Submitted by Rafael Sousa Lima (rafael.rsl@dpf.gov.br) on 2012-03-27T12:43:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_RAFAEL_LIMA_VERSAO FINAL_IMPRESSA.pdf: 1812811 bytes, checksum: 86709e25832e0e9ccff6234ccdc0cfdf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁURA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2012-03-30T14:09:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_RAFAEL_LIMA_VERSAO FINAL_IMPRESSA.pdf: 1812811 bytes, checksum: 86709e25832e0e9ccff6234ccdc0cfdf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-04-10T13:08:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_RAFAEL_LIMA_VERSAO FINAL_IMPRESSA.pdf: 1812811 bytes, checksum: 86709e25832e0e9ccff6234ccdc0cfdf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-10T13:08:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_RAFAEL_LIMA_VERSAO FINAL_IMPRESSA.pdf: 1812811 bytes, checksum: 86709e25832e0e9ccff6234ccdc0cfdf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / The aim of this study is to clarify to what extent the budget is used as a management tool in Brazilian Federal Police. For this, the main concepts related to the subject were studied, as well as several documents, including budget from 2007 to 2011 and the Letter of Citizen Service, a management tool designed by the Public Management National Program (GesPública). Also, interviews were conducted with the main managers of the institution (management 2007/2010). The research is focused on qualitative procedures and explore scenarios from the standpoint of the actors involved. It was noted that, in theory, the Federal Police seeks to align budget with strategic planning and services offered to society. Nevertheless, in practice, this wish has not come true. It is possible to conclude that the budget decisions in Brazilian Federal Police are based on the resources and not on the results. Its budget barely works as a management tool. On the other hand, it recognizes the progress to avoid conflicting decisions and facilitate the flow of information in the budget sphere, which reflects in greater harmony between the various units of the institution. / O objetivo deste trabalho é esclarecer em que medida o orçamento é utilizado como instrumento de gestão no âmbito da Polícia Federal. Para isso, foram estudados os principais conceitos relacionados ao assunto, bem como diversos documentos, entre eles as leis orçamentárias de 2007 a 2011 e a Carta de Serviços ao Cidadão elaborada pelo órgão, ferramenta de gestão concebida pelo Programa Nacional de Gestão Pública e Desburocratização (Gespública). Ainda, foram realizadas entrevistas com os dirigentes da instituição (gestão 2007/2010), sendo que se procedeu a uma amostragem não probabilística, tendo em vista a facilidade de acesso ao alto escalão da instituição. A pesquisa valeu-se de procedimentos de cunho qualitativo e teve por intuito explorar cenários do ponto de vista dos atores envolvidos. Verificou-se que, na teoria, o órgão busca alinhar o seu orçamento com o planejamento estratégico e os serviços prestados à sociedade. Contudo, na prática, esse desejo ainda não virou realidade, sendo que a prática do incrementalismo – o orçamento é elaborado com ajustes no orçamento do ano anterior – ainda é encontrada no órgão. A conclusão é que na Polícia Federal o sentido das decisões orçamentárias tem por início os meios e por fim os resultados. Portanto, seu orçamento pouco atua como instrumento de gestão. Por outro lado, deve-se reconhecer o avanço do órgão no aumento do fluxo de informações na esfera orçamentária com diminuição de decisões conflitantes, o que reflete em maior harmonia entre os setores da instituição.

Submitted by Cristiane Catarino Santinho (crisantinho@uol.com.br) on 2018-03-19T00:36:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-santinho vf pos banca.pdf: 885504 bytes, checksum: 492ecd595b0e87501d6f8113d2453df8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mayara Costa de Sousa (mayara.sousa@fgv.br) on 2018-03-22T18:31:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-santinho vf pos banca.pdf: 885504 bytes, checksum: 492ecd595b0e87501d6f8113d2453df8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-03-22T20:46:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-santinho vf pos banca.pdf: 885504 bytes, checksum: 492ecd595b0e87501d6f8113d2453df8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-22T20:46:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-santinho vf pos banca.pdf: 885504 bytes, checksum: 492ecd595b0e87501d6f8113d2453df8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-06 / A gamificação vem ganhando força dentro das organizações como forma de engajar e influenciar comportamentos dos seus colaboradores para a consecução de melhores resultados. Apesar de a utilização de jogos ser antiga, podendo ser aplicada a diversos campos de conhecimento, a gamificação dentro do ambiente corporativo só veio a crescer nas últimas décadas, despertando o interesse das empresas como forma de aumentar o engajamento de seus funcionários. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi levantar e explorar os principais efeitos da gamificação dentro do ambiente corporativo e entender de que forma ela contribui para gerar engajamento. Por meio de um estudo de caso dentro de uma instituição financeira que, recentemente, introduziu a gamificação como ferramenta de gestão, buscou-se identificar os impactos resultantes da sua aplicação, elencando as principais percepções dos gestores e participantes, bem como os seus aspectos positivos, dificuldades enfrentadas e aprimoramentos necessários. Conjuntamente, aliaram-se os conceitos e requisitos levantados na revisão bibliográfica ao caso estudado, confrontando a prática com a teoria. Com isso, constatou-se que a gamificação é um instrumento eficaz de gestão, sendo uma estratégia bem-vista pelos funcionários. Entretanto, deve-se atentar para a adequabilidade de alguns elementos e características da gamificação, que são fatores determinantes para o seu sucesso, quer sejam: perfis dos jogadores, relevância das funcionalidades, forma de comunicação das regras e funcionamento das dinâmicas do jogo e atratividade das recompensas. Caso tais fatores não sejam tratados de maneira adequada e consistente, haverá um desinteresse pela ferramenta, minando os seus efeitos positivos. / Gamification has been gaining strength within organizations as a way of engaging and influencing behaviors of its employees to achieve better results. Although the use of games is old and can be applied to several fields of knowledge, gamification within the corporate environment has only grown in recent decades, arousing interest in companies as a way to increase the engagement of their employees. The purpose of this paper was to raise and explore the main effects of gamification within the corporate environment and to understand how it contributes to generate engagement. Through a case study within a financial institution that recently introduced gamification as a management tool, it was sought to identify the resulting impacts with its application, listing the main perceptions of managers and participants, as well as their positive aspects, challenges, and necessary improvements. Together, allied concepts and requirements raised in the literature review to the case studied, confronting the practice with theory. With this, it was verified that the gamification is an effective instrument of management, being a strategy well seen by the employees. However, attention must be paid to the suitability of some elements and characteristics of gamification, which are determinants for its success, whether: player profiles, relevance of the functionalities, form of communication of the rules and functioning of the dynamics of the game, and attractiveness of rewards. If these factors are not treated properly and consistently, there will be a lack of interest in the tool, undermining its positive effects.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work aimed to analyze the Environmental Management indicators of municipalities fully or partially inserted in the watershed of Japaratuba River in the State of Sergipe.Through specific objectives were identified and measured the indicators of institutional capacity and environmental planning, develop a profile of indicators to support monitoring the public environmental management and propose solutions for public policies based on the indicators.The methodological research procedure was exploratory, descriptive literature and on the approach was qualitative and quantitative. The procedures used for data collection was done by identifying the institutional capacity dimensions and environmental planning, but also through the official sources. As a result of this research, the low participation of municipalities in environmental management was noted. Due to these information were indicated the main obstacles that are related to the lack of council, municipal environmental fund and organizational structure in the municipalities that make up the watershed. In the dimension environmental planning, there was no existence of municipal plans and legislation in the environmental area. In short, given the deficiencies found in the municipalities that make up the watershed, is assumed to be a more focused look at the barriers checked, so that the municipal government can take decisions aiming thereafter the sustainability of the watershed. / A presente dissertação teve como objetivo analisar os indicadores de Gestão Ambiental dos municípios inseridos total ou parcialmente na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Japaratuba no Estado de Sergipe. Através de objetivos específicos foi possível identificar e mensurar os indicadores de capacidade institucional e de planejamento ambiental, elaborar um perfil de indicadores para subsidiar o monitoramento a gestão ambiental pública e propor medidas para políticas públicas com base nos indicadores. O procedimento metodológico da pesquisa foi exploratória, descritiva, bibliográfica e quanto à abordagem foi quali-quanti. Os procedimentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foi feita através da identificação das dimensões de capacidade institucional e planejamento ambiental, como também, através das fontes oficiais. Como resultado desta pesquisa, detectou-se a baixa participação dos municípios na gestão ambiental. A partir destas informações foram apontados os principais entraves que estão relacionados à falta de conselho, fundo municipal de meio ambiente e estrutura organizacional nos municípios que compõem a bacia. Na dimensão planejamento ambiental, não se verificou a existência de planos e legislação municipal na área ambiental. Em suma, diante das carências encontradas nos municípios que compõem a bacia, pressupõe um olhar mais direcionado aos entraves verificados, a fim de que o poder público municipal possa tomar decisões visando, consequentemente a sustentabilidade desta bacia.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-06-02T20:34:16Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Lorena Cavalcante - 2015 - parte 1.pdf: 15967440 bytes, checksum: 9c09b6f67edea8bd7b82b16810d21436 (MD5) Dissertação - Lorena Cavalcante Brito - 2015- parte 2.pdf: 6685113 bytes, checksum: e76f3d0e3fa50d58eabdbfc0fad50bfb (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T11:38:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Lorena Cavalcante - 2015 - parte 1.pdf: 15967440 bytes, checksum: 9c09b6f67edea8bd7b82b16810d21436 (MD5) Dissertação - Lorena Cavalcante Brito - 2015- parte 2.pdf: 6685113 bytes, checksum: e76f3d0e3fa50d58eabdbfc0fad50bfb (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T11:38:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação - Lorena Cavalcante - 2015 - parte 1.pdf: 15967440 bytes, checksum: 9c09b6f67edea8bd7b82b16810d21436 (MD5) Dissertação - Lorena Cavalcante Brito - 2015- parte 2.pdf: 6685113 bytes, checksum: e76f3d0e3fa50d58eabdbfc0fad50bfb (MD5) license_rdf: 19874 bytes, checksum: 38cb62ef53e6f513db2fb7e337df6485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper discusses the process of urban expansion of Goiânia, under the bias of management tools, from a case study applied to the southeast of the capital. The impacts suffered are analyzed for this region, due to the city metropolization process by conurbation with neighboring municipalities and simultaneously the process of abandonment of the central areas, by the elite. The period studied, the start of structuring the region to the present day (1950-2015), is marked by several phases that sometimes exemplify the history of expansion of Goiânia. It presents reflections on: the role of management tools in the city's expansion preocess, the spatial process and the action of cosial agents producers of the city. It was noticed a pattern of ocupation in the southeast, whose approach was made possible by the application of analytical methodology based on PANERAI (2015), classifying the types of occupation found. The clipping possible to understand the southeast as a whole as well as the current trend of urban expansion undergone by the state of Goiás capital. / Este trabalho discute o processo de expansão urbana de Goiânia, sob o viés dos instrumentos de gestão, a partir de um estudo de caso aplicado à Região Sudeste da capital. São analisados os impactos sofridos por esse região, em decorrência do processo de metropolização da cidade por conurbação com os municípios vizinhos e, simultaneamente, do processo de abandono das áreas centrais, por parte da elite. O período estudado, do início da estruturação da região até os dias atuais (1950-2015), é marcado por várias fases que, por vezes, exemplificam a própria história de expansão de Goiânia. Apresenta reflexões sobre: o papel dos instrumentos de gestão no processo de expansão da cidade, os processos espaciais, bem como a ação dos agentes sociais produtores da cidade. Percebeu-se um padrão de ocupação na região sudeste, cuja abordagem foi possibilitada pela aplicação da metodologia da análise baseada em PANERAI (2015), classificando os tipos de ocupação encontrados. O recorte possibilitou compreender a região sudeste em sua totalidade, bem como a atual tendência de expansão urbana por que passa a capital do estado de Goiás.

O uso de ferramentas de gestão favorece a eficiência de um negócio, uma vez que por meio da coleta de dados produtivos e financeiros um empresário consegue tomar as melhores decisões. Os bovinocultores de leite podem obter melhores resultados nos seus negócios ao coletar e analisar dados. Porém o uso de ferramentas de gestão por esta categoria de produtores se mostra incipiente por uma série de razões. Pesquisas sobre gestão em propriedades produtoras de leite no Brasil consideram, principalmente, aspectos produtivos e financeiros, não estudando outras ferramentas de gestão, como o planejamento. A microrregião de Franca, Estado de São Paulo, apresentou queda de 12% em número de propriedades produtoras de leite entre 2007 e 2015, porém houve aumento de 37% na produção. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar se a gestão ou a falta dela influencia os produtores de leite na tomada de decisão de continuar ou sair da atividade. Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico sobre a gestão em propriedades produtoras de leite e encontrou-se que o empreendedorismo, o controle dos aspectos produtivos, a resiliência, os arranjos produtivos horizontais foram importantes na análise dos melhores resultados. Outro achado nos trabalhos estudados foi que os produtores de leite consideram fatores não econômicos ao tomarem decisões. Foram realizadas 25 entrevistas qualitativas com produtores de leite, nas quais se avaliou se a gestão era prática dos respondentes, quais ferramentas eram utilizadas por eles e se a gestão era decisiva para que eles continuassem na atividade. O estudo também objetivou saber quais eram os fatores não econômicos levados em consideração por eles ao decidirem expandir a atividade, manter como está ou sair da mesma. Ao avaliar as respostas, encontrou-se que o uso de ferramentas de gestão vai tornando-se mais sofisticado conforme aumenta o nível de escolaridade dos produtores. Os produtores de leite levavam em consideração fatores não econômicos (valores) no momento de tomar uma decisão, tais como: legado, tradição (herança), gosto pela vida no campo, gostar da atividade leiteira, independência etc. Eles consideravam, ademais, fatores econômicos, tais como: venda de animais, pagamento mensal e lucratividade. Ao que parece, o uso de ferramentas de gestão não teve influência direta na tomada de decisão do produtor em continuar na atividade, uma vez que produtores que não utilizavam qualquer ferramenta demonstraram interesse na continuidade, muito embora os produtores que utilizavam ferramentas de gestão eram os mais eficientes. / The use of management tools favors the efficiency of a business, once production and financial data can be used for the entrepreneur to make better choices. Dairy farmers can get better results in their business by collecting and analyzing data, but the use of management tools by dairy farmers is different when there´s a comparison between the farmers, due to a number of reasons. Researches on management in dairy farmers in Brasil mainly consider productive and financial aspects and there´s a lack of studies on management tools, such as planning. There was a decrease of 12% in number of dairy farms in micro region of Franca, São Paulo State, between 2007 and 2015, but, at the same time, there was a 37% increase in production. This work had as objective to identify if the management or the lack of it influences the dairy farmers in the decision making to continue or leave the activity. It was made a survey about management practices on dairy farmers at the literature and it was found that entrepreneurship, control of productive aspects, resilience, and horizontal productive arrangements were important in the analysis of the best results. Another finding in these studies was that dairy farmers consider non-economic factors when making decisions. 25 qualitative interviews were conducted with dairy farmers in which it was evaluated whether the management was practiced by the respondents, which tools were used by them and if management was decisive for them to continue in the activity. This study also objected to know what were the non-economic factors taken into account by them when deciding to expand the activity, to maintain as it is or to leave. When evaluating the answers, it was found that the use of management tools is becoming more sophisticated as the level of education of the farmers increases. Dairy farmers took into account non-economic factors (values) at the moment of making a decision, such as: legacy, tradition (inheritance), enjoy working in rural areas, enjoy the dairy activity, independence etc. They considered, in addition, economic factors, such as: sale of animals, monthly payment and profitability. It seems the use of management tools had no direct influence on the decision of the dairy farmer to continue in the activity, since farmers who did not use any management tools showed interest in the continuity. Although those farmers that used management tools were the most eficiente.

An organizations quality management, including process improvement and -development requires continuous work. Quality- and process improvement does not only concern the individual employee but the entire organization. This bachelor thesis is about studying and improving a competence provision process at the organization Swedavia. The purpose is to suggest improvements that increase the efficiency and clarifies the competence prevision process. The thesis is based on the questions (1) How can the competence prevision be improved at Swedavia? And (2) How can the competence prevision be developed into a more adaptable process that fits into all business areas? In order to identify the cause of quality deficiency, three quality management tools have been used. To provide manageable improvement proposals, data collection has been focused on individual perspective such as interviews and surveys, as well as an operational perspective where quality audits have been reviewed. By analyzing the result with aid in information and material concerning competence prevision and process improvement, improvement proposals for the process have been developed and presented in an implementation plan. The study shows that (1) Swedavia’s competence provision can be improved by further developing the process method descriptions, responsibilities and the tools used. An improvement that benefits both the employees and the organization is to apply a clearer description of the overall competence provision process. The description should be based on guidelines for competence management by the Swedish Standard Institute. The result shows that depending on the area of business, the unconsciousness seems to vary. Improvement proposals for a more adaptable process (2) therefore include clearer guidelines, process tools and methods that is specific to the studied business area. In addition to suggested improvements, Swedavia should review what is considered to be of most importance and challenging in the process management, good communication and accessibility. / Processutveckling och förbättringsarbete kräver ett ständigt kvalitetsarbete i en organisations processer. Kvalitetsarbete berör inte bara den enskilda medarbetarens, utan hela verksamhetens engagemang och uppmärksamhet. Examensarbetet är gjort vid Swedavia AB och omfattar ett förbättringsarbete om företagets kompetensförsörjningsprocess. Syfte med arbetet är att föreslå förbättringsförslag som effektiviserar och tydliggör Swedavias kompetensförsörjningsprocess. Arbetet bygger på frågeställningarna (1) Hur kan Swedavias kompetensförsörjning förbättras? och (2) Hur kan kompetensförsörjningsprocessen utvecklas till en mer anpassningsbar process som passar in i alla verksamhetsområden? För att identifiera orsak till kvalitetsbrist har kvalitetstekniska verktyg använts i resultatframtagande. För att få fram hanterbara förbättringsförslag har datainsamlingen fokuserat på ett individperspektiv som omfattar intervjuer och enkäter med medarbetare. Verksamhetsperspektiv har också applicerats där kvalitetsrevisioner genomgåtts och studerats. Genom att analysera resultatet med hjälp av teori om kompetensförsörjning och processutveckling har förbättringsförslag till processen tagits fram och presenteras i implementeringsplanen. Studien visar att (1) Swedavias kompetensförsörjning kan förbättras genom att vidareutveckla processens metodbeskrivningar, ansvarsfördelning, befattningsmodell och behovsanalys. En förbättring som gynnar både medarbetarna och verksamheten är att tillämpa tydligare metodbeskrivning till processen, metodbeskrivningen kan exempelvis baseras på Svenska standardinstitutets riktlinjer för kompetensförsörjning. Resultatet visar att beroende på verksamhetsområde, framkommer det omedvetenhet i olika grad under processgenomförande. Förbättringsförslag för en mer anpassningsbar process (2) omfattar därför tydligare riktlinjer, målsättningar och metodverktyg som är specifika till verksamhetsområdet. Swedavia bör även tänka på det som anses vara viktigast och mest utmanande i processtyrning för stora organisationer, en god kommunikation och tillgänglighet som genomsyrar hela verksamheten för att ständigt utvecklas.

La réduction des impacts environnementaux des entreprises s'appuie notamment sur de nombreux instruments d'évaluation environnementale (ACV, Bilan Carbone, etc.) censés guider leurs actions. Or, malgré leur importante diffusion, la question de leur performativité, c'est-à-dire de leur capacité à transformer effectivement les pratiques managériales, reste posée. Autrement dit, nombre de ces outils d'évaluation ne deviennent pas ipso facto des instruments de gestion. Dans les travaux en ingénierie de l'environnement, les difficultés d'appropriation des instruments d'évaluation sont associées aux propriétés intrinsèques de ces outils (ergonomie, robustesse des modèles scientifiques) et font l'objet d'un travail de révision permanente. Dans cette thèse, nous explorons les dimensions organisationnelles et cognitives de cette appropriation, en particulier l'émergence de communautés épistémiques et pratiques structurées autour des instruments et qui constituent le milieu réceptif à leur déploiement.Issue d'un travail en CIFRE dans un cabinet de conseil en environnement, cette thèse étudie, à partir de six cas empiriques, les processus et les conditions dans lesquels les instruments enclenchent des dynamiques d'action collective. Au-delà du niveau élémentaire des instruments, nous étudions les dispositifs qui sont mis en œuvre dans le cours d'actions collectives ainsi que leurs effets inattendus. La thèse met en évidence l'existence de dispositifs plus ou moins élaborés qui influent sur les capacités d'apprentissage des entreprises. La caractérisation de ces dispositifs permet d'identifier de nouvelles figures d'acteurs et des communautés intermédiaires, plus ou moins intégrées à l'entreprise, jouant un rôle clé dans les dynamiques d'action collective. / Firms reduce their environmental impacts thanks to a series of environmental assessment tools such as LCA and Bilan Carbone (the latter being a specific form of carbon footprint assessment tool). which are supposed to act as decision support tools. However, even if these tools are widely spread among companies, the question of their performativity, or the way they effectively change managerial practice, remains. In other words several of these assessment tools do not become ipso facto management instruments. Research on environmental sciences link the difficulties of assessment tools appropriation to the tools' inherent properties (ergonomics, scientific models' robustness) and are subject to a to constant revision work. In this thesis, we explore the organisational and cognitive dimensions of this appropriation; in particular the emergence of epistemic and practice communities structured around the instruments, which constitute a receptive environment for their deployment.Based on a field work in an environmental consultancy agency, this thesis examines for six empirical case studies the process and the conditions under which the instruments trigger a sustained collective action. Beyond the basic instrument level, we study the features that are implemented in the course of collective actions and their unexpected effects. This research project highlights the existence of a variety elaborate devices, which affect firms learning capabilities. The characterisation of these devices helps identifying new managerial figures and intermediate communities, integrated to a greater or lesser extent to the company, playing a key role in the dynamics of collective action.

En 2010, le président de l'Alliance Renault-Nissan annonce l'investissement de 4 milliards d'euros dans un programme de développement du véhicule électrique et de sa batterie. À cette période, le secteur automobile est confronté à une crise économique importante. Le succès de cet engagement est crucial. Le véhicule électrique fait l'objet d'une conception innovante qui déstabilise les pratiques de l'entreprise. De nouveaux protocoles doivent être définis pour valider les acquis de ce produit. Compte tenu de la suppression des émissions au roulage, de nouvelles questions émergent et réclament une évaluation globale de la performance environnementale de ces véhicules. En conséquence, l'entreprise doit mettre en place un dialogue transparent et gérer une contestation .Ce travail repose sur un monde industriel dont la situation est propice à l'intervention. La méthode d'abduction - déduction – induction est utilisée. L'action collective ne va pas de soi est demande à être pilotée. Le modèle Co-LCA vise à faciliter une collaboration et la construction d'un ensemble de règles clés pour procéder à l'étude. Ces règles sont toujours contestables. Néanmoins, cette approche permet de donner une légitimité plus grande à l'étude. Cette expérience a consolidé les pratiques de l'entreprise, elle autorise de nombreux échanges avec les parties prenantes concernées dans un cadre structuré. Ce processus est une plate-forme pour le partage des savoirs, un débat ouvert et la diffusion d'informations. Enfin, nous ouvrons la voie pour que l'outil ACV devienne un instrument de gestion de l'environnement au service d'une transition dans le secteur automobile. / In 2010, the president of the Renault-Nissan announces $ 4 billion in a program to develop electric vehicle and its battery. At that time, the automotive industry is facing a major economic crisis. The success of this engagement is crucial. The electric vehicle is the subject of an innovative design that destabilizes business practices. New protocols should be defined to validate the performance of that product. Given the elimination of emissions during operation, new questions emerge and require a comprehensive assessment of the environmental performance of these vehicles. Therefore, the company must set up a transparent dialogue and manage contested.This work is based in an industrial world, the situation is suitable for intervention. The method of abduction - deduction - induction is used. Collective action is not obvious and needs to be managed. Co-LCA model is designed to facilitate collaboration and building a set of key rules to carry out the study. These rules are still questionable. However, this approach can give more legitimacy to the study. This experience has strengthened the company's practices; it allows many discussions with stakeholders in a structured framework. This process is a platform for knowledge sharing, open discussion and dissemination of information. Finally, we open the way for the LCA tool becomes an instrument for environmental management at the service of a transition in the automotive sector.

Denna uppsats syftar till att kartlägga två projekt inom två hjälporganisationer: Xola Educare i Contribution To Opportunities och Digniti Omnia i Svenska kyrkan. Studien visar hur projekten behandlar fem utvalda projektledande kunskapsområden: projektmål, intressenter, krav, tider och kommunikation. Vår frågeställning är: På vilket sätt tillämpas projektledningstekniker vid hantering av: projektmål, intressenter, krav, tider och kommunikation inom hjälporganisationers projekt? Vår utgångspunkt för denna studie är att det finns skillnader i hur nyetablerade och etablerade hjälporganisationer tillämpar kunskapsområden för planeringen av sina projekt. Studien utgår även ifrån att praktiken skiljer sig från hur den klassiska projektledningsläran beskriver de centrala delarna inom utvalda kunskapsområden. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod, med intervjuer och dokumentanalys som metod för datainsamling i syfte till att kartlägga projektens nuvarande struktur utifrån kunskapsområden i relation till tidigare forskning.  Tidigare forskning om projekt inom hjälporganisationer visar en trend om ineffektivitet och mindre lyckat resultat än framgångsrika projekt. Projektledarens kompetens och erfarenhet har visat sig spela en roll i detta. Projektledande kunskapsområden har i viss utsträckning anammats men har fortfarande en stor utvecklingspotential och behöver anpassas till den kontext som ideellt baserade hjälporganisationer lever i.  Kartläggningen i sin helhet visar att nyetablerade hjälporganisationer inte använder sig lika mycket av projektledande kunskapsområdena som en mer etablerad hjälporganisation gör. Att praktiken skiljer sig från teorin visar även kartläggningen genom brister i strukturerade metodiska tillvägagångssätt. Verkligheten överensstämmer inte alltid med teorin då individer är föränderliga och projekt är rörliga företeelser som behöver foga sig efter varandra och deras kontext. Kartläggningen och studiens resultat visar att båda projekten har formulerade projektmål i dokumentform. Delprojektledarna har inte genomfört någon intressentanalys i enlighet uppsatsens teori men har en stor medvetenhet om sina intressenter. Kraven som projekten ämnar uppfylla formulerades vid projektstart. Projekten har ingen strukturerad tipsplan innehållande de teoretiska projektledningsteknikerna. Båda projekten har i enlighet med teorin strukturerade mötesformer. / The purpose of this essay is to conduct a survey of two projects within two Non-profit organizations: Xola Educare in Contribution To Opportunities and Digniti Omnia in The Church of Sweden. The study intends to investigate how the projects deal with the five selected areas of knowledge: project goals, stakeholders, requirements, timetable and communication. The essay originates from the research question of: How are knowledge areas applied to structuring projects in Non-profit organizations? Our starting point for this study is that there are differences in how newly established and already established Non-profit organizations will apply knowledge areas for the planning of their projects. The study also assumes that practice differs from how the essay's theory describes knowledge areas. The study has been conducted with a qualitative method, with interviews and document analysis as a method of data collection for the purpose of mapping the current structure of the projects based on knowledge areas in relation to the theory. Previous research on projects driven by Non-profit organizations has illustrated a trend of inefficiency and unsuccessful projects rather than successful. The project managers' skills and maturity are revealed to play a key part for their success. Knowledge areas have been used to a certain extent but still have a great development potential and need to be adapted to the context of Non-profit organizations.  The survey shows that newly established Non-profit organizations do not use as many project knowledge areas as a more established Non-profit organization does, and that theory and practice differ in these two Non-profit organizations. The survey also shows that reality differs from the theory through shortcomings in structured methodological approaches. Reality does not always match the theory when individuals and projects are changing; they need to follow one another and its context. The survey and the results of the study show that both projects have formulated project goals in document form. The project has not conducted any stakeholder analysis according to the essay theory but has a high level of awareness about its stakeholders. The requirements that the projects aim to meet were formulated at the start of the project. The projects have no structured time plan containing the theoretical project management techniques. Both the projects have structured forms of meeting according to the theory.

These days there are a lot of methodologies which can be used for IS/ICT implementation projects. Apart from traditional rigorous methodologies such as Rational Unified Process (RUP), there are also agile methodologies, which are characterized by positive approach to change and iterative development with very short iterations. One of these methodologies is OpenUP, which combines both agile and rigorous principles. OpenUP covers the most important factors necessary to focus on during software development, but on the other hand it also respects the fact that each project is unique. That is why it offers the possibility to extend or customize its content for specific requirements. The main objective of this diploma is to localize and customize OpenUP methodology for the projects which are running within the courses of software engineering at the University of Economics in Prague. The result if this customization and localization is a methodology suitable for small software projects called MMSP. This diploma also pursues other objectives like to find and characterize tools suitable for administration and customization of the methodology. These objectives were achieved by deep analysis of various sources about OpenUP methodology, information system development projects and methodologies of IS/ICT development. The resulting methodology was not only based on these information but it also results from experiences and best practices from the projects at the University of Economics in Prague and from consultations with experts in practice. The key benefit of this diploma is a complete Czech localized methodology MMSP which can be used both for school and real projects of IS/ICT development. MMSP is available in a form that can be easily embraced, further customized and administrated.