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1	Обоснование экономически целесообразного масштаба предприятия : магистерская диссертация / Justification of the economically feasible scale of the enterprise Орехова, Е. Н., Orekhova, E. N. January 2022 (has links) Экономически целесообразный масштаб предприятия является одним из условий достижения максимальных финансовых результатов. Методический подход к обоснованию экономически целесообразного масштаба предприятия может применяться для корректировки производственной и инвестиционной стратегии предприятия. Целью магистерской диссертации является совершенствование инструментария обоснования экономически целесообразного масштаба предприятия. В работе исследованы подходы к изучению масштаба предприятия, проанализирована взаимосвязь показателей масштабов и финансовых результатов металлургических предприятий, разработан методический подход к определению экономически целесообразного масштаба предприятия. В качестве источников использовалась научно-исследовательская и методическая литература, нормативно-правовые акты и финансовая отчетность организаций в открытом доступе. В магистерской диссертации был предложен методический подход к обоснованию экономически целесообразного масштаба предприятия, базирующегося на уточненном составе факторов, определяющих сближение кривых выручки и затрат на производство и реализацию продукции при росте масштаба предприятия и методике оценки положения предприятия по отношению к максимально возможной прибыли. / Economically feasible scale of the enterprise is one of the conditions for achieving maximum financial results. A methodical approach to substantiating the economically feasible scale of the enterprise can be used to adjust the production and investment strategy of the enterprise. The purpose of the master's thesis is to improve the tools for justifying the economically feasible scale of the enterprise. The paper investigates approaches to the study of the scale of the enterprise, analyzes the relationship between the indicators of the scale and financial results of metallurgical enterprises, and develops a methodical approach to determining the economically feasible scale of the enterprise. Research and methodical literature, regulatory legal acts, data from the Federal State Statistics Service and financial statements of organizations in the public domain were used as sources. In the master's thesis, a methodical approach was proposed to substantiate the economically feasible scale of the enterprise, based on a refined composition of factors determining the convergence of revenue curves and production and sales costs with the growth of the enterprise scale and the methods for assessing the position of the enterprise in relation to the maximum possible profit. МАСШТАБ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ ПРЕДЕЛЬНЫЕ ИЗДЕРЖКИ ПРЕДЕЛЬНЫЕ ИЗДЕРЖКИ MASTER'S THESIS THE SCALE OF THE ENTERPRISE MARGINAL COSTS MARGINAL COSTS
2	Empirical Essays on Railway Infrastructure Costs in Sweden Andersson, Mats January 2007 (has links) The subject of this thesis concerns pricing the use of transport infrastructure. We are empirically investigating the relationship between railway traffic volumes and infrastructure management costs. More specifically, we are interested in estimating the change in infrastructure management costs from marginal variations in traffic volumes, i.e. to estimate the marginal cost of railway infrastructure wear and tear. Both Europe and Sweden have moved towards a marginal cost based transport pricing policy, thus driving the need for more empirical work on rail infrastructure costs to underpin the level of a wear and tear charge. The thesis consists of five papers. In paper I, the data situation for planning railway maintenance and renewal is surveyed internationally. The survey indicates that most infrastructure managers are still in the data gathering phase, rather than ready to use modern computerised planning tools to make sound decisions in the field of maintenance and renewal. In paper II, we investigate the data situation for infrastructure cost analysis in Sweden. A panel data set that consists of cost, traffic and infrastructure information is created. The data covers 1999-2002 and contains almost 190 annual observations. Three main cost categories are identified; infrastructure operation, maintenance and renewal. This data is used for estimations of cost functions in paper II, III and V. Econometric techniques are applied for this purpose, with several different model specifications. In paper II, the method of pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) is applied. In paper III, we turn to unobserved effects models to exploit data heterogeneity. Finally in paper V, a dynamic generalised method of moments estimator is used to explore a potential dynamic cost dependency. The main findings are that the POLS approach, which has been used in similar studies in Europe recently, is rejected in favour of fixed effects estimation for this data. Furthermore, we also reject the idea of regression analysis to capture marginal rail renewal costs. In paper IV, we suggest an analytical expression combined with survival analysis of rail ages to estimate marginal renewal costs. We derive elasticities with respect to output as well as marginal costs for the different cost categories, and find that the current charge for wear and tear in Sweden is well below these new estimates. This opens up for increased, marginal cost based rail infrastructure wear and tear charges, which would reduce the financial burden on Swedish tax-payers. / QC 20100622 Railways Infrastructure Marginal Costs Maintenance Renewal Econometrics Panel Data Survival Analysis SOCIAL SCIENCES SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP
3	[en] ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRICE STRUCTURING FOR THE BRAZILIAN MARKET / [pt] FORMAÇÃO DE PREÇOS DE ENERGIA ELÉTRICA PARA O MERCADO BRASILEIRO CAROLINA FERREIRA SZCZERBACKI 27 September 2007 (has links) [pt] Os preços de energia elétrica, insumo básico para todo o Modelo Setorial, constituem uma das maiores incertezas do setor. Estas incertezas abrangem todos os elementos formadores de preços: a oferta, a demanda e as regras de mercado, tornando muitas vezes difícil ao agente a avaliação concreta e precisa do processo da formação de preços e do impacto que a variação de um dos elementos do processo produz no resultado final. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a estrutura de formação de preços no mercado energético brasileiro de forma sistematizada, avaliando a composição das variáveis que afetam esta estrutura: a demanda por consumo, a expansão do sistema e as disponibilidades energéticas. O mercado é modelado em todos os seus detalhes físicos, e o cálculo é realizado a partir de todo o arcabouço regulatório, incluindo a reprodução do modelo de operação ótima responsável pelos preços de energia. Descreve-se inicialmente um modelo de previsão de demanda por subsistema, utilizando-se técnicas de Teoria de Análise Funcional. Focaliza-se em seguida o suprimento futuro de energia no país a partir da expansão da oferta. Finalmente, utiliza-se uma simulação da operação ótima do sistema a partir da reprodução dos resultados do modelo utilizado no setor - o Newave - a partir de uma implementação própria desenvolvida especialmente no escopo deste trabalho. De posse dos possíveis cenários futuros, pode-se mensurar o impacto que a variação de cada elemento formador (demanda, expansão e afluências) tem sobre os custos de energia. É possível observar que as incertezas nestas variáveis podem gerar grandes impactos nos custos marginais e, conseqüentemente, nos custos futuros de energia elétrica. / [en] Energy Prices, essential input for the Sectorial Model, consist on the biggest uncertainties of the Electric Sector. These uncertainties enclose all price elements: the supply, the demand and the market rules, making sometimes difficult for the agents to evaluate the price process and the impact that the variation of each process element can produce on the result. The objective is to present Brazilian price process in a structuralized way, evaluating the variables composition that affects this structure: the demand, the electric system expansion and the energy supply availability. The market is modeled in all its physical details, and the calculation is done into the regulatory environment, including a reproduction of the optimal operation model responsible for energy prices. First, a demand forecast model is described, based on Functional Analysis Theory. Then, the focus is on the energy future supply, analyzing the supply expansion in Brazil. Finally, an optimal operation system is simulated, reproducing the sector model (Newave) results from an implementation developed in this work. From these possible future settings, each element (demand, expansion and energy supply availability) variation impact on energy prices can be measured. The simulations show that uncertainties about these variables can have big impacts on marginal costs and, consequently, on the energy future prices. [pt] TARIFACAO [en] BILLING [pt] MERCADO DE ENERGIA [en] ELECTRICAL ENERGY MARKET [pt] PRECOS DE ENERGIA [en] ENERGY PRICES [pt] CUSTOS MARGINAL [en] MARGINAL COSTS
4	A estrutura tarifária de uso das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil: análise crítica do modelo vigente e nova proposta metodológica. / The rate structure of electric power distribution networks in Brazil: critical analysis of the current model and new methodological proposal. Fabio Sismotto El Hage 01 February 2011 (has links) O trabalho discute a questão da precificação eficiente em sistemas de distribuição de energia, abordando desde a teoria econômica clássica aplicada aos modelos de produção e transporte da energia, passando por uma avaliação crítica da atual metodologia de estrutura tarifária vigente no Brasil, até o detalhamento de uma proposta consistente e simplificadora de estrutura de preços para a atividade da distribuição de energia. A teoria de monopólios naturais é o pano de fundo para uma discussão integrada dos modelos clássicos de estrutura de preços para o transporte da energia elétrica. Nesta avaliação do estado da arte, são abordadas as teorias da precificação linear, da precificação não linear e da precificação de ponta. A atual metodologia nacional de cálculo da estrutura tarifária de uso das redes de distribuição, aplicada pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ANEEL, é revisitada sob uma visão técnica crítica. Como resultado, são desconstruídos alguns conceitos e processos vigentes pela constatação de uma excessiva complexidade operacional aliada a uma carência de fundamentação econômica e matemática. Por fim, é proposta uma metodologia simplificadora para a estrutura de preços de uso das redes de distribuição de energia, objetivando maior eficiência econômica, maior simplicidade operacional na aplicação e sólida fundamentação teórica, reduzindo arbitrariedades e subjetividades existentes na atual metodologia. / The present work discusses the question of efficient pricing on electric power distribution systems. The subject is approached from the discussion of the classical economic theory applied to energy production and transport models, passing through a critical evaluation of the current rate structure used in Brazil, to the description of a consistent and simplified proposal for the electric power distribution rate design. The theory of natural monopolies is the background of an integrated discussion on classical rate design models concerning the electric energy transportation activity. By the classical problem analysis, some theories commonly approached are linear pricing, non linear pricing and peak load pricing. The current Brazilian methodology used for the rate design of the usage of distribution networks, applied by the National Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), is revisited under a critical technical vision. As a result, some concepts are reassessed due to the observed excessive operational complexity allied to the lack of economical and statistical foundation. Finally, a simplified methodology for the rate structure of the usage of electrical distribution networks is proposed. The methodology aims, at the same time, greater economic efficiency, simpler operational application and a solid theoretical foundation, thereby reducing arbitrariness and subjectivity found in the current methodology. Distribuição de energia Energia-custos marginais Estrutura tarifária Tarifa de uso Energy marginal costs Power distribution Rate structure Usage tariffs
5	A estrutura tarifária de uso das redes de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil: análise crítica do modelo vigente e nova proposta metodológica. / The rate structure of electric power distribution networks in Brazil: critical analysis of the current model and new methodological proposal. El Hage, Fabio Sismotto 01 February 2011 (has links) O trabalho discute a questão da precificação eficiente em sistemas de distribuição de energia, abordando desde a teoria econômica clássica aplicada aos modelos de produção e transporte da energia, passando por uma avaliação crítica da atual metodologia de estrutura tarifária vigente no Brasil, até o detalhamento de uma proposta consistente e simplificadora de estrutura de preços para a atividade da distribuição de energia. A teoria de monopólios naturais é o pano de fundo para uma discussão integrada dos modelos clássicos de estrutura de preços para o transporte da energia elétrica. Nesta avaliação do estado da arte, são abordadas as teorias da precificação linear, da precificação não linear e da precificação de ponta. A atual metodologia nacional de cálculo da estrutura tarifária de uso das redes de distribuição, aplicada pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica ANEEL, é revisitada sob uma visão técnica crítica. Como resultado, são desconstruídos alguns conceitos e processos vigentes pela constatação de uma excessiva complexidade operacional aliada a uma carência de fundamentação econômica e matemática. Por fim, é proposta uma metodologia simplificadora para a estrutura de preços de uso das redes de distribuição de energia, objetivando maior eficiência econômica, maior simplicidade operacional na aplicação e sólida fundamentação teórica, reduzindo arbitrariedades e subjetividades existentes na atual metodologia. / The present work discusses the question of efficient pricing on electric power distribution systems. The subject is approached from the discussion of the classical economic theory applied to energy production and transport models, passing through a critical evaluation of the current rate structure used in Brazil, to the description of a consistent and simplified proposal for the electric power distribution rate design. The theory of natural monopolies is the background of an integrated discussion on classical rate design models concerning the electric energy transportation activity. By the classical problem analysis, some theories commonly approached are linear pricing, non linear pricing and peak load pricing. The current Brazilian methodology used for the rate design of the usage of distribution networks, applied by the National Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), is revisited under a critical technical vision. As a result, some concepts are reassessed due to the observed excessive operational complexity allied to the lack of economical and statistical foundation. Finally, a simplified methodology for the rate structure of the usage of electrical distribution networks is proposed. The methodology aims, at the same time, greater economic efficiency, simpler operational application and a solid theoretical foundation, thereby reducing arbitrariness and subjectivity found in the current methodology. Distribuição de energia Energia-custos marginais Energy marginal costs Estrutura tarifária Power distribution Rate structure Tarifa de uso Usage tariffs
6	Sjukvårdskostnader i samband medvägtrafikolyckor för individer med och utansömnapné / Healthcare costs associated with road traffic accidentsinvolving individuals with and without ObstructiveSleep Apnoea Khan, Ellen, Steen, Denise January 2016 (has links) Tidigare forskning indikerar att individer med sömnapné får mer allvarliga skador i sambandmed vägtrafikolyckor jämfört med individer utan sömnapné. Det har även visats att merallvarliga skador genererar högre kostnader. Det finns dock ett kunskapsglapp i frågan om demer allvarliga skadorna som involverar individer med sömnapné har högresjukvårdskostnader i Sverige. Studier visar även att om patienter ska kunna få ut maximaltmed vård för de skattepengar som läggs på hälso- och sjukvården bör samhällseffektivakostnadsanalyser göras. En del i samhällseffektiva kostnadsanalyser är att identifiera,kvantifiera och värdera de kostnader som är relevanta vid ett specifikt olycksfall.Uppsatsens syfte är att framställa, jämföra och analysera de sjukvårdskostnader somuppkommer vid vägtrafikolyckor i Sverige orsakade av individer med och utan sömnapnéunder en uppföljningsperiod på ett, två och tre år. I sjukvårdskostnaderna inkluderas dekostnader som uppstår i slutenvården, öppenvården, samt läkemedelskostnader. Syftetuppfylls först genom identifiering, kvantifiering och värdering av sjukvårdskostnaderna. Meden ekonometrisk modell avser vi dessutom att förklara sambandet mellan de förklarandevariablerna ålder, kön och patientgrupp och den beroende variabeln sjukvårdskostnader. Denekonometriska modellen skapas utifrån data från olycksregistret Swedish Traffic AccidentData Acquisition (STRADA) och organisationen European Sleep Apnoea Database(ESADA).I resultatanalysen presenteras och analyseras sjukvårdskostnaderna utifrånsamhällsekonomisk teori för att avgöra om det existerar en skillnad i sjukvårdskostnader samtför att utreda hur den eventuella skillnaden är fördelad enligt Pareto- och Kaldor-Hickskriteriet. Studiens resultat visar på att det existerar en framträdande skillnad mellan de tvåpatientgruppernas sjukvårdskostnader. Marginalkostnaderna för patientgruppen medsömnapné är betydligt större än för patientgruppen utan sömnapné och de inkrementellakostnaderna visar också relativt stora kostnadsskillnader under respektive uppföljningsår. / Previous research indicates that individuals with the condition obstructive sleep apnoea(OSA) get more severe injuries after road traffic accidents, in comparison with individualswithout OSA. It has also, in previous studies, been shown that more severe injuries generatehigher costs. There is although a knowledge gap concerning whether the more severe injuriesthat involve individuals with OSA result in higher medical expenses. Furthermore, earlierresearch also implies that for patients to receive maximum healthcare from the tax moneyreimbursing the healthcare in Sweden, there should be socio-effective cost analysisconducted. An important part of socio-effective cost analysis is the identification,quantification and valuation of relevant costs associated with a specific causality.The aim of the study is to produce, compare and analyse the healthcare costs associated withroad traffic accidents in Sweden caused by individuals with and without OSA, during afollow-up period of one, two and three years. The healthcare costs include the costs that occurin the inpatient and outpatient care as well as pharmaceutical costs. The aim has been fulfilledthrough identification, quantification and valuation of the healthcare costs associated withroad traffic accidents, for individuals with and without OSA. In order to examine therelationship between the describing variables age, sex and patient group and the dependentvariable healthcare cost, we constructed an econometric model. The econometric model hasbeen assembled by data from the accident register Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition(STRADA) and the organisation European Sleep Apnoea Database (ESADA).The result of the study presents and analyse the healthcare costs through socio-economictheory to decide whether there does exist a difference in healthcare costs and to investigate ifthe eventual difference in costs is distributed according to the Pareto- and Kaldor-Hickscriteria.The study’s result demonstrates a significant difference of the healthcare costs in thetwo patient groups. The marginal costs for the patient group with OSA is considerably higherthan the marginal cost for the patient group without OSA. The incremental costs also showrelatively large cost differences during the three follow-up years. Obstructive sleep apnoea health care costs road traffic accidents marginal costs incremental costs econometric study. Sömnapné sjukvårdskostnader vägtrafikolyckor marginalkostnader inkrementella kostnader ekonometrisk studie.
7	METODOLOGIA DE ANÁLISE PARA UM MERCADO COMPETITIVO DA POTÊNCIA REATIVA / METHODOLOGY OF ANALYSIS FOR A COMPETITIVE MARKET OF REACTIVE POWER Flores, Marcos Julio Rider 22 February 2002 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Julio Rider Flores.pdf: 929755 bytes, checksum: 2e82c5bdaf782d2a755462e205cd4c32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work a flexible methodology for computation of active and reactive power marginal costs in competitive electrical markets is proposed. In the formulation is adopted a static model of the synchronous generators which it considers the nonlinearity of the reactive power limits. The total reactive power production cost is considered as a non-linear model that represent the economic loss when an active power is not generated, that cost is referred as the opportunity cost. The reactive power production cost of the static compensators is also included in the formulation. The proposed methodology may calculate the active and reactive power marginal costs, the last ones incentive the agents of the electrical market to participate in a reactive power market. Those marginal costs are computed with a optimal power flow computer program that includes a sequential quadratic programming (SQP) which is a non-linear optimization method that uses na approximation of the Hessian matrix updated in a similar manner to the BGFS (Broyden - Fletcher Goldfarb Shanno) second order optimization method. A computer program, AMDREA, that takes in account the proposed methodology, has been coded in C++ and with object oriented programming techniques. The test systems IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 118-bus and a power system in the southern-south-east Brazilian region has been used to perform several simulations using the proposed methodology. Analysis of the test systems results indicate that the active and reactive power marginal costs supply economic signals that may incentive investments in reactive power by the distributors and big consumers. These results oppose with other results reported in the literature in which is considered that the reactive power productions costs are not relevant. / Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia flexível para o cálculo dos custos marginais da potência ativa e reativa em mercados elétricos competitivos. Na formulação adotou-se um modelo estático dos geradores síncronos com considerações não lineares dos limites de potência reativa. O custo total de produção da potência reativa é considerado como um modelo não linear que representa uma perda econômica quando a potência ativa não é gerada, esse custo é denominado custo de oportunidade. O custo de produção de potência reativa dos compensadores estáticos também é incluída na formulação. A metodologia proposta permite determinar custos marginais de potência ativa e reativa sendo que estes últimos tendem a incentivar a participação dos agentes do mercado elétrico no mercado da potência reativa. Os custos marginais da potência ativa e reativa são calculados com um programa computacional de fluxo de potência ótimo que inclui uma técnica de programação quadrática seqüencial (PQS) que é um método de otimização não linear que usa uma aproximação da matriz Hessiana atualizada de maneira similar ao método de otimização BFGS (Broyden - Fletcher Goldfarb - Shanno) de segunda ordem. A metodologia proposta foi implementada num programa computacional interativo e gráfico em ambiente Windows e denominado AMDREA, codificado em linguagem C++ com técnicas de programação orientada a objetos. Os sistemas de teste IEEE de 30 barras, IEEE de 118 barras e mais um sistema elétrico real da região sul-sudeste brasileiro foram utilizados para realizar estudos de simulação aplicando a metodologia proposta. A análise dos resultados obtidos com os sistemas de teste indica que os custos marginais de potência ativa e reativa fornecem sinais econômicos que podem incentivar investimentos de potência reativa por parte dos distribuidores e grandes consumidores. Esses resultados diferem com outros resultados reportados na literatura correspondente em que os custos de produção de potência reativa não são relevantes. potência reativa mercados elétricos competitivos cálculo dos custos marginais reactive power competitive electric markets calculation of the marginal costs
8	Kurz- und langfristige Angebotskurven für Rohöl und die Konsequenzen für den Markt Schlothmann, Daniel 20 April 2016 (has links) (PDF) In dieser Arbeit wurden Angebotskurven für 22 bedeutende Ölförderländer ermittelt und anschließend zu globalen Angebotskurven aggregiert. Gemäß den ermittelten Angebotskurven sind nahezu alle gegenwärtig in der Förderphase befindlichen Ölprojekte in den Untersuchungsländern auch beim aktuellen Ölpreis von 35 bis 40 US-$ je Barrel unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Grenzkosten rentabel. Sollte der Ölpreis jedoch in den kommenden Jahren auf diesem Niveau verharren, wird es bis zum Jahr 2024 zu einem Angebotsengpass auf dem globalen Ölmarkt kommen, da zur Deckung der zukünftigen Nachfrage die Erschließung kostenintensiver, unkonventioneller Lagerstätten und von Lagerstätten in tiefen und sehr tiefen Gewässern notwendig ist. Damit es bis zum Jahr 2024 nicht zu einem solchen Angebotsengpass kommt, ist gemäß des ermittelten langfristigen Marktgleichgewichts ein Ölpreis von mindestens 80 (2014er) US-$ je Barrel notwendig. Ölmarkt Ölangebot Ölpreis Angebotskurven Grenzkosten Ölförderung Ölprojekte konventionelle Ölförderung unkonventionelle Ölförderung Schweröl. Schwerstöl Ölsand Schieferöl Ölschiefer Tight Oil Offshore Onshore Tiefwasser Fördermethoden in-situ mining Tagebau Fracking EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery hydraulic fracturing Exploration Erschließung Förderung OPEC Algerien Angola Ecuador Iran Irak Libyen Nigeria Katar Kuwait Saudi-Arabien Vereinigte Arabische Emirate Venezuela USA Kanada Mexiko Brasilien Großbritannien Norwegen Aserbaidschan Kasachstan Russland China oil market oil supply supply curves marginal costs oil production oil projects conventional oil unconventional oil extra heavy oil oil sands tight oil shale oil oil shale offshore onshore pre-salt in-situ mining hydraulic fracturing EOR enhanced oil recovery exploration development production OPEC Algeria Angola Ecuador Iran Iraq Libya Qatar Kuwait Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Venezuela United States Canada Mexico Brazil United Kingdom Norway Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Russia China ddc:330 rvk:QR 534 Welt Erdöllagerstätte Erdölproduktion Fördermenge Erdölangebot Erdölpreis Erdölweltmarkt Grenzkosten Marktgleichgewicht Preissteigerung Erdölbohrung Tagebau Fracking Ölsand Schieferöl
9	Kurz- und langfristige Angebotskurven für Rohöl und die Konsequenzen für den Markt Schlothmann, Daniel 08 March 2016 (has links) In dieser Arbeit wurden Angebotskurven für 22 bedeutende Ölförderländer ermittelt und anschließend zu globalen Angebotskurven aggregiert. Gemäß den ermittelten Angebotskurven sind nahezu alle gegenwärtig in der Förderphase befindlichen Ölprojekte in den Untersuchungsländern auch beim aktuellen Ölpreis von 35 bis 40 US-$ je Barrel unter Berücksichtigung der kurzfristigen Grenzkosten rentabel. Sollte der Ölpreis jedoch in den kommenden Jahren auf diesem Niveau verharren, wird es bis zum Jahr 2024 zu einem Angebotsengpass auf dem globalen Ölmarkt kommen, da zur Deckung der zukünftigen Nachfrage die Erschließung kostenintensiver, unkonventioneller Lagerstätten und von Lagerstätten in tiefen und sehr tiefen Gewässern notwendig ist. Damit es bis zum Jahr 2024 nicht zu einem solchen Angebotsengpass kommt, ist gemäß des ermittelten langfristigen Marktgleichgewichts ein Ölpreis von mindestens 80 (2014er) US-$ je Barrel notwendig.:1. Einleitung 2. Rohöl - Eine naturwissenschaftliche Einführung 3. Charakteristika von Rohölprojekten 4. Historie der Ölindustrie 5. Ökonomik von Rohölprojekten 6. Fallstudien zu den bedeutendsten Förderländern 7. Ermittlung regionaler und globaler Angebotskurven 8. Zusammenfassung info:eu-repo/classification/ddc/330 ddc:330

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