The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meaning of a heteronormative in schoolenvironments. The purpose is also to investigate whether the examined curriculum materialsin social studies for grades 4–6 display a heteronormative and how different types of gender,family constellations and sexual orientation are displayed in curriculum materials in socialstudies for that age group. The conclusion is based on a textual and visual analysis of fourdifferent curriculum materials in social studies. Methodological triangulation is used to makeit easier to discover whether they are heteronormative. The survey is based on a qualitativeanalysis with quantitative elements. As both the text and visuals have been examined, it wasnot enough to only use one measurement method. The quantitative method was used toanswer the frequency of the appearance of gender, family constellation and sexual orientationin the curriculum materials. To answer the issue on whether the teaching materials areheteronormative or not, the qualitative method was used. The main result shows that all examined instructional materials display men and women,nuclear families and heterosexuals the majority of times. Based on the result, it also appearsthat the instructional materials, in one way or another, are heteronormative.

Byggbranschen strävar ständigt efter effektivisering och optimering som kan minska ett projekts byggkostnad samt byggtid. Byggnationen av teknikutrymmen på yttertak upplevs av både konstruktörer och projektledare som ett moment som har en stor byggkostnad och en lång byggtid. Ett teknikutrymme på yttertak har olika förutsättningar i förhållande till den underliggande byggnad, vilket kan leda till att produktionen fördröjs och att byggtiden förlängs. En förutsättning som skiljer ett teknikutrymme från dess underliggande byggnad är att teknikutrymmets ytterväggar kräver ett indrag från fasadlinjen. Detta gör att teknikutrymmets ytterväggar inte alltid placeras i linje med den underliggande vertikala stommen.  De laster som förs ner genom teknikutrymmets ytterväggar skapar punktlaster på teknikutrymmets golvbjälklag. Punktlasterna kan bidra till att golvbjälklaget kräver förstärkningar, vilket är både kostnads- och tidskrävande. En undersökning om stommaterialets påverkan på materialkostnaden och byggtiden för ett teknikutrymme har utförts. I undersökningen analyserades tre olika materialalternativ utifrån förutsättningar och krav som anges i ett specifikt referensprojekt. De material som har analyserats som alternativ för teknikutrymmets stomme är stål, lättelement av trä och betong. Syftet med undersökningen är att analysera vilket stommaterial som är optimalt att använda för teknikutrymmet, med hänsyn till kostnad, tid och bärighet. Resultatet visar att lättelement av trä har den minsta materialkostnaden och att betong har den kortaste byggtiden. Slutsatsen är att det optimala stommaterialet för referensprojektets teknikutrymme är betong. / The construction industry is constantly striving for efficiency and optimization that can reduce a project’s construction cost and construction time. The construction of plant rooms built on roofs is perceived by both structural engineers and project managers as a step in the production that has a big construction cost and a long construction time. A plant room on a roof has other conditions compared to the rest of the building, which can slow down production and the construction time is therefore extended. One condition that separates the plant room from the building is that the plant room’s outer walls require an offset from the facade of the building. This leads to the plantroom’s outer walls not necessarily lining up with the underlying vertical structure. The loads that go down through the plant room’s outer walls create point loads on the plant room’s slab. The point loads could make the slab need strengthening, which is both costly and time-consuming.   An investigation into the material of the structural frame's impact on the construction cost and construction time has been carried out. The aim of the investigation is to analyze which structural material is optimal with regards to cost, time and structural capacity. In the investigation three materials were analyzed by the conditions and requirements from a reference project. The chosen materials were a steel frame as well as light elements made from timber and concrete.   The result shows that lightweight elements made from timber are the most economic option and concrete is the most time-efficient option. The conclusion is that the optimal structural material for the reference project is concrete.

本文的研究問題有三，一是了解外語教學教材中應有的文化教學內容，二是了解現今華語綜合性教材之文化教學內容現況，三是提出對於華語綜合性教材中與培養學習者文化能力的內容相關的編寫建議。 本文首先從研究外語教學的學者們對於文化教學的意見以及《AP中文課程大綱》、《歐洲共同語文參考架構》、《國際漢語教學通用課程大綱》等重要的外語教學大綱，了解現今外語教學中文化教學的目標已從教授學習者文化知識逐漸轉變為培養學習者的文化能力。並依前人對於能力的定義，將外語教學中的文化能力分為文化知識、文化技能、態度以及文化意識四部分。再依此四大部分，探討文化能力之概念如何落實於課堂教學之教材中。接著，本文依據討論結果，分析在臺灣使用率最高的兩套華語綜合性教材――《新版實用視聽華語》及《遠東生活華語》，以瞭解目前教材關於文化能力內容的呈現現況。本文分析結果發現，兩套教材皆僅呈現文化知識，至於培養文化技能、態度、文化意識等練習活動則相當缺乏。 最後，本文參考分析結果，從文化知識、文化技能、態度、文化意識等四部分，提出對於華語綜合性教材中文化能力內容編寫之建議，冀能對於未來教材文化能力內容之規劃及開發有所助益。 / This study aims to integrate some results of recent research in theory and practice of teaching culture competence in foreign language teaching into methods and materials of teaching Chinese as a Second Language (CSL). Researcher focus on three topics: (1) Which are the aims of teaching culture in foreign language teaching? And what are the subjects of teaching cultural competence? (2) To what extend do content and method in CSL comprehensive teaching materials conform to these aims and subjects? (3) What suggestions should be given to the editors of CSL comprehensive teaching materials in order to improve the acquisition of culture competence of Chinese language learners? This study starts with an overview of theories of developing culture competence in foreign language teaching. The aims and methods of teaching culture in standard curricula for language teaching as the “AP Chinese language and culture course description”, “The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages” and the “International Curriculum for Chinese Language Education” will be analyzed. According to this, it can be seen that the goals of cultural teaching shifted from merely providing cultural knowledge to developing cultural competence. There are different concepts about what culture competence is, how we can evaluate it, and how we can develop it. This study makes use of the description of cultural competence by means of four aspects: cultural knowledge, cultural skills, attitude and cultural awareness. These four aspects can be seen as a basic concept for teaching cultural competence, too. Modern didactics and materials should be aware to develop each aspect of culture competence. How are these aims for developing culture competence presented in present CSL materials? A detailed analysis of two common teaching materials (“Practical Audio-Visual Chinese” and “Far East Everyday Chinese”) shows that teaching culture is mainly restricted on teaching cultural knowledge. There is a noticeable lack of exercises and practices to develop cultural skills, to promote a positive attitude to cultural diversity, and to develop cultural awareness. Finally, the suggestions for developing cultural competence in CSL teaching materials will be given in conclusion, and wish this study will help development of Chinese teaching materials edition in future.

[pt] O presente trabalho visa dar complemento à ferramenta gráfica interativa previamente criada com a finalidade de modelar e dimensionar vigas e pilares em concreto armado, inserindo no dimensionamento a não linearidade física. A ferramenta existente tem como base o programa FTOOL, que de maneira didática permite modelar e realiza análise estrutural em duas dimensões, resultando em deslocamentos, reações e esforços internos. Com base nos esforços e dados iniciais da estrutura tais como materiais, seções e cobrimento, a nova ferramenta altera a rigidez das seções para que se considere os efeitos de fissuração e fluência do concreto, além da relação não linear entre tensão e deformação. É necessário inserir uma análise da rigidez das seções, que após a fissuração da peça, na transição do Estádio I para o Estádio II, têm sua rigidez reduzida, cálculo este feito pela rigidez secante obtida pelos diagramas momento-curvatura. Desta forma, é necessário reavaliar a rigidez das diversas seções de maneira iterativa, fazendo-se a redistribuição de esforços de acordo com a variação das rijezas nas seções dos elementos estruturais. Propõe-se a comparação entre a recomendação da NBR 6118:2014, item 15.7.3, para consideração aproximada da não linearidade física e a rigidez secante obtida pelas relações momento-curvatura, tanto para os pilares como para as vigas. Para isso são estudados três exemplos de estruturas onde compara-se os resultados obtidos para os esforços internos, armadura e deslocamento. / [en] The present work aims to complement the graphic-interactive tool previously created for modeling and designing reinforced concrete beams and columns, introducing the material nonlinearity in the design. The existant tool is based on the FTOOL program, which didactically allows to model and performs structural analysis in two dimensions, resulting in deflections, reactions ans internal forces. Based on the forces and initial data of the structure such as materials, cross sections and concrete covering, the new tool changes the cross sections stiffnesses to consider the effects of concrete cracking and creep, besides the nonlinear relationships between tensions and deformations. It is necessary to introduce an analysis of the section stiffnesses, which after cracking, in the transition between stages I and II, presents a reduction in its stiffiness, that is evaluated by the secant stiffness from the moment-curvature diagrams. Thus, it is necessary to reevaluate the stiffness of the several sections iteratively, performing the redistribuition of the forces according to the vaiation of stiffness on the structural elements. It is proposed the comparison between the recommendation of NBR 6118 (ABNT, 2014), in its topic 15.7.3, for the approximate consideration of material nonlinearity and the secant stiffness obtained by the moment-curvature relationships, both for columns and beams. So three examples of structures are studied, in which the results obtained for internal forces, reinforcement and displacement are compared.