[pt] Vivemos um momento histórico ímpar, no qual, apesar da aparente consolidação de um sistema de produção e seus eventuais reflexos na super-estrutura sócio-jurídica, os indivíduos não encontram certezas, apenas vagos referenciais. Os questionamentos em todas as áreas do saber humano se desdobram em miragens e, especialmente nas ciências sociais, a busca pelas respostas às indagações existenciais passa necessariamente pela interdisciplinaridade. Confiando ser esta tendência a melhor opção a ser tomada, objetivando analisar as organizações - sua estrutura, personagens, interação e conflitos - esta pesquisa recorreu a conceitos da Antropologia Cultural, Semiótica, Lingüística e Psicologia . A abordagem da cultura e estrutura organizacional foi parametrizada pelo papel da linguagem e do poder, sua interelação e conflito, dentro das organizações. / [en] We are living a very peculiar historical moment, facing a would-be consolidation of na economic system and its impact on in the socio-legal institutions. In spite of this apparently solid environment, there is na absolute lack of certainties. Believing that all questionings concerning the human knowledge goes through interdisciplinary studies, this research appealed to some concepts of Cultural Anthropology, Linguistics, Semiotics, and Psychology in order to analyze some organizational aspects, such as strucuture, characters: their interaction and conflicts. The basic tools used to analyze the organizations´ cultural features were language and power. / [es] Vivimos un momento histórico, en el cual, a pesar de la aparente consolidación de un sistema de producción y sus eventuales reflejos en la super-extructura socio-jurídica, los individuos no encuentran certezas, tan solo vagas referencias. Los cuestionamientos en todas las áreas del saber humano se desdoblan em visiones y, especialmente en las ciencias sociales, la búsqueda de respuestas a las indagaciones existenciales pasa necesariamente por la interdisciplinariedad. Confiando en que esta tendencia es la mejor opción a tomar al analizar las organizaciones - su extructura, personajes, interacción y conflictos - esta investigación recorrió a conceptos de la Antropología Cultural, Semiótica, Lingüística e Psicología . El abordaje de la cultura y extructura organizacional fue parametrizada por el papel del lenguaje y del poder, su interrelación y conflicto, dentro de las organizaciones.

Šiame esė formos rašto darbe, keliauju simbolinę kelionę, kuri neturi aiškaus, konkretaus tikslo, nei uždavinių. Būtis, laikas, atmintis, praeitis, Dievas, gimimas, mirtis, laikinumas, amžinybė – padriki egzitenciniai klausimai, į kuriuos įsižiūriu, bet neatsakinėju. Vadovaujuosi fragmentiškais atminties žemėlapiais, menininkų kūriniais ir jų atsiradimo sąlygomis. Remiuosi fenomenologiniu metodu, kuris pagrįstas refleksija ir reikalauja pakartoti esmines intuicijas, siekia išugdyti dėmesingumą, leidžia naujai įprasminti, kaip ir ką mes išgyvename. Darbo skyrius žymiu dienoraštį primenančiais pavadinimais. Šis fragmentiškas dienoraštis – be pradžios ir be pabaigos (prasidėjęs labai seniai, pasibaigia sugrįžimu į pradžią). Jis tampa svarbia praktinio darbo dalimi, paaiškinimu. / In this work written as an essay, I make a symbolic trip which doesn‘t have a clear, precise goal nor aim. Existence, time, memory, past, God, birth, death, temporality, eternity – such are the unbound existential questions which I do look at but do not try to answer. I follow fragmented maps of memory, consider artists‘ creations and the conditions of their appearance. I base myself on phenomenological method which relies on reflection and demands to repeat the essential intuitions, asks to grow attentiveness, permits to give sense to what we experience and how we do it. I give titles to the parts of this work similar to personal diary titles. This fragmented diary is without beginning and without end (it started very long ago and it ends with returning to it‘s starting point). It becomes an important part of the practical work, it‘s explanation.

The main aim of this thesis "Satire, puns and metaphor in Quevedo's works" is to contextualize the author in the historical and the literary context. We outlined the situation of Spain in the 17th century and the economic and social conditions in its territory. Furthermore, we specified the art movements, which influenced Spain during the 17th century, a Baroque and Mannerism. Within the Mannerism, we specified two dominating Spanish literary movements, "culteranismo" and "conceptismo". We characterized their essence and we presented two leaders of both these two movements. That is Góngora as a leading author of culteranismo and Quevedo representing conceptismo. Especially in case of conceptismo we also focused on clarifying concepts and we explained the basic tendencies and terminology with the help of one of the greatest leaders of Baroque rhetoric, Baltasar Gracián. Then we proceeded to the definition of satire, and we focused on the origins and development related to Quevedo's satire. We mentioned Menippean satire, which has been a springboard for many of later modern satirists and we also mentioned satire within culture of humour especially in relation to the concept of Bakhtin and Carnival. Then we continued with a typology of characters that should be kind of explanation for reading...

The diploma work is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The first part is further divided into the theoretical linguistic subsection and theoretical political science subsection. The theoretical linguistic part comprises information on metaphors, metonymies and synecdoches taken from Czech and Spanish linguistic handbooks and is focused on a phenomenon of levelling and it also deals with the function of the aforementioned rhetorical figures. In the first part there is also a chapter on the rhetorical style and translation of rhetorical figures. The second, practical part deals with the analysis of the rhetorical figures in selected political speeches, their function, frequency and possible levelling when translating them into the target language. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a comparable sample of political speeches in the Czech and Spanish languages. They are the speeches of two important personalities of the 1970s, President Ludvík Svoboda's speeches in the Czech language and in terms of the Spanish linguistic background - the speeches of his Chilean counterpart - President Salvador Allende, and their Czech translation. Key words: levelling, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, translation, political speech

Faith inspired by living creation according to Psalm 104, Bless the LORD, O my soul! This work is concerned with the structure of Psalm 104, in various ways partition of Psalm's motives by various authors. It is aimed at analyzing of translations of selected parts, which are concerned with living creation. is concerned with variants of translation of some Hebrew (Greek and Latin) terms of animals (ibex, daman) in Czech. It compares the Psalm 104 with Egyptian Hymn to the Sun and other similar creation texts in the Old Testament. In the Old Testament is among the texts at first creation's report in Gn 1, others creations Psalms (Ps 8, Ps 19 and Ps 146) and 38-41 chapter of Job. Through many thematic similarities and disimilarities in ideas, it looks like very significant differences in the form of the texts presentations. While Psalm 104 is a praise of God in personal relationship to the God, the report of creation in Gn 1 is unpersonal story abote the God and in case of Jb 38-41 is a preaching speech of God to man. At more deeply meditation over the Psalm 104 and other similar texts, which arn't ment in more detail, is noticeable similarity of Psalm 104 with the report of the Flood in Gn 7-9 and analogical ancient myths in Mesopotamia. Also, this work is interested in a question of mythical,...

[pt] O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar de que forma Paulo faz emergir das Escrituras Sagradas um pensamento sobre a linguagem, com foco em suas cartas aos romanos e aos coríntios. Testa-se a hipótese de que comparece ali uma perspectiva de linguagem pragmática. Dar-se-á ênfase especial a dois aspectos interligados: o modo como Paulo aborda, através de metáforas, a presença das metáforas nas Escrituras; e o modo como a questão do indizível e o gênero apofático se manifestam nas suas epístolas. Nas análises do presente estudo mostra-se que (a) apesar de haver passagens em que a metáfora é colocada no discurso tal qual uma espécie de ornamento, como um meio de obter o entendimento e a atenção dos ouvintes, conforme prevê a clássica teoria aristotélica, com a tensão letra x espírito, o apóstolo vem romper com o primado da literalidade e do significado próprio da palavra, em diversos momentos nos quais a metáfora, muito mais que agente de um impacto estético ou retórico, aparece como um recurso que permite uma aproximação indireta com Deus – o que permite entrever nos escritos paulinos elementos de teorias posteriores da metáfora, onde é tomada como fenômeno fundante; (b) ao tratar do tema do divino, Paulo lhe atribui sua característica de inefabilidade, consoante alguns pensadores gregos que lhe antecederam, porém, em seu discurso, a indizibilidade pode sair do campo do incognoscível e ser sondada pelas criaturas, contanto que se libertem da letra que mata, pois através do espírito o homem pode conhecer a Deus – que é Espírito – face a face; (c) tornar o indizível cognoscível, pela atividade do espírito, não significa, absolutamente, torná-lo dizível. / [en] The present work aims to investigate in what way Paul makes a perspective of language emerge from the Scriptures, focusing on his Epistles written to the Romans and Corinthians. It is tested the hypothesis that there is a pragmatic perspective of language in these Epistles. Special emphasis is given to two interconnected aspects: the way with which Paul approaches, using metaphors, the presence of metaphors in the Scriptures; and the way that the issue of the unspeakable and the apophatic genre manifest in his Epistles. The analyses of selected passages shows mainly that (a) although there are passages in which metaphor is put in the discourse as a kind of ornament, or lure, as a way of obtaining the understanding and attention of listeners, just as classic Aristotelic theories predict, the Apostle, with the tension between letter and spirit, breaks away from the ideas of the primacy of literalness and intrinsic word meaning, in many occasions where metaphor, considered not only as mere agent of aesthetic or rhetoric impact, appears as a resource that enables an indirect approach to God – which is something that brings Paulo’s perspective closer to later theories of metaphor in which it is taken as a founding phenomenon; (b) in order to approach the theme of the divine, Paul attributes to it the characteristic of ineffability, in accordance with some Greek intellectuals who preceded him; however, in his discourse, the unsayable can part off with the unknowable and be probed by humans, as long as they free themselves from the letter that kills, once only through the spirit men can know God – who is Spirit – face to face; (c) rendering the unspeakable acknowledgeable, through the activity of the spirit, does not mean, unquestionably, making it sayable.

[pt] Este trabalho trata da motivação conceptual que levou os itens mas, porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, considerados pela maioria das gramáticas do português como conjunções adversativas, a passarem por um processo de gramaticalização. Apesar de ser discutível a classificação dos referidos itens como conjunções adversativas - já que, com exceção de mas, os demais não têm um comportamento sintático típico de conjunções -, considera-se o fato de que todos, de alguma forma, se tornaram mais gramaticais desde suas origens medievais até hoje. O processo de gramaticalização é entendido, então, como aquele em que tanto itens lexicais e construções formam-se em certos contextos lingüísticos para exercer funções gramaticais quanto itens gramaticais desenvolvem novas funções gramaticais (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 2003). O enfoque do trabalho está na busca dos elementos conceptuais que possam ter motivado o processo. Trabalhos como o de Barreto (1999) afirmam que a motivação da gramaticalização dos itens em pauta foi metonímica, por influência da presença de elementos de sentido negativo em posição adjacente à deles, no português medieval. A proposta deste trabalho é investigar por que os itens em estudo encontravam-se maciçamente, ao que parece, em ambientes que apresentavam partículas de sentido negativo. A partir da leitura de trabalhos como o de Vogt & Ducrot (1980) e o de Sweetser (1991), entende- se que mas encontrava-se nesses ambientes em função de uma motivação metafórica e que as relações contrajuntivas para cujo estabelecimento o item contribuía ocorriam proeminentemente nos domínios epistêmico e conversacional da linguagem. A mesma proposta de análise é estendida aos demais itens, que, segundo se verifica em amostras do português medieval, por funcionarem em prol da coesão do texto, eram propícios a serem empregados em contextos lingüísticos nos quais se delimitavam dois grupos de informação postos em relação. Essa relação podia ser contrajuntiva e, se não se encontrava assinalada gramaticalmente, era, ainda assim, depreensível através de uma análise das relações textuais que se davam no plano do significado lingüístico, em especial nos níveis epistêmico ou conversacional. Portanto, elementos negativos eram cabíveis nos referidos contextos e, com eles, também elementos responsáveis pela coesão textual anafórica. / [en] In this work I deal with the conceptual motivation of the grammaticalization of the items mas, porém, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, which are classified as adversative conjunctions by the majority of the Portuguese Grammars. Though such classification is very discussable - for all of these items but mas present nontypically- conjunctional syntactical behavior - we consider the fact that all of the items cited above have become more grammatical in some manner since their medieval origins until the present days. Hence, the grammaticalization process is understood as that one in which the lexical items and constructions come in certain linguistic contexts to serve grammatical functions or how grammatical items develop new grammatical functions (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 2003). This work focuses the quest for the conceptual elements which could have motivated this process. Works such as Barreto´s (1999) state that the motivation for the grammaticalization of the items being studied in this text was a metonymic one, carried out by the influence of semantically negative elements which appeared next to them in the Medieval Portuguese. The objective of my work is to investigate why these items were massively found, as it seems, in contexts with negative-sense particles. From the reading of works such as Vogt´s & Ducrot´s (1980) and Sweetser´s (1991), I understand that mas was found in such contexts due to a metaphoric motivation and that the adversative relation for whose establishment it contributed occurred mainly within the epistemic domain of language. This very analysis is extended to the other items, which, according to what can be verified through the analysis of samples of the Medieval Portuguese, had the tendency of being used in contexts in which two groups of linguistic information, put into an adversative relation, were delimited, contributing for the text cohesion. This adversative relation, if not grammatically marked, was, even though, inferrible through the analysis of the textual relations which took place in the linguistic meaning plain, especially at the epistemic level. Thus, negative elements were possible in these contexts and with them, also, the elements responsible for the textual cohesion.

(English) Guided imagery is not so far frequently used method, also there is not existing more extensive research in this field. Nevertheless, some papers showing potential of this technique can be found. This thesis deals with the use of guided imagery to influence biological (immune) processes. So far there is only a very small number of studies dealing with this topic. This is a pilot study in this particular application. The study included 38 participants. The effect of guided imagery on immunological parameters was monitored, as well as other factors that can be related to the effectiveness of the intervention (ease of process visualization, level of stress). The study also dealt with the possible influence of the metaphor in visualization content on its effectiveness. Although there is not clear result of this study on global level, there is a number of interesting partial results. Particularly, interesting observations significant in view of further research direction in this field have emerged from this work. In particular, the influence of stress, or more precisely its association with the guided imagery effect could be a promising area for further research. Based on this work, it is not possible to comment on the possible effect on guided imagery effect, because probands were not...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SandraMeyerNunes.pdf: 2302020 bytes, checksum: 1540016b9c27f59d6a9f3261233adcca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis analyzes metaphors that guide the concept of physical action in the work of an actor through the perspective of the cognitive sciences and the theory of body-media elaborated by professors Helena Katz and Christine Greiner in the graduate program of Communications and Semiotics at the Catholic University of São Paulo. The notion of action is essential to studies about the communication of the actor and is present in the genesis of theories of representation and in the modern concept of action. The pedagogy proposed by Constantin Stanislavski (1863-1938) by means of a method of physical actions, and later developed by Jerzy Grotowski (1933-1999), altered the processes of research and education for the actor. This study is based on the hypothesis that the approach to physical actions, proposed by both authors, revises the body-mind dualism in the work of the actor and points to issues now present in the cognitive sciences. By relating the system of physical actions of the actor with he studies of the body in the contemporary world, this study considers action as a procedural and dynamic system, from the perspective of a body-mind theory. The studies of philosophers and scientists António Damásio, Daniel Wegner, George Lakoff, Mark Johnson and Alain Berthoz are the foundations for the hypotheses presented about the metaphors that spark the action of the body and strengthen the theoretical-practical articulation needed to approach the problem of scenic action / Esta tese propõe uma revisão das metáforas que orientam o conceito de ação física no trabalho do ator à luz das ciências cognitivas e da teoria do corpomídia desenvolvida pelas professoras Helena Katz e Christine Greiner no Programa de Estudos Pós-graduados em Comunicação e Semiótica da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Presente na gênese das teorias de representação e no conceito moderno de atuação, a noção de ação é fundamental para os estudos acerca da comunicação do ator. A pedagogia proposta por Constantin Stanislavski (1863-1938) por meio do método das ações físicas, e posteriormente desenvolvida por Jerzy Grotowski (1933-1999), alterou os processos de pesquisa e formação do ator. O trabalho parte da hipótese de que a abordagem da ação física, proposta por ambos, realiza uma revisão do dualismo corpo-mente no trabalho do ator, apontando para questões presentes, hoje, nas teorias das ciências cognitivas. Ao relacionar o sistema de ações físicas do ator com os estudos do corpo na contemporaneidade, este estudo aborda a ação, considerada um sistema processual e dinâmico, na perspectiva de uma teoria do corpomente. As pesquisas dos filósofos-cientistas António Damásio, Daniel Wegner, George Lakoff, Mark Johnson e Alain Berthoz fundamentam as hipóteses apresentadas a respeito das metáforas que dão ignição à ação do corpo e fortalecem a articulação teórica-prática necessária para a abordagem do problema da ação cênica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lenira Peral Rengel.pdf: 2540405 bytes, checksum: 2bdf23adc64859a5cc350079aead4e7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Media and educational environments join in a pact of consented interference in keeping and disseminating inappropriate understandings to body. Infant bodies reproducing adult bodies attitudes is only one among many examples. Aiming at exposing political-social function of media and educational speeches and treat them as performed acts enacted with the environments, that is, responsible for what they put in the world, the corpus used in this thesis needed to relate scientists of communication and cognition. Thus, with the purpose of presenting the central concepts, bodyconnectivity/corponectividade and metaphoric procedure, the thesis applies culture theorists and communication and cognition scientists in their references. With this group, it was possible to identify the existence of ideological features in metaphoric concepts, especially in those of mind, body, communication, determinisms, essence, dualisms and competition. The comprehension of metaphors as corporal operation essentially has the reference in George Lakoff s and Mark Johnson s proposals. This research advances both propositions, starting from the hypothesis that there is a more general and permanent action in the human body, naming it as metaphoric procedure. Therefore, metaphor and other ways of representation emerge as the material which metaphoric procedure operates with. The relevance of metaphoric procedure is in the comprehension that it establishes, indeed, the sensorimotor and the abstract concepts together. The community of both (sensorial and abstract) is named bodyconnectivity/corponectividade, which shows that regarding to the body, theory and practice are not independent. Following this concept, the opposition mind-body, teaching-learning is abandoned. The central role that several means of media have in the diffusion of bad metaphors on body can be proved in the dossier which forms the published material in magazines, newspapers, flyers, billboards, photographs taken on streets, dialogue rolls and interviews excerpts transcriptions. A very direct contamination between media material and metaphors in circulation in educational environments could be verified in an experience of 35 years with educational projects of several natures (long distance courses, workshops, detached classes, regular classes, lectures, among other activities). Far from showing the evolutive coemergence nature/culture, the bad metaphors have been producing an alarming cultural phenomenon in relation to body. Here is presented a proposal of a critical and active action to the emancipation of the student and the person / Ambientes midiáticos e educacionais compactuam-se em uma relação de interferência consentida ao manter e disseminar entendimentos inadequados ao corpo. A midiatização de corpos infantis reproduzindo atitudes de corpos adultos é apenas um dentre muitos exemplos. Com o objetivo de explicitar a função político-social dos discursos dos ambientes midiáticos e educacionais e tratá-los como atos performativos efetivados com o entorno, ou seja, responsáveis pelo que colocam no mundo, o corpus da presente Tese de Doutorado relacionou cientistas da comunicação e da cognição. Assim, para apresentar seus conceitos centrais, o de corponectividade e o de procedimento metafórico, a pesquisa utiliza obras de teóricos da cultura e cientistas da comunicação e cognição. Com esse conjunto de referências, foi possível identificar a existência de traços ideológicos em conceitos metafóricos, especialmente nos de mente, corpo, comunicação, determinismos, essência, dualismos e competição. A compreensão de metáforas como operacionalidade corpórea referencia-se, sobretudo, nas propostas de George Lakoff e Mark Johnson. Esta pesquisa avança em relação à proposição de ambos, partindo da hipótese de que existe ação mais geral e permanente no corpo humano, a qual se pode chamar de procedimento metafórico. Assim, a metáfora, bem como outras formas de representação, passam a ser o material com o qual o procedimento metafórico se operacionaliza. A relevância do procedimento metafórico consiste na compreensão de que ele instaura, de fato, o sensório-motor e os conceitos abstratos, juntos. À comunidade de ambos (sensório e abstrato) se nomeia de corponectividade, para mostrar que, no corpo, teoria e prática não são independentes. Com este conceito, abandona-se a oposição entre mente e corpo e entre ensino e aprendizagem. O papel central que diversas mídias têm na difusão de más metáforas sobre o corpo pode ser comprovado no dossiê que reúne material publicado em revistas, jornais, folhetos, outdoors , fotos tiradas nas ruas, registros de diálogos e transcrições de trechos de entrevistas. Ao longo de uma vivência de 35 anos atuando em projetos educacionais de diversas naturezas (cursos de longa duração, oficinas, aulas avulsas, aulas regulares palestras, entre outras atividades), verifica-se uma contaminação muito direta entre o material midiático e as metáforas em circulacão nos ambientes educacionais. Longe de demonstrar a coemergência evolutiva natureza/cultura, as más metáforas vêm produzindo um alarmante fenômeno cultural em relação ao corpo. Aqui se coloca a proposta de uma ação crítica e atuante para a emancipação do aluno e da pessoa