The analysis "Framing of immigration in Czech daily newspapers" reveals how Czech daily newspapers framed so called migration crisis in Europe in 2015 when the immi- gration issue belonged to the most important issues in both Czech and foreign news media. This thesis draws from theoretical and analytical concept of media framing and concept of Agenda setting which deal with aspects used by media in describing reality, and their media effects on public opinion. Quantitative content analysis of five national daily newspapers revealed that immi- gration issue was represented mainly as international political problem, followed by security threat as the second most frequent topic of news on immigration. In almost all news articles the immigration issue was framed as problem, whereas cause frame and solution frame were present in approximately a quarter of news on immigration. Czech and foreign politicians and government sources were the most cited or para- phrased actors in Czech daily newspapers. On the other hand, refugees, immigrants and ci- tizens were less frequent speakers, and experts rarely commented on the issue of immigration in Czech daily newspapers. Further results of this analysis revealed that thematic framing rather than episodic was prevalent in immigration news, and human interest...

Diploma thesis "The Influence of Regional Media on Readers' Perception of Politics in Melnik" refers on a survey of accepting media framing of politicians, politics and important issues by regional media readers in the town of Melnik. Methods of framing and focus groups were used in the survey. First the methods were introduced. The method of framing was used for qualitative content analysis of five printed media from 2005 to 2007. The media were daily Melnicky denik, weekly Tydenik Melnicko, monthly Melnicka radnice, weekly Tep regionu and regional supplement of Mlada fronta Dnes for Central Bohemia. The author of this work focused on several most important issues of the 2005 to 2007 period and he observed how respondents accept or decline the framing of these problems offered by politics, journalists and other participants of Melnik political life. To do this he organised focus groups discussions with Melnik inhabitants in the age of 26 to 75 years of age. They discussed their opinions and beliefs on local politics. This work is a subjective insight into the world of regional media effects on readers, in this case focused on political issues.

This article elaborates the role of interpersonal communication in media effects. Based on an extensive literature review, two lines of arguments are illustrated: the antagonistic and the synergetic position. The literature provides theoretical and empirical support for both positions especially in the field of persuasive media input. To complete the view, two experiments with nonpersuasive media input are presented. The first experiment addresses the role of conversations in cognitive news effects. The synergetic position is supported: conversation leads to elaboration and more profound recall of media content. The second experiment deals mainly with emotional media effects in entertainment. No general impact of conversation on media effects was demonstrated. Nonetheless, the authors find evidence that conversations about the media engender a more critical and reserved stance toward the media content and protagonists. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for further research into the field.

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L’objectif général de cette thèse de doctorat est de mieux comprendre comment le public interprète les nouvelles scientifiques portant sur la génétique humaine, plus précisément les nouvelles portant sur la génétique des comportements et celles portant sur la génétique des groupes raciaux. L’ouvrage prend la forme d’une thèse par article. Le Chapitre 1 introduit le lecteur aux buts et aux pratiques de la vulgarisation scientifique, présente un sommaire de la recherche sur les effets des médias, résume les principaux travaux produits par le champ de la génopolitique, et définit la structure des croyances du public à l’égard de l’influence de la génétique sur les traits humains. Le Chapitre 2 présente les fondements de la méthode expérimentale, il en explique les atouts et il offre des exemples de différents types de devis expérimentaux utilisés en science politique. Toutes les recherches produites dans cette thèse reposent au moins en partie sur cette méthode. Le Chapitre 3 présente les résultats d’une expérience de sondage qui vise à mesurer l’effet de la lecture d’une nouvelle à propos de la recherche en génétique des comportements sur des participants. L’étude démontre que le public interprète la nouvelle avec maladresse et tend à généraliser l’influence de la génétique à d’autres traits humains qui n’y sont pas mentionnés. J’avance l’hypothèse qu’un raccourci psychologique amplement documenté puisse expliquer cette réaction : l’heuristique de l’ancrage et de l’ajustement. Le Chapitre 4 présente lui aussi les résultats d’une expérience de sondage. L’étude consiste à manipuler certaines informations du contenu d’une nouvelle sur la génopolitique de manière à vérifier si certains éléments sont particulièrement susceptibles de mener à la généralisation hâtive mise en évidence dans le Chapitre 3. Les analyses suggèrent que cette généralisation est amplifiée lorsque la nouvelle présente de hauts niveaux d’héritabilité tirés d’études de jumeaux, ainsi que lorsqu’elle présente des travaux de génétique des populations visant à étudier l’origine des différences géographiques. Ce chapitre présente des recommandations à l’égard des journalistes scientifiques. Le Chapitre 5 s’intéresse à un aspect différent de la génétique humaine : celui de la génétique des races. L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment le public réagit aux travaux qui invalident l’idée selon laquelle les humains sont divisés en différentes races génétiquement distinctes. Les analyses de données transversales ainsi que les résultats d’une expérience de sondage convergent et indiquent que les conservateurs et les libéraux réagissent de manière diamétralement opposée à cette information. D’un côté, les libéraux acceptent le constat scientifique et réduisent leur impression que la génétique explique en partie les inégalités sociales; de l’autre, les conservateurs rejettent l’argument avec une intensité si forte que le rôle qu’ils attribuent aux différences génétiques s’en voit bonifié. Ces résultats sont interprétés à partir de la théorie du raisonnement motivé. Enfin, le Chapitre 6 résume les principaux constats, met en évidence les contributions que ma thèse apporte à la science politique et à la communication scientifique, et présente quelques pistes pour la recherche future. / The main objective of this doctoral thesis is to improve our understanding of how the public interprets scientific news about human genetics, specifically, behavioral genetics and the genetic underpinnings of racial groups. The core of the dissertation is a collection of three research articles and one book chapter. Chapter 1 introduces the readers to the goals and practices of science journalism, presents a summary of the literature on media effects, summarizes research on genopolitics, and discusses findings in public opinion on how people understand genetic influence on human characteristics. Chapter 2 presents the rationale behind the experimental method, explains its pros and cons, and provides examples of how different types of research designs have been used in political science. All the empirical evidence presented in this dissertation rests at least in part on experiments. Chapter 3 presents the results of a survey experiment that aims to measure the effects on individuals of reading a news article about behavioral genetics research. The study suggests that the public has difficulty in making sense of such research findings. The results show that participants tend to generalize the conclusions of one particular genetic study to other characteristics not mentioned by the study. I hypothesize that these results can be explained by a well-known and widely documented psychological process: the use of anchoring and adjustment heuristics. Chapter 4 presents the results of a second survey experiment. This experiment manipulates the content of a news article about behavioral genetics. The purpose of the manipulation is to test whether particular aspects of article’s message are more likely than others to cause the hasty generalizations revealed in Chapter 3. The findings show that the tendency to generalization is greater when the news presents high heritability estimates derived from twin studies or insights from research using population genetics methods to account for aggregate geographic difference. Based on these findings, the chapter develops recommendations for science journalists interested in covering behavioral genetics. Chapter 5 focuses on a different field of human genetic research, namely, that investigating the genetic bases of racial differences. The chapter’s aim is to improve our understanding of how the public reacts when exposed to scientific claims arguing against the idea that that human beings belong to different, genetically distinct races. Both cross sectional survey data and experimental data suggest that conservatives and liberals react to this information in opposing ways. Liberals tend to accept such arguments and temper their beliefs that genetic differences account for racial inequalities. By contrast, conservatives reject the arguments so strongly that exposure to them actually strengthens these citizens’ beliefs that genetics explain a proportion of racial inequality. These results are interpreted from the perspective of motivated reasoning theory. Finally, Chapter 6 summarizes the main findings of the doctoral dissertation, highlights its contribution to the discipline of political science and the field of science communication, and suggests directions for future research.

This Diploma Thesis "Mediatization of Political Sphere" deals with the systematic influence of mass media and their logic on the functioning of the political system, process development and implementation of policy instruments and methods of political communication. First of all the theoretical part is focused on the description of the institutional importance of media in the social environment, more properly introduces images of the effects of media communications in the society, characteristics of the participation of media organizations in the economic relations so that the concept of mediatization in the frame of media studies could be defined and to specify its aspects in connection with a set of knowledge of media logic. The thesis does not omit the introduction of basic logic elements of political sphere, it also deals with its implicit settings, as well as modifications of the political structures in response to transfer a large part of the policy enforcement into the symbolic space of the media. The theoretical interpretation is followed by the research which is focused on the selected elements of mediatization in the Czech context. In the first stage the quantitative research method of content analysis is used to find out which topics and which representatives are observed by the Czech...

近年來傳播科技快速變化，不但社會型態因此產生鉅變，新科技更也打破了媒體界線進而產生科技滙流，使得平面媒體、廣電媒體、共同載具、有線電視及網際網路的藩籬、角色、定位都逐漸模糊。 而當平面媒體處於麥克魯漢所說的「淘汰」螺旋後，自一九九九年開始整體廣告盈收呈現負成長，二○○六年台灣報紙一口氣有六家熄燈打烊，數以千計的記者失業。受此影響，記者專業角色嚴重貶值，從監督社會的無冕王淪為商業化與科技化雙重衝擊下的現代報業媒體工人，大量遭解雇的記者形成「流浪記者」現象。 本文訪談八位記者發現，一旦對媒體產業的未來失去信心，連帶也對自己失去信心，喪失了新聞工作的認同與熱情，「一輩子當記者」成為遙不可及的夢想，選擇以生存作為工作心態。這樣的氛圍型塑出平面媒體記者「集體灰暗時代」，嚴重影響其專業角色。 然而以「媒體四大律」分析，紙張形式的報紙雖逐漸遭到網路媒體之「淘汰」卻不會消失，而是需要「轉化」。記者創作撰寫新聞「內容」的能力不因報社倒閉而消失，社會對記者的需求更將永無止境，記者應隨社會環境與新科技改變進而轉變並提升自身核心能力。 / The media landscape in Taiwan has been greatly changed because of the emergence of new communication technologies and transition of market-driven journalism globally. For one thing, the newspaper industry’s circulation and readership continue to decline and advertising revenues keep on shrinking since 1999. As a result, since the beginning of this century, many newspapers have experienced huge deficits; six were shut down in 2006 alone and thousands of journalists lost their jobs. Based on the literature review and in-depth interviews of eight so-called “jobless journalists” who left or considering to leave the newspaper industry, this study finds many of these professional reporters are experiencing a crisis of confidence, no longer believing in themselves as well as the professional training. Most of all, they predict that the fate of newspaper has been doomed and journalism is hopeless and futureless. The study records their true stories of how to rebuild confidence while facing the hardship both of the career and the profession.