maduro do que o relacionamento com os planos de saúde. Corroborando evidências empíricas de pesquisas anteriores, os dados parecem apontar também para uma possível dependência financeira dos hospitais em relação às operadoras de planos de saúde. / This study aims to investigate and identify, from the perspective of Contingency Theory, the factors or circumstances that encourage or inhibit the practice of Interorganizational Cost Management (ICM) by private hospitals in Brazil. As a research strategy was used to survey through structured questionnaire applied to a population of 40 private hospitals in Brazil. Data were analyzed primarily through descriptive statistics resources with averages, standard deviations, median, mode and frequency distribution. The research has not identified a new factor that could inhibit or encourage the ICM that is configured as a specific hospital sector. However, some conditioning factors, as reported in the literature, do not apply or do not make sense in the hospital sector. Data analysis revealed that, from the perspective of the hospitals surveyed, the factors \'type of chain,\' \'trust of health plans\' and \'expectation of sharing economic benefits with health plans\' are inhibitors of ICM. All other factors investigated under the same perspective can be considered favorable to the ICM. The research identified some actions taken by hospitals with suppliers and / or health plans that constitute ICM practices, namely consignment purchase, planned purchases, and packaging services. Regarding the management of processes or activities such as surgeries, laundry, sterilization of materials, examinations, etc., no evidence was found regarding the ICM. The findings show that hospitals surveyed rely more on their suppliers than in the health plan operators. From the perspective of hospitals, considering cooperation as way to solve the problems that arise on day-to-day business, suppliers are more willing to cooperate than the health plans. Hospitals also realize that suppliers are more willing to \'engage\' in order to maintain the relationship for the long-term than the health plans. With regard to the equitable sharing of economic benefits arising from a possible partnership with a focus on joint management of costs, the perception of hospitals, greater expectations weigh on their suppliers. The data also show that hospitals notice that their relationship with suppliers more stable and mature than the relationship with health plans. Corroborating empirical evidence from previous research, the data seem to indicate to a possible financial dependence of the hospitals on the operators of health plans.