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The impacts of disclosed fraud on firm valueMachado, Vitor Cavaliere 23 November 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-11-23 / É de grande relevância, tanto no meio acadêmico como para a sociedade como um todo a questão da fraude, um problema recorrente que atinge empresas e governos em diversas partes do mundo. Muitos casos recentes chamam a atenção para este assunto, porém, um em especial, o esquema de corrupção envolvendo práticas ilegais, como pagamentos de propina dentro da Petrobras e outras empresas brasileiras, descoberto após a deflagração da “Operação Lava-Jato”, conduzida pela Polícia Federal e pelo Ministério Público. Após a descoberta desse esquema, muitos envolvidos foram presos, alguns já investigados e condenados pela justiça brasileira. Porém, além dos desdobramentos na esfera criminal de pessoa-física, as práticas de corrupção tiveram outros desdobramentos jurídicos e financeiros no âmbito empresarial, principalmente relacionados a ações judiciais propostas por acionistas da empresa que alegam ter sofrido perdas em seus investimentos. Nesse sentido, dadas as questões financeiras e legais enfrentadas pela Petrobras e demais empresas brasileiras, propomos, através desta pesquisa, determinar como a detecção da fraude impacta no valor das empresas. Para atingir o objetivo final desta pesquisa, usei a metodologia de estudo do evento, proposta por MacKinlay (1997). A amostra deste estudo incluiu as cinco empresas brasileiras listadas na “New York Securities Exchange” (NYSE), que estavam sujeitas a ações de classe nos EUA, até o final de 2016. Os resultados gerais dos testes suportam a hipótese de que a fraude, uma vez divulgada ao mercado, gera reações negativas nos preços das ações, em linha com a literatura existente sobre a influência da fraude no valor das empresas e com a Teoria da Eficiência de Mercado. Nesse sentido, este estudo é capaz de contribuir de maneira significativa para aprofundar a discussão acadêmica relacionada à fraude no Brasil e incentivar as empresas brasileiras de capital aberto a se preocuparem cada vez mais com suas práticas de conformidade e combate à corrupção e se prevenirem em relação aos seus possíveis riscos, desdobramentos e impactos jurídico-financeiros. Além disso, esta pesquisa serve de insumo, não apenas para a gestão de patrimônio dos investidores dos EUA, mas também como um incentivo para aumentar o poder de barganha dos investidores pessoa-física no Brasil / It is of great importance, either for academia or society as a whole, the issue of fraud, a recurring problem that affects companies and governments around the world. Many recent cases draw attention to this issue, but one in particular: the corruption scheme involving illegal practices such as bribery payments inside Petrobras and other Brazilian firms, discovered after the outbreak of the so-called "Operação Lava-Jato" and “Operação Zelotes”, conducted by the Brazilian Federal Police and Federal Public Prosecutor. After the scheme became public, over a hundred people were arrested and many already investigated and condemned by the Brazilian justice, including some of the firm’s former and current employees. In addition to the developments on individual employee´s criminal sphere, once detected, the abovementioned corrupt practices have caused other legal and financial impacts to the firms, mainly related to lawsuits filled by shareholders who claim to have suffered losses on their investments. In this sense, given the financial and legal issues faced by Petrobras and the other Brazilian firms, we propose through this research to determine how disclosed fraud could have an impact on the value of firms. In order to achieve its final goals, this research uses the event study methodology, proposed by MacKinlay (1997). Firm sample includes the five Brazilian firms listed in the New York Securities Exchange (NYSE), which were subject to securities class action lawsuits in the US, as of the end of 2016. Overall test results support the hypothesis that fraud, once disclosed to the market, provides negative stock price reactions, in line with the existing literature on the influence of fraud on firms’ valuation and the Market Efficiency Theory. In this sense, this study is able to provide significant contribution to deepen the academic discussion related to fraud in Brazil and encourage Brazilian firms to increase their concerns about anticorruption and compliance practices and prevent themselves in relation to eventual legal and financial impacts of fraud. In addition, this research contributes, not only to U.S investors wealth management, but also as an incentive to increase the bargain power of individual investors in Brazil
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O efeito smart money na indústria de fundos brasileiraCosta, Leonardo Tavares Lameiro da 13 February 2006 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-13T00:00:00Z / O presente trabalho estuda o efeito Smart Money, inicialmente identificado por GRUBER (1996) e ZHENG (1999), na indústria de fundos brasileira no período de 2001 a 2005. Buscou-se identificar se os fundos que apresentaram maior captação líquida em seguida performam melhor do que os fundos de menor captação líquida. O efeito Smart Money foi identificado nos fundos de ações mesmo após ter sido controlado pelo efeito momentum. Nos fundos multimercados com renda variável e nos fundos de renda fixa não foi possível identificar tal fenômeno. / This work studies the Smart Money Effect, initially identified by GRUBER (1996) and ZHENG (1999), in the brazilian mutual fund industry in the period of 2001-2005. The objective was to verify if the funds with the highest net cash flows had a better performance in the following period than the funds with the lowest net cash flows. The Smart Money Effect was identified in stock funds, even after controlling by the stock return momentum phenomenon. In mixed funds and in fixed income funds it was not possible to identify such effect.
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Analýza cenných papírů na kapitálových trzích (meziodvětvová komparace výše a struktury jednotlivých typů rizika a výnosu na vybraných burzách cenných papírů) / Analysis of securities to capital markets (inter-industry comparison of the amount and structure of each type of risk and return on the selected stock exchanges)WEISSOVÁ, Kateřina January 2012 (has links)
The main objective of this thesis is to analyze selected sectors of the European capital market by means of methods of technical and fundamental analysis. Based on the results obtained for each frame exchanges, industry sectors and the best investment strategy. The first part deals with the theoretical description of securities to capital markets, investment strategies, methods of assessment of the securities in the capital markets, the theory of efficient markets, market testing and evidence of their effectiveness. On the European stock market index, including the German DAX30 randomly selected ninety nine companies with data for the period 2006 {-} the 2011th The work on the basis of a confirmed capital market inefficiencies can be found active investment strategy to achieve above average returns.
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Komparace základních charakteristik (výnosu, rizika, stupně efektivity) na vybraných sektorech a odvětvích burzy cenných papírů / Comparison of basic characteristics (income, risks, degrees of effectiveness) in selected sectors and industries Stock ExchangeSAIKO, Michaela January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this diploma work was to analyze a selected segment of the stock exchange market using the theory of market efficiency and the methods of technical and fundamental analysis, to form an optimal investment strategy on the basis of the findings. The American stock exchange market was analyzed. Six different segments of the capital market were selected ? gold, oil and gas pipelines, steel and iron, car parts, food and telecommunication services. Each segment was represented by eight companies. The general characteristics of the companies were compared according to their profits, degree of risk, alpha and beta coefficients. Fundamental analysis was used to monitor the correlation between future profits for 2012 and alpha coefficients for the period 2007 ? 2011. The theory was proven ? at low levels of future profits, high levels of alpha coefficients were measured and vice versa - at high levels of future profits, low levels of alpha coefficients were measured. During efficiency tests, runs tests and correlation tests were monitored. During runs tests, the number of turns of a real file was compared with the number of runs of a simulated file; no distinctive variances were identified in the monitored stock titles. Forms of market efficiency were proven during the correlation tests and runs tests. The methods of technical analysis used were sliding averages, RSI indicators and Momentum. Trading on the basis of technical analysis is not completely possible because we did not succeed in finding an existing optimal strategy. If an optimal strategy works out it is regardless of the segment?s characteristics. I recommend a passive strategy with regards to the fundamental analysis.
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A sobre-reação do mercado à realização de informações intangíveisLauretti, Carlos Marcelo 13 August 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-08-13 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Many academic studies of the last two decades are focused to explain Book-to-Market (B/M), market overreaction, and return reversal effects observed on empirical researches data. This research replicates to Brazilian stock market recent researches that bring new explanations to these data. We show that these effects are results of market overreaction
to what may be named intangible information. We decompose returns into one component that can be named tangible, which can be explained by accounting measures, and another one, orthogonal to it, that can be named intangible. This research demonstrates that market overreacts to intangible and not to tangible information, and this explains Book-to-Market effect and return reversals. Many financial researchers look for explanations to exceeding gains on stock market beyond what would be expected by risk prize. Exceeding gains are grounded, against to Efficient Market Hypothesis, that returns would follow predictable patterns. These patterns are: first, returns tend to reverse and, second, future returns are
related to variables associated with past accounting performance scaled to market stock price. The most important of these ratios is B/M ratio. One research branch, leaded by Fama and French, argues that high B/M firms are likely to be riskier, and hence investors require higher expected returns. None of these explanations gives us complete answers to data gathered by empirical researches. We show that in Brazilian stock market there isn t a significant relation between future returns and past fundamental firm growth. Instead, we found a strong negative relation between returns and realization of intangible returns. We find intangible return reversal and not tangible. We find evidences that market overreacts to intangible information. / Explicar os conhecidos efeitos Book-to-Market (B/M), sobre-reação dos investidores e reversão de retornos tem sido uma grande preocupação dos estudos acadêmicos nas últimas décadas. Esta dissertação reproduz, para o mercado de ações brasileiro, recentes estudos feitos para o mercado norte-americano que demonstram que estes fenômenos, há muito tempo observados empiricamente, têm uma mesma origem: a sobre-reação do mercado às informações que podemos chamar de intangíveis. Decompomos o retorno em uma parcela,
denominada tangível, que é explicada pelo crescimento das métricas contábeis, ou pelo que se chama de informação tangível, e outra, o retorno denominado intangível, ou a parcela do retorno não esperada pelo desempenho contábil. Esta pesquisa demonstra que o mercado sobre-reage à informação intangível e não à informação tangível. Isto explica o efeito B/M e reversão de retornos. Inúmeros estudos acadêmicos procuram explicações para os ganhos excessivos nos mercados de ações, entendendo-se como tais os retornos adicionais obtidos pelos investidores além daqueles que seriam esperados apenas pelos prêmios de risco. Estratégias para obtenção de ganhos econômicos normalmente estão fundamentadas, em oposição à Hipótese de Mercado Eficiente, em que os retornos das ações seguiriam padrões
previsíveis. Estes padrões têm suas origens em duas observações feitas pelos economistas financeiros. A primeira é que em horizontes mais longos os retornos futuros apresentam a tendência a sofrer efeitos de reversão. A segunda observação é que os retornos futuros estão negativamente relacionados a variáveis associados ao desempenho passado das empresas escaladas ao preço de mercado. A mais significativa destas métricas é razão Book-to-Market (B/M) ou razão entre o valor patrimonial contábil e o valor de mercado. Uma linha de estudos, liderada por Fama e French, argumenta que o altos índices B/M sinalizam um fator
de risco que não está presente no modelo CAPM, e por isto, os investidores requerem um prêmio de risco maior. Nenhuma destas interpretações oferece explicações completas para a
constatação desta anomalia que é encontrada empiricamente. Esta pesquisa mostra que não há relações discerníveis entre o retorno das ações e o desempenho passado dos fundamentos
econômicos das firmas. Os resultados encontrados no mercado de ações brasileiro permitemnos concluir que não há evidências de relação entre o desempenho contábil passado e os retornos futuros. Ao invés disto, encontramos evidências que emergem os efeitos B/M e de reversão dos retornos porque os retornos futuros estão negativamente relacionados com a realização de informações intangíveis, que é o componente do retorno ortogonal ao desempenho contábil passado. De fato, encontramos reversão dos retornos intangíveis e não dos retornos tangíveis, o que é consistente com os resultados empíricos da literatura acadêmica prévia. Encontramos evidências que o mercado sobre-reage às informações intangíveis.
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Empréstimo de ações no BrasilFraga, João Batista 25 March 2013 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / This study investigates the activity of stock lending in Brazil and its connection with short selling. It describes the organization of the market, identifies factors that determine the level of short interest and analyzes the effects on the efficiency of the stock prices. It finds that short-sellers act as contrarians and that the activity is directly related to the trading volume and inversely related to the daily price range. Periods of lock up and stabilization, these after the IPOs, and periods prior to seasoned offers also influence the level of open interest, as well as tax arbitrage that occurs at the time of payment of interest on equity by companies and have disruptive effect on stock prices. Short-sellers position themselves to earn excess returns and prefer stocks with higher betas. It is also shown that the addition of long-short positions to existing investment portfolio would increase returns and reduce market risk. When it comes to market efficiency, the study shows that the prices of stocks with high levels of short interest react more quickly to market movements than those with lower level. The study also contributes with specific recommendations for changes in the regulation and in the operational organization of the activity in Brazil. / Este trabalho investiga a atividade de empréstimo de ações no Brasil e sua conexão com operações de venda a descoberto em bolsa de valores. Descreve a organização do mercado, identifica fatores que determinam o nível de empréstimos e analisa os efeitos na eficiência da formação de preços das ações. Conclui que os vendedores atuam como contrários e que a atividade tem relação direta com o volume de negociação e inversa com a amplitude diária dos preços. Períodos de lock up e estabilização, esses após os IPOs, e o que antecede às ofertas subsequentes também influenciam o saldo de empréstimos, assim como a arbitragem tributária na distribuição, pelas empresas, de juros sobre capital próprio que tem efeito disruptivo sobre os preços das ações. Investidores a descoberto posicionam-se de modo a auferir excesso de retornos negativos e preferem ações com betas mais elevados. Os resultados também demonstram que o acréscimo de posições long-short a portfólio de investimento já existente aumentaria o retorno e reduziria o risco de mercado. Sobre a eficiência do mercado brasileiro, o estudo mostra que os preços das ações com saldos elevados de empréstimos ajustam-se com mais rapidez aos movimentos do mercado do que aquelas com menor saldo. O trabalho contribui, ainda, com recomendações pontuais para alterações da regulação e da organização operacional da atividade no País.
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[en] IMPACTS OF SOVEREIGN RATING CHANGES TO BRAZIL ON THE SHARES OF STATE-OWNED COMPANIES TRADED ON THE BRAZILIAN STOCK MARKET / [pt] IMPACTOS DE MUDANÇAS DE RATING SOBERANO DO BRASIL SOBRE AS AÇÕES DE EMPRESAS ESTATAIS NEGOCIADAS NO MERCADO ACIONÁRIO BRASILEIROFREDERICO RENAN SIMOES BRANDAO 23 March 2017 (has links)
[pt] Atualmente, com a intensificação da integração econômica e financeira dos mercados, o enfraquecimento das fronteiras nacionais e o significativo crescimento do comércio internacional, os investidores estão direcionando cada vez mais seus fluxos de capitais para os mercados externos, de forma a promover a diversificação internacional de suas carteiras, reduzindo o risco ao mesmo nível de retorno aos apresentados por carteiras puramente nacionais. É neste contexto de expansão internacional dos mercados e de elaboração de carteiras
internacionais que as informações referentes aos riscos de cada investimento se tornam ainda mais importantes. Neste sentido, visando suprir essas necessidades de informações, começaram a surgir no início do século XX as empresas privadas de rating com o propósito de fornecer as classificações de risco dos emissores de títulos, os ratings de crédito. Consequentemente, ao classificar o risco de um título, esses ratings possuem a capacidade de influenciar o mercado como um todo. Assim, esse trabalho objetiva verificar o impacto que as alterações de rating soberano brasileiro pelas agências especializadas produzem no mercado acionário brasileiro, mais especificamente no comportamento das ações de empresas estatais, visto que estas deveriam ser supostamente mais impactadas que as demais frente a essas revisões, tanto via resposta do mercado como um todo quanto ao fato de ter a percepção do risco de seu controlador diretamente alterado
por esses ratings. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um estudo de evento, para analisar os efeitos verificados sobre os retornos de mercado (IBOVESPA) e das empresas estatais, nos períodos de downgrade e de upgrade. / [en] Currently, with the intensification of economic and financial integration of the markets, the weakening of national borders and the significant growth of international trade, investors are increasingly directing their capital flows towards external markets in order to promote international diversification of their portfolios, reducing the risk at the same level of return to those presented by purely domestic portfolios. It is in this context of international expansion of markets and of the development of international portfolios that the information regarding the risks of each investment becomes even more important. In this sense, in order to meet these information needs, the private rating companies began to emerge as early as the twentieth century, in order to provide risk ratings regarding the issuers of securities, credit ratings. Consequently, by classifying the risk of a security, these ratings have the ability to influence the market as a whole.
Thus, this study aims to investigate the impact that Brazilian sovereign rating changes by these specialized agencies have in the Brazilian stock market, specifically regarding the behavior of shares of state-owned companies, as these should supposedly be more affected than the others against sovereign risk
reviews, both through the market s response as a whole and by the fact that the perception of risk by their majority shareholder is directly altered by these ratings. To this end, an event study is conducted to analyze the effects seen on market returns (IBOVESPA) and state enterprises, in periods of downgrade and upgrade.
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Coronavirus-Related Sentiment and Stock Prices : Measuring Sentiment Effects on Swedish Stock Indices / Coronavirus-relaterat sentiment och aktiepriser : En studie av sentimenteffekter på svenska aktieindexPiksina, Olga, Vernholmen, Patricia January 2020 (has links)
This thesis examines the effect of coronavirus-related sentiment on Swedish stock market returns during the coronavirus pandemic. We study returns on the large cap and small cap price indices OMXSLCPI and OMXSSCPI during the period January 2, 2020 – April 30, 2020. Coronavirus sentiment proxies are constructed from news articles clustered into topics using latent Dirichlet allocation and scored through sentiment analysis. The impact of the sentiment proxies on the stock indices is then measured using a dynamic multiple regression model. The results show that the proxies representing fundamental changes in our model — Swedish Politics and Economic Policy — have a strongly significant impact on the returns of both indices, which is consistent with financial theory. We also find that sentiment proxies Sport and Coronavirus Spread are statistically significant and impact Swedish stock prices. This implies that coronavirus-related news influenced market sentiment in Sweden during the research period and could be exploited to uncover arbitrage. Finally, the amount of sentiment-inducing news published daily is shown to have an impact on stock price volatility. / Denna studie undersöker den effekt coronavirus-relaterat sentiment haft på avkastningen på svenska aktieindex under coronaviruspandemin. Vi studerar avkastningen på large cap- och small cap-prisindexen OMXSLCPI och OMXSSCPI under perioden 2 januari 2020 – 30 april 2020. Proxier för coronavirus-sentiment konstrueras från nyhetsartiklar som klustrats i ämnen genom latent Dirichlet-allokering och poängsatts genom sentimentanalys. Sentimentproxiernas påverkan på aktieindexen mäts sedan med en dynamisk multipel regressionsmodell. Resultaten visar att proxierna som representerar fundamentala förändringar i vår modell — svensk politik och ekonomisk policy — har en starkt signifikant inverkan på avkastningen på båda indexen, vilket är konsekvent med finansiell teori. Vi finner även att sentimentproxierna sport och spridning av coronaviruset är statistiskt signifikanta i sin påverkan på svenska aktiepriser. Detta innebär att coronavirus-relaterade nyheter påverkade marknadssentiment i Sverige under undersökningsperioden och skulle kunna användas för att upptäcka arbitrage. Slutligen visas mängden sentimentframkallande nyheter publicerade per dag ha en inverkan på aktieprisvolatilitet.
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Exploring the Prerequisites to Increase Real Estate Market Transparency in Sweden / En utforskning av förutsättningarna för att öka transparensen på Sveriges fastighetsmarknadDanmo, Emil, Kihlström, Fredrik January 2019 (has links)
In the 2018 edition of the JLL Global Real Estate Transparency Index (GRETI), Sweden was ranked the 10th most transparent real estate market in the world, categorized as ‘Highly Transparent’. For the most part, Sweden has held a similar position since the measurements started in 1999. Transparency on a real estate market generally attracts foreign real estate investments and tenants as well as increasing global competitiveness. It also streamlines work processes in many real estate professions through comprehensive real estate market information and comprehensible legal frameworks, transaction processes and methods of monitoring different sustainability metrics. This study explores the prerequisites for Sweden to attain a better position in the index by increasing its degree of real estate market transparency, with the long-term goal in having Sweden reaping more of the benefits in having a highly transparent real estate market. This is done in two ways. First is through a critical analysis of the index’s methodology for assessing if ranks and scores within the different index categories are produced fairly. Secondly, different industry actors are interviewed to identify in what areas Sweden lags behind compared to more transparent markets, in which way they would like to see transparency improved in Sweden and the main barriers in implementing projects that would increase real estate market transparency and ways of overcoming them. An examination of the index methodology shows a changing methodology from year to year, which indicates a steady increase in real estate market transparency in Sweden. Interview findings support a generally positive view on transparency, facilitating decision making for real estate investments, but the level of preferred transparency differs between net sellers and buyers. It is therefore questionable if increasing real estate market transparency would provide significantly increased utility for some market actors with longer investment horizons and market knowledge through extensive business networks. Main suggestions for improving real estate transparency in Sweden include measures for data standards, increasing the level of data disclosure and information platforms for such standardized, disclosed data. The study suggests that the main barriers for implementing this could be conceptualized as a Prisoners’ dilemma and that institutional bodies could act as trustworthy partners in further opening up real estate market information. / I 2018 års upplaga av rapporten JLL Global Real Estate Transparency Index (GRETI) rankades Sverige som den tionde mest transparenta fastighetsmarknaden i världen, kategoriserat som ‘Mycket Transparent’. Sverige har mestadels hållit en liknande position i rankingen sedan mätningarna startade år 1999. Generellt så medför transparens på ett lands fastighetsmarknad en ökad attraktion för investeringar och hyresgäster såväl som en ökad global konkurrenskraft. Det effektiviserar även arbetsprocesser i många yrken i fastighetsbranschen genom omfattande fastighetsmarknadsinformation och överskådliga legala ramverk, transaktionsprocesser och metoder för att utvärdera olika nyckeltal kopplat till hållbarhet. Denna studie undersöker förutsättningarna för Sverige för att kunna uppnå en bättre position i indexet genom att öka transparensen på landets fastighetsmarknad, med det långsiktiga målet att få Sverige att kunna åtnjuta fördelarna av att ha en mycket transparent fastighetsmarknad. Detta är genomfört på två sätt. Det första är genom en kritisk analys av indexets metodik för att utvärdera om rankingar och poängsättningen inom de olika indexkategorierna har producerats på ett rättvist tillvägagångssätt. Det andra är genom intervjustudier med olika branschaktörer för att identifiera de områden där Sverige släpar efter i förhållande till andra mer transparenta marknader och på vilket sätt de skulle vilja se att transparensen förbättras i Sverige samt de huvudsakliga hindren mot att kunna implementera projekt som skulle kunna öka transparensen på Sveriges fastighetsmarknad och sätt att överkomma dessa hinder. En undersökning av indexmetodiken visar på en ändrad metodik från år till år, som indikerar en stabilt ökande grad av transparens på Sveriges fastighetsmarknad. Intervjuresultaten stödjer en generell positiv syn på transparens som ett sätt att underlätta beslutsfattande för fastighetsinvesteringar, men nivån av föredragen transparens skiljer sig åt mellan nettoköpare och nettosäljare. Det ifrågasätts därför om en ökad transparens på Sveriges fastighetsmarknad skulle bidra med en signifikant ökad nytta för vissa branschaktörer med längre investeringshorisonter samt marknadskännedom genom sina stora branschnätverk. Huvudsakliga förbättringspunkter i termer av att öka transparensen på Sveriges fastighets-marknad inkluderar åtgärder för datastandarder, en ökad nivå av datadelning samt informationsplattformar för sådan standardiserad, delade data. Studien visar på att de huvudsakliga barriärerna för att implementera dessa åtgärder kan konceptualiseras som ett Fångarnas dilemma och att offentliga organ kan agera som pålitliga partners i att vidare öppna upp fastighetsmarknadsinformation.
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Favourable Opportunities in Sports Betting - A Statistical Approach to Football Goals in the Premier League / Gynnsamma möjligheter inom betting - statistisk modellering av fotbollsmål i Premier LeagueLindau, Fredrik, Carle, Gustaf January 2022 (has links)
The premise of this report is to delve into sports betting and whether favourable opportunities can be found, more specifically focusing on over and under odds for number of goals scored in football games of the Premier League. Using historical data from football matches several models are developed, the characteristics of goals warranting the use of probability based Poisson and Negative Binomial models, as well as Bayesian Poisson regression for goal predictions. Once these models were developed odds was found and compared to bookmakers, the results indicated that all models, to varying degrees, find favourable opportunities and profitable betting strategies can be identified. This suggests that bookmakers do not always price betting products according to their true probabilities likely due to book balancing and informational asymmetries. Furthermore it indicates that there is a presence of inefficiencies in the sports betting market. / Den här rapporten kommer djupdyka i betting och huruvida gynnsamma möjligheter kan hittas. Mer specifikt kommer ett fokus ligga på över/under odds för antalet mål i fotbollsmatcher i engelska Premier League. Genom att använda historisk data från fotbollsmatcher utvecklas flera olika statistiska modeller för att förutspå antalet mål i fotbollsmatcher. Skattning av Poisson och Negativ Binomial fördelningar samt utvecklandet av en Bayesiansk Poisson regressionsmodell motiveras av egenskaperna hos antalet mål i fotbollsmatcher. Med dessa modeller, beräknas odds för flera framtida matcher inom Premier League och dessa jämfördes med odds som ges av bettingbolag. Resultaten indikerar att alla modeller kan, i olika stor utsträckning, hitta gynnsamma möjligheter och lönsamma betting strategier kan identifieras. Detta tyder på att bettingbolag inte alltid sätter sina odds enbart baserat på den faktiska sannolikheten, vilket troligtvis beror på att bolagen balanserar sina böcker samt informationsasymmetrier. Dessutom indikerar resultatet på att det finns faktorer på bettingmarknaden som gör marknaden ineffektiv.
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