Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2012-11-06T18:59:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_PerdaNeuralAtivacao.pdf: 7066918 bytes, checksum: 78025db0987025de5b5ecb6528872970 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2012-11-08T12:47:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_PerdaNeuralAtivacao.pdf: 7066918 bytes, checksum: 78025db0987025de5b5ecb6528872970 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-08T12:47:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_PerdaNeuralAtivacao.pdf: 7066918 bytes, checksum: 78025db0987025de5b5ecb6528872970 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / O Acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) é considerado uma das mais importantes causas de morte e perda funcional no mundo. Poucas condições neurológicas são tão complexas e devastadoras, provocando déficits neurológicos incapacitantes ou óbito nos sobreviventes. As regiões corticais são comumente afetadas por AVE, o que resulta em perda sensorial e motora. O estabelecimento dos padrões neuropatológicos em regiões corticais, incluindo a área somestésica, é fundamental para a investigação de possíveis intervenções terapêuticas. No presente estudo, investigamos os padrões de perda neuronal, microgliose, astrocitose, neurogênese e os déficits funcionais no córtex somestésico primário de ratos adultos, submetidos á lesões isquêmicas focais, induzidas por microinjeções de 40p Moles de endotelina-1 (ET-1). Foram utilizados 30 ratos (Rattus Norvegicus) da linhagem Wistar, adultos jovens, pesando entre 250-280g. Os animais foram divididos em grupos isquêmicos (N= 21) e controle (N=9). Os mesmos foram perfundidos nos tempos de sobrevida de 1, 3 e 7 dias. Os animais do grupo de 7 dias foram submetidos à testes comportamentais para avaliar a perda de função sensório-motora. Secções foram coradas pela violeta de cresila, citocromo oxidase e imunomarcadas para identificação neurônios (anti-NeuN), microglia ativada e não ativada (Iba-1), macrófagos/microglia ativados (ED-1), astrócitos (GFAP) e neuroblastos (DCX). As comparações estatísticas entre os grupos foram feitas por análise de variância (ANOVA), um critério com correção a posteriore de Tukey. Os animais isquêmicos apresentaram déficits sensório-motores revelados pela Escala Neurológica de Bederson, Teste de Colocação da Pata Anterior e Teste do Canto. Microinjeções de ET-1 induziram lesão isquêmica focal na área somestésica primária com perda neuronal, astrocitose e microgliose progressivas principalmente nos tempos mais tardios. A coloração para citocromo oxidase revelou o campo de barris, mas, inesperadamente, marcou uma população de células inflamatórias com características de macrófagos na região isquêmica. Houve aumento do número de neuroblastos, principalmente ao sétimo dia, na zona subventricular do hemisfério isquêmico, em relação ao hemisfério contralateral e animais controle. Não houve migração significativa de neuroblastos no córtex somestésico isquêmico. Os resultados mostram que microinjeções de ET-1 são um método eficaz para indução de perda tecidual e déficits sensoriais no córtex somestésico primário de ratos adultos. Também se evidencia que a zona subventricular é influenciada por eventos isquêmicos distantes e que populações macrofágicas parecem aumentar o padrão de expressão de citocromo oxidase. O referido modelo experimental pode ser utilizado em estudos futuros onde agentes neuroprotetores em potencial podem ser utilizados para minimizar as alterações neuropatológicas descritas. / Stroke is considered one of the most important causes of death and functional deficits in the world. Few neurological conditions are so complex and devastating, resulting in severe neurological deficits and death in the survivors. The cortical regions are commonly affected by stroke, resulting in sensory and motor loss. The establishment of neuropathological patterns in cortical regions, including the somatosensory area, is critical for the investigation of possible therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we investigated the patterns of neuronal loss, microgliosis, astrocytosis, neurogenesis and functional deficits in the primary somatosensory cortex of adult rats submitted to focal ischemia induced by microinjections of 40 pmol of endothelin-1 (ET-1). A total of 30 young adult Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) of Wistar, weighing between 250-280g were used in the study. The animals were divided into ischemic (N = 21) and control (N = 9) groups. They were perfused at survival times of 1, 3 and 7 days. The 7 days animals were submitted to behavioral tests to evaluate sensorimotor impairment. Sections were stained with cresyl violet, cytochrome oxidase and immunostained to identify neurons (anti-NeuN), activated and non-activated microglia (Iba-1), activated macrophages/microglia (ED-1), astrocytes (GFAP) and neuroblasts (DCX ). Statistical comparisons between groups were made by one analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey post-hoc test. The animals showed ischemic sensorimotor deficits revealed by Bederson Neurological Scale, Paw Placement and corner tests. Microinjections of ET-1 induced focal ischemic lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex with neuronal loss and progressive astrocytosis and microgliosis mainly in the late survival times. The cytochrome oxidase histochemistry revealed the barrel fields, but unexpectedly marked a population of inflammatory cells with macrophage characteristics in the ischemic region. Increased numbers of SVZ neuroblasts were observed mainly in late survival times of ipsilateral hemisphere in comparison to contralateral side and control animals. There was no significant migration of neuroblasts to the ischemic cortex. The results show that microinjections of ET-1 are an effective method for inducing tissue loss and sensorymotor deficits in the primary somatosensory cortex of adult rats. It was evident that the SVZ is influenced by distant ischemic events distant and that macrophage populations seem to increase the cytochrome oxidase expression. The implemented experimental model can be used in future studies, in which potential neuroprotective drugs can be tested to minimize the described neuropathological alterations.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2013-11-27T13:44:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_MemoriaEspacialMorfometria.pdf: 6106221 bytes, checksum: ecfc4fdd9e9bfffc384f47f2e43a9ffc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-12-03T17:23:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_MemoriaEspacialMorfometria.pdf: 6106221 bytes, checksum: ecfc4fdd9e9bfffc384f47f2e43a9ffc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-03T17:23:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_MemoriaEspacialMorfometria.pdf: 6106221 bytes, checksum: ecfc4fdd9e9bfffc384f47f2e43a9ffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / O presente trabalho tem o intuito de Investigar possíveis correlações entre a morfologia da micróglia do hipocampo e giro denteado e o desempenho cognitivo individual em teste de memória espacial no Cebus apella. Devido ao bom desempenho do Cebus apella em tarefas cognitivas hipocampo-dependentes, utilizou-se testes selecionados da Bateria Cambridge de Testes Neuropsicológicos (CANTAB) utilizada previamente com sucesso tanto em primatas do Velho Mundo quanto em humanos. Empregou-se o teste motor de adaptação a tela para checar a adaptação dos indivíduos à tela sensível ao toque e o teste de aprendizado pareado (TAP) para avaliar aprendizado e memória espacial. Para o estudo da correlação entre o desempenho individual no TAP da bateria CANTAB e a morfologia da micróglia, foi necessário reconstruir e analisar parâmetros morfométricos selecionados a partir de micróglias reconstruídas dos terços médio e externo da camada molecular do giro denteado e do lacunosum molecular de CA1, empregando microscopia tridimensional. A definição dos limites da formação hipocampal foi feita empregando-se critérios arquitetônicos previamente definidos. Para imunomarcação seletiva de micróglias foi utilizado o anticorpo policlonal (anti-Iba1) dirigido contra a proteína adaptadora ligante de cálcio ionizado Iba-1. A partir de procedimentos de estatística multivariada identificou-se a ocorrência de agrupamentos microgliais baseados em parâmetros morfométricos que permitiram a distinção de pelo menos dois grandes grupos microgliais em todos os indivíduos. Os resultados comportamentais expressos em taxa de aprendizado e alguns dos parâmetros morfométricos da micróglia dos terços externo e médio da camada molecular do giro denteado revelaram significativas correlações, lineares e não lineares. Em contraste, nenhuma correlação dessa natureza foi encontrada no lacunosum molecular de CA1. Nós sugerimos baseado no presente e em trabalhos anteriores que a correlação entre desempenho cognitivo e a complexidade estrutural da glia não é um atributo exclusivo dos astrócitos e que a morfologia da micróglia da camada molecular do giro denteado pode estar associada ainda que de forma indireta ao desempenho individual em testes de memória espacial. / This study aims to investigate possible correlations between the morphology of microglia in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus and cognitive performances in individual tests of learning and spatial memory in Cebus apella. Due to the good performance of Cebus apella in hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks, we used selected tests of Cantab battery successfully used in Old World non-human primates and man. To adapt individuals to the touch screen and to assess spatial learning and memory, Motor Screening Test (MOT) and Paired Associated Learning Test (PAL) were used respectively. To detect possible correlations between microglial morphology and individual performances in the spatal learning and memory tasks, it was necessary to reconstruct and analyze microglial morphological details from the middle and outer one-thirds of the dentate gyrus molecular layer and from the lacunosum molecular layer of CA1, employing three dimensional microscopy. The definition of the boundaries and layers of CA1 and dentate gyrus employed architectural criteria previously defined. For selective microglia immunostaining, it was used polyclonal antibody against the adapter binding ionized calcium Iba -1 protein (anti- Iba1). The occurrence of clusters after multivariate statistical analysis based on microglial morphometric parameters allowed the distinction of at least two major morphological groups of microglia in all individuals. The spatial learning rate and some of the morphometric parameters of microglia from dentate gyrus revealed significant linear and non-linear correlations. In contrast, CA1 did not show any correlation between microglial morphology and behavior. Based on the present and previous studies we suggest that the correlation between cognitive performances and complexity of morphological glial features is not an exclusive attribute of astrocytes and that microglial morphology of the molecular layer of dentate gyrus may be indirectly associated to the performance of individual tests of spatial memory.

Compostos antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórios vêm sendo apontados como uma alternativa para auxiliar no tratamento da epilepsia. Ácido rosmarínico (AR) e seu metabolito ácido caféico (AC) têm ação antioxidante e anti-inflamatória relatada em vários estudos. Além disso, AR tem ação inibitória sobre GABA transaminase (GABA-T), enzima que metaboliza um dos principais neurotransmissores envolvidos na epilepsia: o GABA. Nesta tese, investigamos o efeito do AR e AC em modelos de convulsão e sua ação neuroprotetora sobre o estresse oxidativo, neuroinflamação e genotoxicidade relacionados à epilepsia. Para isso, utilizou-se primeiramente o modelo de kindling induzido por pentilenotetrazol (PTZ) para avaliar o efeito dos compostos na epileptogênese. Os compostos não produziram efeito antiepileptogênico in vivo neste modelo, no entanto, algumas doses de AR e AC mostraram um efeito neuroprotetor contra o estresse oxidativo e contra o dano ao DNA induzidos pelo kindling no córtex dos camundongos, demostrando um efeito benéfico contra alterações fisiológicas associadas à epileptogênese. Baseados no fato do AR ser um inibidor da GABA-T, avaliamos o efeito dos compostos na potencialização da ação do agonista GABAérgico diazepam (DZP) sobre as convulsões agudas induzidas por PTZ e pilocarpina (PIL) e no teste do sono induzido por DZP. O efeito de AR e AC na prevenção do dano genotóxico produzido pelos modelos também foi investigado. AR e AC mostraram potencializar a ativação GABAérgica, o que foi evidenciado pelo aumento da latência para a convulsão aguda induzida por PTZ, promovido por AR (4 mg/kg), e pela redução para o início do sono induzido por DZP, promovido por AR (4 mg/kg) e AC (8 mg/kg). Além disso, AR e AC (4 mg/kg) reduziram o dano genotóxico causado por PIL. Complementarmente, verificamos (in vitro) que o pré-tratamento com AR foi capaz modular a ativação microglial, produzindo um padrão de ativação anti-inflamatório, reduzindo a formação de espécies reativas e a expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias, e o dano genotóxico induzido pela inflamação. Estas respostas foram relacionadas à possível inibição da via apoptótica por AR. Em suma, os trabalhos aqui apresentados evidenciaram um efeito neuroprotetor de AR e AC por reduzir o estresse oxidativo, a ativação de vias inflamatórias e o dano genotóxico, envolvidos na progressão do processo epiléptico. / Antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds have been identified as an alternative to improve the treatment of epilepsy. The rosmarinic acid (RA) and its metabolite caffeic acid (CA) have their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects reported in several studies. Moreover, AR has inhibitory action on GABA transaminase (GABA-T), the enzyme that metabolizes an important neurotransmitter involved in epilepsy: GABA. In this thesis, we investigated the effect of RA and CA in seizure models and its neuroprotective action on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and genotoxicity related to epilepsy. For this, first we used the kindling model induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ-induced kindling) for evaluating the effect of compounds on epileptogenesis. The compounds had no effect antiepileptogenic in vivo in this model, however, some doses of RA and CA showed a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress and DNA damage induced by kindling in the cortex of the mice, demonstrating a beneficial effect against physiological changes related to epileptogenesis. Based on the fact of RA being an inhibitor of GABA-T, we evaluated the effect of compounds over potentiation of action of GABAergic agonist diazepam (DZP) on acute seizures induced by PTZ and pilocarpine (PIL) and in DZP-induced sleep test. The preventive effect of genotoxic damage induced by acute seizure models also was investigated. RA and CA showed potentiate GABAergic activation, which was evidenced by increase in latency to acute seizures PTZ-induced promoted by RA (4 mg/kg), and the reduction in latency to sleep in DZP-induced sleep test promoted by RA (4 mg/kg) and AC (8 mg/kg). In addition, RA and CA (4 mg/kg) reduced the genotoxic damage caused by PIL. Moreover, we found (in vitro) that the pre-treatment with RA was able to modulate microglial activation, producing a pattern of anti-inflammatory activation, reducing the formation of reactive species and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, consequently reducing genotoxic damage induced by inflammation. These responses were related to the possible inhibition of apoptotic pathway by RA. In short, the works presented here showed a neuroprotective effect of RA and CA because of redution of oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways and genotoxic damage, involved in the progression of the epileptic process.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-30T11:58:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AtividadeAntiinflamatoriaNeuroprotetora.pdf: 1598526 bytes, checksum: 9986316b38fb7f7562ee144ed7ab7825 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-31T11:52:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AtividadeAntiinflamatoriaNeuroprotetora.pdf: 1598526 bytes, checksum: 9986316b38fb7f7562ee144ed7ab7825 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-31T11:52:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_AtividadeAntiinflamatoriaNeuroprotetora.pdf: 1598526 bytes, checksum: 9986316b38fb7f7562ee144ed7ab7825 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O acidente vascular encefálico (AVENC) é uma desordem neural iniciada a partir da redução ou interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo, tornando inadequada a demanda energética para a região, promovendo assim um dano tecidual. O AVENC é classificado em hemorrágico ou isquêmico. O AVENC isquêmico tem maior prevalência e pode ocorrer por trombose ou embolismo. A patologia isquêmica tem múltiplos eventos interrelacionados como excitotoxicidade, despolarização periinfarto, estresse oxidativo e nitrosativo, inflamação e apoptose. Um elemento de fundamental importância na patologia isquêmica é a célula microglial, cuja atividade está intimamente ligada à progressão do ambiente lesivo. Uma alternativa terapêutica no tratamento do AVENC é um pirazolona denominada Edaravona. O presente trabalho avaliou a o efeito neuroprotetor da Edaravona na dose de 3mg/kg no córtex sensóriomotor primário após lesão isquêmica focal. A indução isquêmica foi induzida através da administração de 40pM do peptídeo vasoconstritor endotelina 1 diretamente sobre o córtex sensóriomotor primário. Foram avaliados animais tratados com Edaravona (N=10) e animais tratados com Água Destilada (N=10) nos tempos de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias após o evento isquêmico. O tratamento com edaravona evidenciou através da análise histopatológica com violeta de cresila uma redução de 49% e 66% na área de infarto nos animais nos tempo de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias respectivamente. Os estudos imunohistoquímicos para micróglia/macrófagos ativos (ED1+) demostraram uma redução na presença de células ED1+ em 35% e 41% para os tempos de sobrevida 1 e 7 dias respectivamente. A redução na presença de neutrófilos (MBS-1+) foi significativa apenas nos animais com tempo de sobrevida de 24h onde se observou a redução em 56% na presença dessas células. A análise estatística foi feita por análise de variância com correção a posteriori de Tukey com p <0,05. / Stroke is a neural disorder originated from blood flow decreasing or interruption, making inadequate energy supply in the region, thus promoting tissue damage. The stroke can be divided in hemorragic or ischemic. The ischemic stroke is more prevalent and can occur through thrombosis or embolism. The ischemic pathology has multiple interrelated events like excitotoxicity, peri-infarct depolarization, oxidative and nitrosative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. An element of fundamental importance in ischemic pathology is the microglial cell, whose activity is closely linked to the progression of environment harm. A therapeutic alternative in the treatment of stroke is a pyrazolone called Edaravone. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of Edaravone dose of 3mg/kg in primary sensorymotor cortex after focal ischemic lesion. Edaravone treated animals (N = 10) and animals treated with saline solution (N = 10) in the survival time of 1 and 7 days after the ischemic event was evaluated. Treatment whith edaravone showed by histopathological analysis with cresyl violet a reduction of 49% and 66% in infarct size in animals in survival time 1 and 7 days respectively. Immunohistochemistry studies for microglia/macrophages assets (ED1+) demonstrated a reduction in the presence of ED1+ cells in 35% and 41% survival times for 1 and 7 days, respectively. Neutrophils (MBS-1+) were reduced to 64% only in animals with survival times a day. Harmful patterns were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively. Data was tested by ANOVA with Tukey post hoc test. Differences were considered significant at p < 0,05.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-12-10T00:18:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_InfluenciasEnvelhecimentoAmbiente.pdf: 5043918 bytes, checksum: 38ff3e48cc43245979d10c78262b8062 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2014-12-11T12:59:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_InfluenciasEnvelhecimentoAmbiente.pdf: 5043918 bytes, checksum: 38ff3e48cc43245979d10c78262b8062 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-11T12:59:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Tese_InfluenciasEnvelhecimentoAmbiente.pdf: 5043918 bytes, checksum: 38ff3e48cc43245979d10c78262b8062 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / O enriquecimento ambiental e os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre as alterações morfológicas das micróglias e no comportamento foram investigados em modelo murino de encefalite sub-letal por arbovírus. Para medir possíveis influências da idade e do ambiente sobre a progressão da encefalite, camundongos suíços albinos fêmeas de 2 meses de idade foram mantidos em Ambiente Padrão (AP) ou em Ambiente Enriquecido (AE), durante: 6 meses (Adulto - A) e 16 meses (Senil –S). Após os testes comportamentais, os camundongos A e S foram inoculados intranasalmente com igual volume de homogenado de cérebro de camundongo infectado pelo vírus Piry (Py) ou homogenado de cérebro de camundongo normal. Oito dias após a inoculação (8DPI), quando os primeiros testes comportamentais revelaram as alterações relacionadas à doença, os cérebros foram seccionados e inumomarcados seletivamente para IBA-1 e antígenos virais. Aos 20 ou 40DPI, os animais restantes foram testados comportamentalmente e processados para os mesmos marcadores e nenhum sinal neuropatológico foi detectado. Em camundongos adultos infectados o ambiente padrão (APPyA), a atividade de burrowing diminuiu e se recuperou rapidamente (8-10DPI), a atividade de campo aberto (20-40DPI), mas manteve-se inalterado em animais da mesma idade e de ambiente enriquecido (AEPyA). Em contraste animais senis tanto de ambiente enriquecido (AEPyS) quanto de ambiente empobrecido (APPyS) reduzem significativamente a atividade de burrowing em todas janelas. A encefalite causada pelo virus Piry, induziu perdas olfativas transitórias em animais APPyA e AEPyA, mas permanents em APPyS e AEPyS. A imunomarcação para os antígenos viral do Piry atingiram seu pico no parênquima do SNC aos 5 e 6DPI e desapareceu aos 8DPI. Todas as reconstruções tridimensionais das micróglias, foram realizadas aos 8DPI. Mudanças Microgliais foram significativamente mais graves em camundongos adultos do que em camundongos senis, mas os animais AE parecem recuperar a morfologia microglia homeostática mais cedo do que os animais de AP. Os efeitos benéficos do AE foram menores em camundongos envelhecidos. / Environmental enrichment and aging effects on behavioral and microglial morphological changes were investigated in a murine model of sub-lethal arbovirus encephalitis. To that end two-months-old female albino Swiss mice were raised in impoverished (IE) or in enriched environments (EE) during 6 (young - Y) or 16 (aged - A) months. After behavioral tests, Y and A mice were nasally instilled with an equal volume of Piry virus infected (Py) or normal brain homogenates. Eight days post-infection (DPI), when behavioral tests first revealed sickness changes, mice brains sections were immunoreacted with anti-IBA1 and anti-Piry virus antibodies. At 20 and 40 dpi, the remaining infected animals were behaviorally re-tested, and processed for the same markers. In infected young mice from impoverished environment (IYPy), burrowing activity decreased and recovered earlier (8–10 dpi) than open field activity (20–40 dpi) but remained unaltered in age-matched mice from enriched environment (EYPy). In contrast, aged infected mice, both from enriched (EAPy) and impoverished (IAPy) environments, reduced significantly burrowing activity at all-time windows. Piry virus encephalitis induced transitory olfactory losses in IYPy and EYPy but permanent in IAPy and EAPy. Piry virus antigens immunolabeling reached a peak in CNS parenchyma at 5 and 6dpi and disappeared at 8dpi. All microglia three-dimensional reconstructions were done at 8dpi. Microglial changes were significantly more severe in young adult than in aged mice but EY mice seem to recover to the microglial homeostatic morphology earlier than IY. EE beneficial effects were smaller in aged mice.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T13:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AlteracoesMorfologiaMicroglia.pdf: 3704200 bytes, checksum: 98b1b993ad6cb4882e6fb567a6a65e3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-05T16:22:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AlteracoesMorfologiaMicroglia.pdf: 3704200 bytes, checksum: 98b1b993ad6cb4882e6fb567a6a65e3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-05T16:22:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AlteracoesMorfologiaMicroglia.pdf: 3704200 bytes, checksum: 98b1b993ad6cb4882e6fb567a6a65e3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-05 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A infecção por dengue é a maior causa de mortes por infecções por arbovírus no Brasil. A despeito de sua importância epidemiológica e um século de estudos sistemáticos dedicados aos mecanismos patogênicos da doença eles permanecem mal compreendidos. No continente americano, as epidemias parecem associadas ao fato de que múltiplos sorotipos circulam de forma simultânea, mas pouco se sabe sobre as alterações que ela é capaz de induzir no sistema nervoso central. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar possível influência do enriquecimento ambiental sobre as manifestações do comportamento e da morfologia microglial no septo lateral associadas à inoculação sequencial alternada de diferentes sorotipos do vírus da dengue (VDEN1 e VDEN4). Para esse fim, foram usadas fêmeas adultas de 10 meses de idade de camundongos imunocompetentes da variedade suíça albina, mantidas em ambiente padrão ou enriquecido. Foi feita uma única infecção intraperitoneal com homogenado cerebral infectado com VDEN1 seguida 28 dias após, por infecção com homogenado cerebral infectado com VDEN4. Com o intuito de acentuar os sintomas clínicos, foi implantado nos últimos sete dias a contar do 29º dia após a primeira infecção, um regime de infecções múltiplas alternadas de VDEN1 e VDEN4 acentuadas por anticorpo heterólogo anti-VDEN3. Animais controles receberam igual regime de inoculações e volumes de homogenado cerebral não-infectado. A avaliação comportamental, feita por meio da atividade exploratória do campo aberto (CA) e do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), mostrou que animais infectados de ambiente padrão apresentaram redução do tempo de permanência na periferia do CA e no braço fechado do LCE, sendo esse o único grupo experimental que apresentou tal modificação do comportamento. Para avaliar possíveis alterações da morfologia microglial nesses grupos experimentais, foram sacrificados para análise neuropatológica de 5 indivíduos em função das janelas de infecção. Para imunomarcação seletiva da micróglia, utilizamos anticorpo anti-IBA-1 e o método de reconstrução tridimensional para a análise morfométrica. De forma geral, células obtidas a partir de animais infectados de ambiente padrão, quando comparados aos não-infectados, apresentaram alterações significativas, com aumento significativo da complexidade, K-Dim, número e densidade de segmentos e comprimento dos ramos. Animais de ambiente enriquecido não apresentaram a mesma alteração. Além disso, testamos a hipótese de que as micróglias do septo lateral encontram-se divididas em subtipos e que essa conformação também poderia ser alterada pela infecção. Notamos que, em estado fisiológico, micróglias do septo lateral de animais de ambiente padrão ou enriquecido apresentam-se subdivididas em três subpopulações, uma mais complexa, uma menos complexa e uma intermediária. Após a infecção por VDEN1 ou por VDEN4, houve alteração desse padrão na população de micróglias do septo lateral do animais de ambiente padrão, com surgimento de um subtipo de alta complexidade e aumento do percentual de células mais complexas, porém não em animais de ambiente enriquecido. Baseado nessas evidências sugerimos que as micróglias do septo lateral apresentam um padrão morfológico heterogêneo e que a infecção pelos sorotipos 1 e 4 da dengue é capaz de induzir alterações na morfologia da micróglia e no padrão de subdivisão dessas células, associado ao aumento do percentual de células de alta complexidade, além de induzir alterações comportamentais importantes detectadas no CA e no LCE, e que o enriquecimento ambiental parece proteger os animais contra as alterações comportamentais e da morfologia da micróglia do septo lateral no presente modelo de infecção. / Dengue disease is the major cause of deaths by arbovirus infections in Brazil. In the American Continent, the epidemics seem to be associated to the fact that multiple dengue virus (VDEN) serotypes circulate simultaneously. Despite its epidemiological importance and a century of systematic studies dedicated to understand the disease, its detailed pathogenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate possible influence of environmental enrichment on behavioral changes and microglial morphology alterations in the lateral septum after sequential VDEN1 and VDEN4 intraperitoneal inoculations of infected brain homogenates. To that end, we used adult females ten months old of an immunocompetent albino Swiss mouse strain housed in standard or enriched cages. A single intraperitoneal infection of VDEN1 was followed after 28 days by another inoculation of VDEN4. To enhance clinical signs, a regimen of daily alternated injections of VDEN1 or VDEN4 followed 24 hours later by anti-VDEN2 antibody was applied in the last 7 days. Control animals received equal volumes and regime of inoculation of uninfected brain homogenate. We assessed the behavioral changes using the open field exploratory (OF) and elevated plus-maze (EPM). Infected animals housed in standard cages showed significant decrease in time of exploration of the periphery in the OF and in the time of exploration of enclosed arm in the EPM. Uninfected mice housed in standard cages and animal housed in enriched cages did not show same changes. To check how possible microglial changes could be influenced by acute DENV1 infection, secondary DENV4 infection or the passive anti-DENV4 inoculation, we decided to sacrifice groups of animals after which point of inoculation. To evaluate microglial changes, we did selective immunohistochemistry for microglia and macrophages using anti-IBA-1 antibody (Wako, Japan) and we used tri-dimensional reconstruction to morphometric evaluation. Compared to uninfected, infected mice from standard cages showed significant changes in microglial morphology. We also tested the hypothesis that septal microglia is clustered in subtypes and that DENV infection could change this pattern. We noticed microglia is subdivided in three subgroups in physiological conditions, a more complex pattern, a less complex pattern and an intermediate. After DENV1 or DENV4 infection, we observed changes in this pattern, including the appearance of a high complexity cell, increasing the percentage of complexes microglia. We observed these changes in animals from standard cages, but not in animals from enriched cages. Another interesting data is that environmental enrichment appears to reduce this morphometric changes. Based on the evidences, we suggest that sequential infection with VDEN1/VDEN4 in murine model induced behavioral changes and microglial changes in the lateral septum and EA appears to protect animals against these alterations. Based on these evidences, we suggest that microglial from lateral septum present a heterogeneous pattern of morphology and that DENV infection can induce morphological changes, and alterations in the pattern of subdivision, associated with the increase in the percentage of high complexity cells. In addition, infection can induces behavioral changes detected by EPM and OF tests and environmental enrichment seems to protect against microglial and behavioral changes.

Sepse e suas complicações (sepse grave e choque séptico) ainda são a principal causa de morte nas unidades de terapia intensiva em todo o mundo. Estudos clínicos e experimentais têm demonstrado que na fase inicial da sepse a concentração plasmática de arginina vasopressina (AVP) está elevada. No entanto, durante o processo fisiopatológico os níveis plasmáticos da mesma permanecem inadequadamente baixos, apesar de haver hipotensão persistente. Uma das hipóteses sugeridas para essa deficiência relativa de AVP é a apoptose de neurônios vasopressinérgicos. Nosso objetivo foi identificar elementos envolvidos na morte celular hipotalâmica, além de avaliar o comportamento de células gliais e da barreira hematoencefálica (BHE) durante a sepse. Ratos Wistar foram submetidos à sepse por ligadura e punção cecal (CLP) ou não manipulados (naive) como controle e então divididos em dois grupos. No primeiro, foram perfundidos e os cérebros coletados para imunohistoquímica. Outro grupo foi decapitado para a retirada de sangue para dosagem de interferon- gama (IFN-?) e encéfalo para análise da expressão de proteínas no hipotálamo ou nos núcleos supraópticos (SON) e paraventriculares (PVN). Um terceiro foi separado para investigação da permeabilidade da BHE. Apesar de aumento da imunomarcação de CD8 e MHC-I no SON dos animais sépticos, não encontramos indícios de morte celular mediada por células imunes. No SON e PVN de animais sépticos, a expressão de fatores envolvidos na ativação da via extrínseca de apoptose (tBID, caspase-8 clivada) se manteve inalterada, enquanto fatores anti-apoptóticos relacionados à via intrínseca (BCL-2, BCL-xL) estavam diminuídos no hipotálamo. No SON destes animais a micróglia assumiu uma morfologia associada à sua ativação, concomitante com o aumento plasmático de IFN-?. Houve rompimento transitório da BHE no hipotálamo após 6 horas do CLP. Os resultados indicam que a via intrínseca de apoptose parece ser a responsável pela morte celular que é observada nos núcleos vasopressinérgicos e essa condição está temporalmente associada à ativação microglial e rompimento da BHE / Sepsis and its complications (severe sepsis and septic shock) remain as the main cause of death in intensive care units worldwide. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that in the early phase of sepsis the plasma concentration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) is increased. However, during the pathophysiological process the plasma levels remain inadequately low, despite of persistent hypotension. One of the hypothesis suggested for this relative deficiency is the apoptosis of vasopressinergic neurons. Our objective was to identify elements involved in the hypothalamic cellular death and evaluate the modifications of glial cells and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) during sepsis. Wistar rats were submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or non-manipulated (naïve), as control and then divided in two groups. In the first one, they were perfused and brains were collected for immunohistochemistry. In another one they were decapitated for blood collection and further plasma interferongama (IFN-?) analysis by ELISA. Brain was also collected for apoptosis-related proteins expression analysis in the hypothalamus or in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. A third set was separated for the investigation of BBB permeability. Despite of increased immunostaining for CD8 and MHC-I in the SON of septic animals, we did not find evidence of cell death mediated by immune cells. In the SON and PVN of septic animals, the expression of proteins involved in the activation of the extrinsic apoptosis pathway (tBID, cleaved caspase-8) was not altered, whereas anti-apoptotic factors related to the intrinsic pathway (BCL-2, BCLxL) were decreased. In the SON of these animals, microglia assumed a morphology related to its activation, associated with the increase of plasma IFN-?. There was a transitory breakdown of BBB in hypothalamus after 6 hours following CLP. The results indicate that the intrinsic apoptosis pathway seems to be responsible for the cell death observed in vasopressinergic nuclei and this condition is temporally associated with microglial activation and BBB leaking

The pathophysiology of chronic morphine on the immune system, especially on the cells of the innate immune system that leads to an immune compromise state has not been fully elucidated. The cells of the innate immune system are the first line of defense in mounting an immune response needed in infections, inflammation, cancer development, etc. One of the ways by which these innate immune cells act is by the production of cytokines with direct effects and to also recruit other immune cells, as required. A balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary for immune competence. I hypothesized that chronic morphine would act via a classical opioid receptor to stimulate the PI3K/Akt/Gsk3β pathway to produce predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine gene expression levels were assessed via RT-PCR; Akt and Gsk3β protein levels measured using indirect ELISA. The data suggests that chronic morphine causes a significant reduction in IL-6 production, but does not act via the Akt/Gsk3β pathway or the classical opioid receptor to cause this effect in microglia cells.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder for which the greatest risk factor is age. Four to five percent of 85-year-olds suffer from this debilitating disease, which is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra and the presence of protein aggregates known as Lewy bodies. While the etiology of this disease is still unknown, recent research implicates oxidative stress, activated microglia, and reactive dopamine (DA) metabolites to play a role in the initiation or progression of the disease. Activated microglia cause injury to dopaminergic neurons via a host of mechanisms, including reactive oxygen species production, release of cytokines, and phagocytic activity. Microglial activation has been detected in the brains of PD patients, but the source of this activation has not been elucidated. Previous research has shown electrophiles and endogenous neurotoxins to play a role in this microglial activation. The interaction between the neurotoxic metabolite of DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), and microglia has not been explored. DOPAL is a highly reactive, bifunctional electrophile produced by oxidative deamination of DA by monoamine oxidase (MAO). DOPAL is oxidized in the major metabolism pathway to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). DOPAL has previously been shown to be 100-fold more toxic than DA in vitro and in vivo. Potent inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme in DA biosynthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase, by DOPAL has been well-established. DOPAL-mediated aggregation of Α-synuclein, the primary component of PD-hallmark Lewy bodies, has been suggested but was further explored in this work. Results presented in this body of work include further determination of the aggregation of Α-synuclein by DOPAL, including evidence of covalent modification. The interaction of DOPAL with BV-2 microglia, an immortalized cell line, was addressed in depth through exploration of DOPAL catabolism, toxicity, and generation of an activational response. Metabolism of DOPAL to DOPAC was altered in activated microglia, with the production of DOPAC reduced by ~40%. Metabolism of DOPAL to DOPAC was also inhibited by both 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde, gold standards of lipid peroxidation. Both of these compounds were found to be significantly toxic to BV-2 cells at concentrations well below those considered toxic to dopaminergic cells. Alternatively, DOPAL and DA were found to be non-toxic to this cell line, while DOPAL was shown to be significantly toxic to dopaminergic cells at concentrations as low as 10 ΜM. Significant activation of BV-2 microglia by DOPAL was observed at 10 ΜM and above by release of TNF-Α. Morphological changes, release of IL-6, and changes in expression of COX-2 also indicated activation by DOPAL but not DA or DOPAC. BV-2-conditioned media, generated by incubation with DA, DOPAL, or DOPAC, was added to MN9D cells, and toxicity was measured by the MTT assay. BV-2 conditioned media generated by DOPAL incubation produced the greatest toxicity for MN9D cells. These results implicate DOPAL in dopaminergic cell death through microglial activation.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of progressive dementia and is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aß) peptide in the brain and in the cerebral vessels forming cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). As previously reported, an active immunization strategy of mice with Aß1-42 peptide results in decreased Th1 and increased Th2 cytokine responses as well as an effectively clearance of CNS Aß. This approach has also yielded favorable results for many patients, unfortunately, a small percentage of these study participants developed severe aseptic meningoencephalitis likely secondary to CNS invasion of activated T-cells. We have previously demonstrated that disruption of CD40-40L pathway reduces Aß plaque load, promotes Th2 response, and rescues from cognitive impairments. However, direct blockage of the CD40 pathway by passive vaccination with anti-CD40L antibody leads to immunosupression. Therefore, in its current form this therapeutic strategy poses an unacceptable risk to the recipient of treatment, aged individual. For those reasons, the identification and characterization of alternative modulators/inhibitors of CD40 signaling may be necessary for the development of safe and effective AD immunotherapy. This proposal introduces novel immunomodulatory therapies that are based on previous vaccination strategies or cell based therapies across medial field. We showed that transcutaneous vaccination can both be efficacious and safe, thus clearly demonstrating that the right combination of the antigens, adjuvants, and the routes of administration are crucial for the right vaccine. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the effects of current Aß vaccine strategies could be enhanced by a simultaneous blockade of CD40-40L signaling. As an alternative approach, we explored the possibility of cell-based therapies and showed that human umbilical cord blood cells, which are currently used as a treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus and leukemia, and currently investigated against stroke, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease, and showed that not just they improved the AD like pathology in transgenic animals but altered both the brain and peripheral inflammation levels. Lastly, we discussed the involvement of microglia, one of the key players in both AD pathogenesis and Aß clearance and suggesed that microglia in actuality has a continuum of physiological activation states that contribute to proinflammation, antiinflammation, and phagocytosis.