Organic materials are ubiquitous in the geologic environment, and can exert significant influence over the interfacial properties of minerals. However, due to the complexity in their structure and interaction with soil solids, their impact has remained relatively unquantified. This study investigated the engineering behaviors of organoclays, which were synthesized in the laboratory using naturally occurring clay minerals and quaternary ammonium compounds of controlled structure and density of loading. Organic cations were chosen to study the effects of functional group structure and size. The laboratory investigation showed that the presence of the organic cations on the mineral surfaces led to increased hydrophobicity of all clays tested. Conduction studies on the electrical, hydraulic, and thermal properties of the organoclay composites suggested that increasing the total organic carbon content resulted in decreased electrical and thermal conductivity, but increased hydraulic conductivity, due to the reduced swelling of the base clay mineral phase. Electrokinetic properties of the organoclays illustrated that compared with the clay's naturally occurring inorganic cations, exchanged quaternary ammonium cations were more likely bound within a particle's shear plane. Consequently, organoclays had less negative zeta potential than that of unmodified bentonite. Increasing the length of one carbon tail was more effective at binding organic cations within the shear plane than increasing the size of the cation, when compared on the basis of total organic carbon content. In terms of large strain strength, the modified organic clays exhibited increased shear strength, in part owing to the reduction in water content caused by the presence of the hydrophobic organic layering. Shear strength increased with single carbon tail length or with cation size, although the latter effect tended to reach a plateau as the length of the four short cation tails increased from 2 to 4. In terms of small strain behavior, the shear modulus was shown to be a function of the total organic carbon content. It is believed that number of particle contacts increased as the organic carbon content increased. Stiffness increased as either the size of the cation or the total organic carbon content was increased. Damping also increased as the organic loading was increased, with the organic phase acting as an energy dissipation mechanism.

The synthesis and polymerization of macromonomers containing a polymerizable styrene head group and a tail of ethylene oxide derivatives of different character were investigated. The synthesis of macromonomers was based on living anionic polymerization of oxiranes. Two monomers were used: 1-ethoxyethyl glycidyl ether (glycidol acetal), which after hydrolysis forms hydrophilic glycidol blocks and glycidyl phenyl ether forming hydrophobic blocks. Polymerizable double bonds were introduced by terminating the living chain with p-(chloromethyl)styrene. However, MALDI-TOF-MS end group analysis showed that all synthesized macromonomers were a mixture of the macromonomer and the non-functionalized oligomer. The degree of functionalization varied from 55 to 75 %. The obtained macromonomers showed amphiphilic properties and formed micelles in water. The determined critical micellization (CMC) concentration for poly(glycidol) macromonomer (DP = 50) was ca. 10 g/L, while the poly(glycidol) block macromonomers with hydrophobic spacer showed CMC on the level 0,7 g/L. The conventional free radical and controlled free radical polymerisation (ATRP) were used for preparation of polymacromonomers with different properties. The radical polymerization of the macromonomers was carried out in water using AVA as initiator and in the mixture of water/benzene (10/1 v/v) using AIBN. Core-shell polymers of different character and molar masses with polydispersity indices from 1,4 -3,0 were obtained. The ATRP carried out in water using PEO macroinitiator led to polymacromonomers with polydispersity indices from 1,1 to 1,3 and desiried molecular weight. In all cases the conversion of macromonomer (able to polymerization) was close to 100%. The polymerization product could easily be separated from the unable to reaction residue.

Dans cette thèse, nous présentons des résultats de simulations de dynamique moléculaire (MD) explicites dans les conditions ambiantes de micelles inverses (MI) d'AOT et de C12E4 en fonction du rapport molaire Wo=[H2O]/[détergent] qui caractérise la dimension des MI et leur contenu en eau. Le rapport des MI était 2 ≤ Wo ≤7. Nous avons étudié les changements de structure et les compressibilités des micelles inverses avec Wo. Lorsque le rapport Wo<7 des MI, l'eau confinée hydrate préférentiellement les têtes des AOT. L'influence de cette hydratation a été examinée avec un alanine peptide en hélice-Α (A8) confiné dans 2 MI de rapport Wo=4.78 et 6.79. Dans la plus petite MI, l'hydratation préférentielle des têtes d'AOT favorise la stabilité de la structure IIaire imposée du peptide et cette conformation est perdue dans la MI plus grande. Enfin, la structure de 2 MI C12E4 avec Wo=3 avec 2 conformations possibles pour les têtes a été étudiée. Les résultats des MD obtenus ont permis de proposer une modèle pour ces MI.

A dynamic mathematical model was developed to simulate the response of polyacrylamide gel (PAG) dosimeters to a single spherical radioactive brachytherapy seed. Simulations were conducted for a high dose-rate (HDR) seed using 192Ir and a low dose-rate (LDR) seed using 125I. The model is able to predict the amount of polymer formed, the crosslink density, and the volume fraction of aqueous phase as a function of radial distance and time. Results show that PAG dosimeters can provide accurate HDR brachytherapy dosimetry at distances larger than 4 mm from the centre of the seed but will give poor results for LDR due to monomer diffusion. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential for using pentacosa-10,12-diynoic acid (PCDA) as the reporter molecule in micelle gel dosimeters for optical computed tomography (CT) readout. Several gels containing PCDA that was solubilized using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) responded to radiation by changing from colourless to blue. Unfortunately, all phantoms that showed colour changes were turbid, making them unsuitable for optical CT scanning. Several techniques were used to produce transparent gels containing PCDA but none of these gels responded noticeably to radiation. Only turbid gels with precipitated PCDA responded, indicating that the colour change was due to oligomerization within PCDA crystals and that PCDA molecules solubilized in micelles did not undergo oligomerization. As a result, PCDA is not suitable for use in radiochromic micelle gel dosimeters. A new recipe for a radiochromic leuco crystal violet (LCV) micelle gel dosimeters with enhanced dose sensitivity was developed for optical CT readout. The recipe contains LCV, trichloro acetic acid (TCAA), Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB), 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol (TCE), and gelatin. Experiments were conducted to improve understanding about interactions between the different components of LCV micelle gel, highlighting the importance of pH on dose sensitivity and transparency. Results also showed the effectiveness of chlorinated compounds in improving dose sensitivity. Statistical techniques were used to build empirical models that were used to optimize the gel recipe. Additional testing in larger phantoms will be required to assess the effectiveness of the proposed gel for clinical dosimetry. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2014-03-27 11:11:47.655

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the casein microstructure on the molecular diffusion of probes with different sizes and deformabilities. The mobility of molecular flexible ('PEG') and rigid (dendrimer) probes of various sizes was studied in suspensions and gels of NPC and SC at various protein concentrations. Measurements were carried out by NMR, which makes it possible to probe translational mobilities over a distance of 1.5 microns, as well as local mobilities at the molecular scale (several nanometers) through the relaxation times, T2. A coherent model was used and the same mechanism was proposed to describe the diffusion of small probes in both casein dispersions. It is the combination of different factors that should be considered: the ratio of the probe size to the distance between the obstructing particles or the entanglement points, as well as the flexibility of the probe. The rotational diffusion of PEG and dendrimer probes was less hindered than translational diffusion in both casein systems. Different relaxation behaviors were observed between the two casein systems and retardation in T2 relaxation times was highlighted in rennet and acid casein gels. These results are probably related to the local mobility of the matrix. The overall results of this project led to a better understanding of probe mobility in casein systems and made it possible to propose a new model that challenges the previous one proposed by Le Feunteun et al. to describe the diffusion of probes in casein systems.

Mechanisms of adsorption of alkaline copper quat (ACQ) components in wood were investigated with emphasis on: copper chemisorption, copper physisorption, and quat adsorption. Various factors were investigated that could affect the adsorption of individual ACQ components in red pine wood. Copper chemisorption in wood was affected by ligand types coordinating with Cu and the stability of the Cu-ligand complexes in solution. For Cu-monoethanolamine (Cu-Mea) system, the prevailing active solvent species at the solution pH, [Cu(Mea)2-H]+ complexes with wood acid sites and loses one Mea molecule through a ligand exchange reaction. The amount of adsorbed Cu was closely related to the cation exchange capacity of wood. An increase in Mea/Cu ratio increased the proportion of the uncharged Cu-Mea complex and resulted in decreased Cu chemisorption in wood. Copper precipitation is also an important Cu fixation mechanisms of Cu-amine treated wood. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that in vitro precipitated Cu was a mixture of copper carbonates (azurite and malachite) and possibly Cu2O. Higher concentration Cu-amine solutions retarded the Cu precipitation to a lower pH because of higher free amine in the preservative-wood system. The changes in zeta potential of wood in relationship to the quaternary ammonium (alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride: ADBAC) adsorption isotherm showed two different adsorption mechanisms for quat in wood: ion exchange reaction at low concentration and additional aggregation form of adsorption by hydrophobic interaction at high concentration. Because of the aggregation effect, when wood was treated with ACQ, high amounts of ADBAC were concentrated near the surface creating a steep gradient with depth. This aggregated ADBAC was easily leached out while the ion exchanged ADBAC had high leaching resistance. Free Mea and Cu of ACQ components appeared to compete with ADBAC for the same bonding sites in wood.

A presente Tese tem por objetivo estudar alguns aspectos das interações água-detergente que são importantes para o entendimento das propriedades fisico-químicas da própria micela. além das interações que ocorrem na pseudo-fase micelar. Estas interações foram estudadas utilizando-se duas técnicas: RMN de 1H, para avaliar o efeito de micelas aquosas iônicas, zwitteriônicas e não-iônicas sobre a estrutura da água; e o estudo cinético da hidrólise espontânea de um éster do ácido carbônico, para determinar a reatividade cinética desta água além de, possivelmente, esclarecer alguns aspectos da questão da penetração da água na micela. Foi determinado o efeito da concentração do detergente e a presença de deutério no solvente sobre os deslocamentos químicos dos prótons da água. Foi usada a seguinte série de detergentes: dodecilsulfato de sódio (SOS, aniônico), dodecilbenzenossulfonato de sódio (SDBS, aniônico), perfluoroctanoato de sódio (SPFO, aniônico), cloreto de cetiltrimetilamônio (CTACl, catiônico), éter octilfenil(9,5)polioxietilênico (TX-100) e dodecildimetilamônio-3-propanossulfonato (DDAPS, zwitteriônico). O deslocamento químico dos prótons da água. depende linearmente da concentração de detergente e os coeficientes angulares das retas são sinsíveis à concentração de deutério no solvente. A partir destas correlações foram calculados os fatores de fracionamneto deutério/prótio,&#966; cujas magnitudes dão uma idéia quantitativa do efeito do detergente sobre a estrutura da água. Para averiguar a origem micelar do fracionamento observado, foram determinados também os fatores de fracionamento para compostos modelos. Estes são constituídos de cadeias carbônicas curtas que não formam agregados mas que possuem os mesmos grupos hidrofílicos dos detergentes. Foram usados os seguintes compostos como modelos: butilsulfato de sódio (modelo para SDS), p-tolouenossulfonato de sódio (modelo para SDBS), perfluorobutirato de sódio (modelo para SPFO) e brometo de butiltrimetilamônio (modelo para CTACl). Os resultados obtidos mostram que estes compostos perturbam pouco a estrutura água e são diminuidores da sua estrutura. Os detergentes, com a excessão de DDAPS e TX-100, claramente aumentam a estrutura da água devido a efeitos eletrorrestritivos. Interações inter e intramoleculares entre os íons do DDAPS resultam numa neutralização interna das cargas e explicam o seu pequeno efeito (aumento) sobre a estrutura do solvente. Nao é fácil oferecer uma explicação simples para a diminuição da estrutura da água na presença de TX-100, pois existe a interferência de fatores cujos efeitos sobre o fracionamento não podem ainda ser avaliados. Entre estes destacamos o enrolamento das cadeias oxietilênicas do detergente. a presença de água fisicamente presa entre estas cadeias e o fato de que a distruibição das moléculas de água entre as unidades de oxietileno não é homogênea. Foram determinadas as constantes de velocidade, os parâmetros de ativação e o efeito isotópico cinético do solvente para a hidrólise independente do pH de carbonato de bis(2,4-dinitrofenila) , na presença de SDS, CTABr, CTACl, TX-100 de cetildimetilamônio-3-propanossulfonato (HDAPS) . O efeito micelar foi analisado em termos da transferência do éster do seio aquoso para água micelar, e do efeito salino acoplado a fatores eletrostáticos das micelas iônicas. Como modelo para o efeito da transferência do meio, a reação foi estudada em misturas de água e acetonitrila. O efeito salino foi avaliado estudando a reação em presença de alguns dos compostos-modelo acima mencionados. Houve mudanças marcantes na entropia e na entalpia de ativação da reação somente em presença de grandes quantidades de acetonitrila no solvente (fração molar de 0,55 a 0,90). O efeito salino foi pequeno. Todos os detergentes, especialmente o SDS, diminuiram velocidade da reação devido a fatores entálpicos desfavoráveis. Para ter uma idéia do sítio da solubilização do éster nas micelas usadas, estudamos o efeito de acetato e decanoato de p-nitrofenila (compostos usados como modelo para CDNF), sobre os deslocamentos químicos dos grupos de cada detergente. Os resultados mostram que o sítio de solubilização destes ésteres não está predominantemente na região da superfície da micela. Os ésteres movimentam-se rapidamente (em relação à escala do tempo da RMN), em todo volume da micela. Efetuamos um cálculo simples mostrando que a penetração da água até os primeiros dois grupos metilênicos pode dar origem a um volume hidratado da micela de mais de 50%. Uma consideração dos parâmetros de ativação, dos resultados de RMN de 1H e do significado do cálculo do volume micelar efetuado, nos levou a concluir que nossos dados cinéticos podem ser explicados sem a necessidade de assumir uma micela extensivamente hidratada, como por exemplo aquela proposta pelo modelo de aglomeração poros (porous cluster model). / Study of micelle-water interactions is relevant to the physical chemistry of the micelle itself, and for a better understanding of the interactions occuring therein. In the present thesis two aspects of these interactions were studied: the effect of the organized assembly on the structure of water at the micellar interface, and on the kinetic reactivity of water as probed by examining the pH-independent (spontaneous) hydrolysis of a carbonate ester. The effect of the following surfactants on the structure of water was studied: sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS, anionic) sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate (SDBS, anionic), sodium perfluorooctanoate (SPFO, anionic), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl, cationic), polyoxyethylene (9.5) octylphenyl ether (TX-100, nonionic), dodecyldimethylammonio-3-propane sulphonate (DDAPS, zwitterionic). The dependence of the chemical shift of the water protons on the surfactant concentration, and on the deuterium content of the solvent was used to calculate the deuterium/protium fractionation factor, &#966;. The magnitude of the latter (relative to unity, the fractionation factor for bulk water) gives a quantitative idea of the solvent structure perturbation by the micellar pseudophase. In order to ascertain that the observed D/H fractionation is micelle-induced, the fractionation factors for model compounds were also determined. These were short-chain, i.e., non-aggregating compounds bearing the same head-groups as the surfactants. The following model compounds were used: sodium butylsulphate (model for SDS), sodium p-toluenesulphonate (model for SDBS), sodium perfluorobutyrate (model for SPFO) and butyltrimethylammonium bromide (model for CTACl). The following conclusions were drawn from the determined fractionation factors: whereas the short-chain compounds perturb the structure of water only slightly, and are usually water structure breakers, the presence of the micelles clearly enhances the structure of the solvent. Exceptions are zwitterionic DDAPS (marginal structure enhancement) and nonionic TX-100 (water structure decrease). The behavior of the zwitterionic surfactant was explained based on the negligible electrostrictive effect of the micelle due to inter and intramolecular interactions between the head-ions. A simple rationale for the case of TX-100 is not easy because of can complicate such interpretation: the followino factors that coiling of the oxyethylene chains, physical trapping of water between the chains, noneven distribution of the water molecules along the oxyethylene chains. Rate constants, activation parameters, solvent kinetic isotope effect were determined for the pH-independent hydrolysis of 2,4-dintrophenyl carbonate in the presence of SDS, CTABr, CTACl. TX-100 and cetyldimethylammonio-3-propane sulphonate (HDAPS). The micellar effect was analyzed in terms of a transfer Effect, a salt and an electrostatic effect. The first refers to the transfer of the ester form bulk water to \"micellar\" water, and was mimicked by studying the reaction in water-acetonitrile mixtures. Salt effect was evaluated by conducting the hydrolysis in the presence some of the above mentioned short-chain compounds. For the reaction in aqueous acetonitrile the entropy and enthalpy of activation showed sizable changes only at high mole fraction (0.55 to 0.90) of the organic solvent. Salt effect was negligible. The tested detergents, specially SDS, slow the reaction rate due to unfavorable enthalpy. The solubilization site of the ester in the micelles was assesed by 1H NMR. using p-nitrophenyl acetate and decanoate as models. This study showed that the ester in the micelles is not localized at, or very near, to the micelle/water interface, but is rapidly moving (on the NMR time-scale) all over the micellar volume. Analysis of the obtained activation parameters, coupled with the 1H NMR data, and with the result of simple geometric calculation led us to conclude that deep water penetration in the micelle (e.g ., according to the porous cluster model) is not essential to rationalize our data.

Nesta dissertaçao foram estudadas as reações de aminólise de benzoatos por dodecilamina (DA), propionato de dodecilamôrtio (DAP) e suas misturas em ciclohexano. Foram usados os ésteres do tipo X-&#216;-CO2-&#216;-NO2 (X=NO2,CH3O,CH3,H e Cl) e NO2-&#216;-CO2-&#216;-Y (Y=CH3 , H, Cl e CN). A aminólise de ésteres por DA é de segunda ordem em amina e está associada com entropias de ativação altamente negativas e pequenas eutalpias de ativação. A reação é muito mais sensível à natureza do grupo abandonador que da acila. Na reaçao com DAP micelar mostrou-se claramente que o grupo carboxilato de detergente atua com base geral e não como nucleófilo. A reação é de segunda ordem em DAP e apresentou as mais altas entropias de ativação. O valor de &#961; de Hammett era maior quando se variou o grupo Y, mostrando que a reação, como com DA, é mais sensível à natureza do grupo fugitivo. O valor da razão &#961;Y/&#961;X mostrou que o grupo abandonador é o íon fenóxido p-substituido. Uma prova adicional deste fato, foi obtida dos resultados de aminólise em presença de água solubilizada. O DAP micelar aumentou a velocidade de aminólise por DA, por fatôres desde 132 vêzes (Cl/NO2) até 311 vêzes (NO2/NO2 ). A aminólise de ésteres por DA+DAP apresentou parâmetros de ativação, cujos valores são intermediários àqueles para as reações com DA e com DAP respectivamente. Os valores de &#961; de Hammett foram similares aqueles obtidos para a reação com DAP somente. Baseados nos resultados previamente reportados, foram sugeridos esquemas para as reações. Eles envolvem a formação de intermediários tetraédricos (aniônicos para as reações com DA e com DAP e zwitteriônicos para a aminólise por DAP), cujo colapso é determinante da velocidade. / In this thesis the aminolysis of benzoate esters by dodecylamine (DA), dodecylammonium propionate (DAP) and their mixtures in cyclohexane was studied. The esters used were X-&#216;CO2&#216;NO2 (X=NO2CH3O,CH3,H e Cl) and NO2&#216;CO2&#216;Y (Y=CH3,H,Cl e CN). Ester aminolysis by DA is second order in the amine and is associated with a highly negative entropies and small euthalpies of activation. The reaction is much more sensitive to the nature of the leaving group than that of the acyl one. In the reaction with micellar DAP it was clearly showed that the carboxylate group of the surfact and is acting as a general base, not as a nucleophile. The reaction was found to be second order in the surfactant and showed the highest entropies of activation. The Hammett &#961; value was larger when was varied, showing that the reaction, like that with DA, is more sensitive to the nature of the leaving group. From the ratio &#961;Y/&#961;X it was shown that the leaving group is the P-substituted phenoxide ion. Additional proof for this was reached from the results of aminolysis in the presence of solubilized water. Micellar DAP enhance the rate of aminolysis by DA by factors ranging from 132 times (Cl/NO2) to 311 times (NO2/ NO2). Ester aminolysis by DA+DAP has activation parameters which are intermediate between those for the reactions with DA, and with DAP, respectively. The Hammett &#961; values were similar to those obtained for the reaction with DAP alone. Based on the previous data schemes for the reactions were suggested. They involve the formation of tetrahedral intermediates (anions for the reaction with DA and with DA+DAP, and zwitterion for the aminolysis by DAP) whose collapse are rate limiting.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Micelles are thermodynamically stable systems, formed after reaching a minimum concentration of surfactant in the solution, and is called the critical micellar concentration (CMC). The tensoactives are amphiphilic substances, that is, they have a polar region (head) and another apolar (tail) well defined in the molecular structure, being the tensoactive tween 80 chosen for this work. The CMC of this surfactant was found by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, through the absorption of a probe molecule that was ibuprofen at work. The CMC value is between 1.10-4 and 2.10-4 mM. Micelles have a great potential in the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs in aqueous solution that are being reused for different purposes than the current ones, besides taking drugs that have previously been abandoned due to their lack of solubility, for example in blood plasma, with we can increase the bioavailability of the same in the body, and can function as nanoreservatories of drugs thus minimizing the side effects of these, and help in the correct direction in which these drugs are discharged. Given this relevance, this work aims to understand how and where the interaction of the tween-80 formed micelles with the drugs, varying the pH and the concentrations of these. The drugs used in this study were carisoprodol, ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen, since they have different characteristics in relation to the molecular polarity distribution. The technique used to perform these analyzes was the low angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), through which it is possible to analyze changes of shapes and sizes of the nanometric order. From the experimental observations, it was possible to say that for more effective interaction between the micelles and the drugs, it is necessary that they have a well defined and expressive apolar region, in terms of volume, in some region of the molecule, since the carisoprodol did not alter the SAXS curves of the micelles when it was present in the solution. Ibuprofen and sodium ibuprofen were able to cause significant changes in the SAXS curves, either in terms of low or high angle displacement or effects of attractive or repulsive interferences on the micelles. The modeling of the SAXS curves revealed the geometries acquired by the micelles, which at pH 4 and pH 7 alternated between a core and a cylindrical shell with an elliptical or circular cross-section depending on the drug or its concentration and at pH 9, The only cross section presented was elliptical geometry. The internal cylinder size of pH 4 micelles without drug was 33.9 Å, increasing to 43.4 Å with 30 mM ibuprofen and 53.7 Å with 30 mM ibuprofen sodium. At pH 7 and 9, there was little change in these lengths. A theoretical study was also carried out to better understand the micelle-drug interaction and, for this, the atomic charges, the polar and polar light, and the optimization of the structures of the substances used in this work were obtained. Tween 80 was optimized by the semi-empirical method PM3 (Parametric Method Number 3), while both carisoprodol and ibuprofen were optimized by the ab initio DFT (Density Functional Theory) method. / As micelas são sistemas termodinamicamente estáveis, formadas após atingirem uma concentração mínima de tensoativo na solução, que é chamada de concentração micelar crítica (CMC). Já os tensoativos são substâncias anfifílicas, ou seja, possuem uma região polar (cabeça) e outra apolar (cauda) bem definidas na estrutura molecular, sendo o tween 80 o tensoativo escolhido para este trabalho. A CMC deste tensoativo foi encontrada por meio da espectroscopia no ultravioleta-visível, por meio da absorbância de uma molécula sonda que, neste trabalho, foi o ibuprofeno. O valor da CMC está entre 1.10-4 e 2.10-4 mM. As micelas apresentam um grande potencial na solubilização de fármacos pouco solúveis em solução aquosa que estão sendo reutilizados para diversos fins, diferentes dos atuais, além de aproveitar drogas que anteriormente foram abandonadas devido a sua falta de solubilidade, por exemplo, no plasma sanguíneo, com isso, conseguem aumentar a biodisponibilidade dos mesmos no organismo, podendo funcionar como nanoreservatórios de fármacos minimizando, desse modo, os efeitos colaterais destes, além de ajudar no direcionamento correto em que essas drogas deverão ser descarregadas. Diante de tal relevância, este trabalho propõe-se a entender como e onde ocorre a interação das micelas formadas por tween 80 com os fármacos, variando o pH e as concentrações destes. Os fármacos utilizados neste trabalho foram o carisoprodol, o ibuprofeno e o ibuprofeno sódico, uma vez que apresentam características distintas em relação à distribuição de polaridade molecular. A técnica utilizada para realizar essas análises foi a de espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo (SAXS), por meio da qual é possível analisar mudanças de formas e tamanhos da ordem nanométrica. A partir das observações experimentais, foi possível dizer que para ocorrer interação mais efetiva entre as micelas e os fármacos é necessário que estes tenham uma região apolar bem definida e expressiva, em termos de volume, em alguma região da molécula, tendo em vista que o carisoprodol não alterou as curvas de SAXS das micelas, quando estava presente na solução. Já o ibuprofeno e o ibuprofeno sódico conseguiram causar mudanças significativas nas curvas de SAXS, seja em termos de deslocamento para baixo ou alto ângulo ou efeitos de interferências atrativas ou repulsivas nas micelas. O modelamento das curvas de SAXS revelou as geometrias adquiridas pelas micelas, que em pH 4 e pH 7 alternava-se entre um núcleo e uma casca cilíndrica com seção transversal elíptica ou circular a depender do fármaco ou de sua concentração e em pH 9, a única seção transversal apresentada foi a geometria elíptica. O tamanho do cilindro interno das micelas em pH 4 sem fármaco foi de 33,9 Å, passando para 43,4 Å com 30 mM de ibuprofeno e 53,7 Å com 30 mM de ibuprofeno sódico. Já em pH 7 e 9 houve pouca alteração nesses comprimentos. Foi feito também um estudo teórico para melhor compreender a interação micela-fármaco e, para isso, foram obtidos as cargas atômicas, o raio apolar e polar, além da otimização das estruturas das substâncias utilizadas neste trabalho. O tween 80 foi otimizado pelo método semi-empírico PM3 (Parametric Method Number 3), ao passo que tanto o carisoprodol quanto o ibuprofeno foram otimizados pelo método ab initio DFT (Teoria do Funcional de Densidade). / São Cristóvão, SE

Terpenos são os principais constituintes dos óleos essenciais e vêm sendo explorados há mais de 3500 anos pela humanidade. Por conta das suas propriedades flavorizantes, são amplamente empregados na indústria de cosméticos e perfumaria. Apresentam ainda uma infinidade de funções biológicas, como promoção de polinização nas plantas, e proteção contra pragas e animais. Além dessas funções, muitos compostos possuem ainda atividade antimicrobiana, anti-inflamatória, antifúngica, entre outras. Tendo em vista a simplicidade estrutural dos terpenos e a alta hidrofobicidade que sugere fracas interações intermoleculares, é difícil de se imaginar como esses compostos conseguem desempenhar funções tão específicas e diversas. É de se esperar que quanto mais complexa a estrutura do composto, mais fácil seja seu reconhecimento pelo organismo. Isso mostra o grande poder de reconhecimento do meio biológico. Nesse trabalho, os parâmetros termodinâmicos de transferência da fase aquosa para a fase micelar de 10 terpenos (carvona, cânfora, cumeno, t-anetol, eugenol, limoneno, citronelal, linalol, terpineol e verbenona) e cumarina em dois sistemas, SDS 30 mmol.kg-1 + TBS 20 mmol.kg-1 e SDS 30 mmol.kg-1 + TBS 20 mmol.kg-1 + 10% v/v de etanol foram determinados buscando elucidar a incorporação micelar desses compostos. Micelas apresentam compartimentos com diferentes polaridades e podem servir como modelo para mimetizar as diferentes interações no meio biológico. Dessa forma, a utilização da cromatografia eletrocinética micelar (MEKC, do inglês Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography) na determinação dos coeficientes de partição e dos parâmetros termodinâmicos de transferência entre as fases aquosa e micelar desses solutos pode contribuir para o entendimento da distribuição bem como auxiliar na compreensão das funções que os mesmos desempenham na natureza. A hipótese de que os parâmetros termodinâmicos podem elucidar detalhes da incorporação micelar foi ainda testada através da busca de relações lineares de energia de solvatação (LSER, do inglês Linear Solvation Energy Relashionships) com o intuito de evidenciar as principais características moleculares que contribuem para o processo detransferência. Os modelos LSER foram estudados através de regressão múltipla e análises multivariadas de PLS, SPLS, PLS-DA e SPLS-DA, com o objetivo de verificar as propriedades dos terpenos que explicam sua incorporação nas micelas. Outras análises estatísticas multivariadas, como análise de agrupamentos e PCA, foram utilizadas para estudar a variabilidade estrutural dos compostos selecionados, bem como, determinar se os descritores teóricos calculados conseguem descrever as características estruturais dos terpenos. O estudo da termodinâmica de transferência de solutos neutros da fase aquosa para a fase micelar demonstrou que mesmo pequenas diferenças estruturais das moléculas contêm informação sobre a distribuição dos compostos nos compartimentos micelares. Também podese inferir sobre o efeito do etanol nas partições e sobre a própria estrutura micelar. Os resultados para o limoneno mostraram a complexidade envolvida nas partições, levando a ideia de restrição de volume nas micelas modificadas por álcool. Resultados de LSER mostraram que a transferência da fase aquosa para a fase micelar desses compostos é governada principalmente pela interação hidrofóbica onde Vx (Volume de McGowan) foi selecionado como um dos descritores mais importantes para explicar lnP. A análise comparativa dos resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos (estudo dos parâmetros termodinâmicos e LSER) indicou similaridade de resultados. Isso demonstra a grande confiabilidade dos resultados e, então, que estudos similares usando outras soluções micelares e outras classes de compostos (hormônios, flavonoides, aminas, etc.) podem ser muito promissores. / Terpenes are the main constituents of essential oils and have been explored for more than 3,500 years. Because of their flavoring properties, terpenes are widely used in the cosmetics and perfumery industry. They also exert a multitude of ecological functions, such as the promotion of plant pollination and protection against pests and animals. In addition, many compounds have antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activities and others. Given the structural simplicity of terpenes and the high hydrophobicity that suggests weak intermolecular interactions, it is difficult to imagine how these compounds can perform such specific and diverse functions. It is expected that the more complex the structure of the compound, the easier it is its recognition by the organism, which does not seem to be true for this class showing the great power of recognition of the biological system. In this work, the thermodynamic parameters of aqueous and micellar phase transfer of ten terpenes (carvone, camphor, cumene, t-anethol, eugenol, limonene, citronellal, linalool, terpineol, and verbenone) and coumarin in two systems, 30 mmol.kg-1 of SDS + 20 mmol.kg-1 of TBS and 30 mmol.kg-1 of SDS, 20 mmol.kg-1 of TBS, and 10% v/v of ethanol were determined to elucidate the micellar distribution of these compounds. Micelles have compartments that possess different polarities and might be a model to mimic the different interactions that terpenes may have in the biological environment. Thus, the use of micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) in the determination of the partition coefficients and the thermodynamic parameters of transfer of the aqueous phase to the micellar phase of these solutes can contribute to the understanding of the distribution, as well as help in the understanding of the functions they perform in nature. The hypothesis that the thermodynamic parameters can elucidate details of the micellar incorporation was further analyzed through the search of Linear Solvation Energy Relashionships (LSER), in order to highlight the main molecular characteristics that contribute to the transfer process. The LSER models were studied through multiple regression and other multivariate analyzes, such as PLS, SPLS, PLS-DA and SPLS-DA, in order to verify the properties of terpenes that explain their incorporation into micelles.Other multivariate statistical analysis, such as cluster analysis and PCA were used to study the structural variability of the selected compounds, as well as to determine if the calculated theoretical descriptors can describe all the structural characteristics of the terpenes. The study of thermodynamics of transfer of neutral solutes from the aqueous phase to the micellar phase has shown that even small structural differences of the molecules contain information about the distribution of the compounds in the micellar compartments. It was also possible to infer about the effect of ethanol on the partitions and on the micellar structure. The results for limonene showed the complexity involved in the partitions, showing that occurs volume restriction in alcohol-modified micelles. Results from LSER showed that the transfer of these compounds is mainly governed by hydrophobic interactions where Vx (McGowan volume) was selected as one of the most important descriptors to explain partition. The comparative analysis of the results obtained by the two methods (thermodynamic parameters studies and LSER) indicated similarity of results. This demonstrates the great reliability of the methods, and that similar studies using other micellar solutions and other classes of compounds (hormones, flavonoids, amines, etc.) might be very promising.