Ce travail de thèse porte sur la notion de prudence dans la pensée castillane médiévale et moderne, depuis le début du règne d'Alphonse X de Castille, dit « le roi Sage », en 1252, jusqu'à la mort de Philippe II, dit « le Prudent », en 1598. Le choix d'une période longue a permis d'analyser dans toute sa complexité le processus de réception et d'adaptation des doctrines classiques sur la prudence par les traducteurs, commentateurs et penseurs politiques castillans. La thèse montre comment ce concept défini dans les textes de l'Antiquité grecque et latine a nourri leur réflexion sur la double nature, rationnelle et politique, de l'homme : la prudence est en effet la vertu intellectuelle qui définit l'homme comme animal politique, et plus particulièrement, chez Aristote, le gouvernant et le législateur. La transmission, fidèle ou non, de la doctrine aristotélicienne des vertus intellectuelles en général, et de la prudence en particulier, se révèle le lieu d'un affrontement entre deux paradigmes royaux dans la Castille d'alors : face au modèle d'un roi sage (sapiens, sabio) disposant d'un pouvoir absolu, que les monarques successifs s'attachent à maintenir tout au long de la période, la haute noblesse et les maîtres ès arts salmantins posent l'image d'un roi simplement prudent au sens où l'entend Aristote, c'est-à-dire faillible, pour mieux l'inviter à gouverner en s'appuyant sur les élites de son royaume. / This PhD thesis deals with the notion of prudence in medieval and modern Castilian thought, from the beginning of the reign of Alfonso X of Castile, known as “the Wise King”, in 1252, until the death of Philip II, called “the Prudent King”, in 1598. The choice of a long period enabled to analyze in all its complexity the process of reception and adaptation of classical doctrines of Prudence by Castilian translators, commentators and political thinkers. The thesis shows how this concept defined in Greek and Latin Antiquity texts nourished their thougt on the dual nature of man (rational and political): Prudence is indeed the intellectual virtue that defines Man as a Political animal ; in Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, this virtue defines more particularly the ruler and the legislator. This study shows how the transmission, faithful or not, of the Aristotelian doctrine of intellectual virtues in general, and of Prudence in particular, was in Castile the place of a confrontation between two royal paradigms: opposite the model of a Wise king (sapiens, sabio) possessing absolute power, which the successive monarchs strove to maintain throughout the period, the high nobility and the Salmantine Masters of Arts proposed the image of a merely prudent ruler. This latest model, defined by Aristotle as being fallible, allowed them to claim their participation in the governance of the Kingdom.

De la source à la mer, sur 95 kilomètres, la vallée du Vidourle traverse les différents aspects du géo-système bas-languedocien. Cévennes et bassins sub-cévenols, collines calcaires, garrigue, Camargue s'y juxtaposent en un paysage diversifié. Cet amphithéâtre naturel constitue donc un terrain d'étude privilégié, pour l'étude spatio-temporelle du peuplement de l'âge du Fer à l'an Mil. Occupée depuis des millénaires, cette vallée présente une fenêtre d'une grande richesse sur le passé, permettant de s'interroger sur le comportement de l'Homme vis-à-vis d'un fleuve, à travers ses déplacements et sa façon d'aménager le territoire, mais également d'apporter des éléments de réponse sur le/les rôles du cours d'eau dans cet aménagement. Appuyé sur de nombreux travaux archéologiques déjà avancés (fouilles, prospections, analyses géomorphologiques), ce travail a été complété par de nouvelles études de terrain dans la haute vallée du fleuve, venant élargir nos connaissances sur le peuplement et ayant permis de constituer une base de données de 832établissements sur laquelle se fonde cette analyse. Alliant archéologie, histoire et géographie, ainsi que l'emploi de méthodes d'études reconnues (S.I.G., statistiques etc.), cet axe de recherche met en avant la volonté de proposer un bilan de la question de la dynamique du peuplement dans la vallée du Vidourle. Le cadre chronologique très large accentue ce désir et permet d'avoir une vision plus complète de l'histoire de l'occupation humaine. / From its source to the Mediterranean Sea, the Vidourle valley, 95 km long, meets the various landscapes of the low-Languedoc géo-system. Through its journey, the river runs across the Cévennes (a small chain of mountains), the karstik hills, the garrigue and the camargue. This very rich natural environment is a perfect field for spatio-temporal analysis of settlements from the Iron Age to the High Middle Ages. Occupied since millenaries, this valley is of great archaeological wealth and allow us to question the behavior of man towards a river, through his travels and his way to develop the land, but also provides some answers on the roles of streams in this development. Based on many already advanced archaeological works (excavations, surveys, geomorphological analysis), this study was completed by new fieldworks in the upper valley of the river, expanding our knowledge of the settlement and helping us to provide a database of 832 archeological sites on which this analysis is based. Combining archeology, history and geography, along with the use of well known methods of studies (G.I.S, statistics, etc.), this research highlights the desire to offer a review of the issue of dynamics in valley of Vidourle. The broad chronological framework strengthens this desire and gives a more complete picture of the history of human occupation.

Ce travail de thèse de doctorat consiste en une analyse minutieuse du discours de propagande politique et religieuse dans la partie anonyme de la Chanson de la Croisade albigeoise, construite comme une suite qui détourne, fond et forme, le texte du premier auteur Guilhem de Tudela. Située dans le champ disciplinaire de la littérature médiévale, cette étude prend en compte les apports interdisciplinaires de la théologie chrétienne, l’histoire politique, militaire et religieuse, pour l’essentiel. Nous avons pu souligner les relations d’intertextualité entre les sirventés de la période du conflit albigeois et certains points importants du propos de l’Anonyme. Cette étude a permis de réorienter les recherches en vue de l’identification de l’auteur en démontrant la mention explicite d’un mécénat. L’Anonyme remplace l’argumentation de Guilhem de Tudela sur l’hérésie en pays d’oc qui justifiait la croisade, par la notion d’héritage lignager qui, elle, implique que les Méridionaux luttent contre leur dépossession sous la conduite des comte raimondins de Toulouse. Nous avons montré que le discours politique se fonde dans le religieux, car l’Anonyme a bien compris que seule la démonstration de la catholicité des Raimondins pouvait assurer le succès de l’entreprise de reconquête : il élabore l’idéologie d’une contre-croisade. L’auteur insiste sur une triangulation d’un lien à la terre qui vaut lien du sang entre les Méridionaux, leur seigneur raimondin et les territoires placés sous la garde d’un Dieu protecteur. Nous montrons que l’argumentation est fondée sur deux postulats : la trahison du suzerain français et ses barons, associés à un clergé menteur de faux prédicateurs. / This doctoral dissertation is a detailed analysis of the religious and political propaganda in the anonymously authored section of the Song of the Albigensian Crusade, a section generally thought of as reshaping the form and content of the text of its original author, Guilhem de Tudela. Anchored in the field of Occitan medieval literature, this study takes into account interdisciplinary contributions of Christian theology as well as religious, political and military history. This work highlights intertextual connections between sirventés from the period of the Albigensian war and certain aspects of the work of the anonymous author. This study permits a reorientation of scholarship on the identification of the author by bringing attention to the explicit mention of a sponsor. The anonymous author replaces Guilhem de Tudela’s arguments of heresy in the Occitan territories, which justified the crusade, with the notion of inherited lineage to imply that the Southerners were fighting against their dispossession under the command of the Raimondin count of Toulouse. The political discourse in the work is based on religious rhetoric, as the anonymous author understood that only a demonstration of the catholicity of Raimondins could ensure the success of the reconquest; as such he developed an ideology of a counter-crusade. The author insists on a threefold connection to the land consisting of a blood relationship between the Southerners, their lord Raimondin, and territories under the care of a protective God. The anonymous author’s argument is based on two postulates: the betrayal of the French suzerain and the association of its barons with a lying clergy of false preachers.

Anne de Bretagne a largement retenu l'attention des historiens et des historiens de l'art. Pourtant une approche globale de ses collections d'art restait à faire. L'examen de la constitution de ces collections a permis de mettre au jour l'importance des héritages ducal -de son père François II -et royal - de son premier époux Charles VIII -, et de mieux déterminer la part de ses propres commandes. Grâce à ces enrichissements successifs, Anne de Bretagne possédait d'extraordinaires collections d'art, parmi les plus riches du royaume. Les textiles, indispensables à l'ameublement des logis royaux, y tiennent une place considérable que ce soient les tissus d'ameublement ou les tentures historiées. Les arts de la table et l'orfèvrerie religieuse constituent une autre part importante de toutes collections princières médiévales. Anne de Bretagne sut aussi exprimer un goût plus personnel par son penchant pour les bijoux, les verres vénitiens ou la peinture. Cette étude s'attache aussi à replacer ces objets précieux dans leur contexte quotidien. Entre transports et mises en dépôt, leur vie était mouvementée, à l'instar de la cour itinérante dont ils constituaient le décor. L'examen de cet aspect permet de mieux appréhender le rapport qu'Anne entretenait avec ses collections. Les arts tenaient un rôle de premier plan dans l'affirmation du prince et Anne en eut bien conscience. Elle sollicita les artistes les plus réputés et se montra soucieuse de l'entretien de ses objets, Elle exprima aussi son attachement au duché breton en les entreposant au château de Nantes. Elle veillait enfin à l'exposition de ses plus belles pièces, notamment lors des grands événements de la vie de cour. / Anne of Brittany has received much attention from historians and art historians alike, and yet a comprehensive review of her art collections never been done. An examination of the composition of these collections helped to uncover the importance of both her ducal heritage -from her father Francis II-and her royal heritage -from Charles VIII. This examination also helped to better understand the importance of her own commissions and sponsorships. Through these successive endowments, Anne of Brittany amassed an extraordinary collection of art, among the richest in the kingdom. As an essential decor for the royal apartments, textiles hold an important place in these collections, whether it be silk fabric or tapestry. Tableware and religious gold work also represented an serious part of the collections, Furthermore, Anne own personal-taste is better expressed through be r affection for jewelry, Venetian glass and paintings. This study also sought to place these precious objects in their everyday context. Between placement, transport and storage, these pieces were in constant' movement as the backdrop to the itinerant court. The examination of this aspect provides further insight into the relationship between Anne and her collections, She was well aware that art held a prominent role in the affirmation of the Prince. She sought out the most renowned artists and appeared careful about the maintenance of their work. She also expressed her commitment to the duchy of Brittany by regularly storing her artwork in the castle of Nantes. Anne endeavored to exhibit her best pieces, particularly during major events of court life, again proving her dedication to the arts.

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The objective of this study was the assessment of linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) in early medieval Great Moravian population sample - Rajhrad. Linear enamel hypoplasia represents the disruption of enamel matrix secretion during the growth of the tooth crown, which is related to a generalized growth disturbance. This is why it is considered as a nonspecific stress marker. The incidence of LEH could reflect stress factors during the life of early medieval population. The aim of this study was to asses the frequency and timing of the LEH. The incidence of LEH was supposed to be high because of poorer nature of this cemetery. The results of our study could confirm or falsify this assumption and determine relation between LEH and socio-economic status. The timing of LEH was estimated from regression equations consisting of distance from LEH to CEJ (cemento-enamel junction) and crown height of upper and lower canines. 108 individuals from approximately 4 - 15 years were observed. The frequency was high according to the assumption - 88 %. That confirms poorer life conditions. The range of mean age of LEH formation was from 2,94 - 4,72 years in individuals with multiple LEH incidence. The mean age of single LEH formation was approximately 3,98 years. The earliest onset of LEH in the pooled sample occurred...

The study deals with European medieval contact combat, which is often unjustly overlooked and underestimated. It places medieval wrestling and the techniques of medieval hand-to-hand combat systems into the wider context of global development and qualitatively assesses their technical level. In historiographical literature, martial arts used by medieval wrestlers, just like any other medieval martial arts, are often regarded as a mere connecting link between the advanced ancient combat and complex Renaissance combat systems. However, such assessment is rather the result of logical premises, not a detailed analysis. The study does not regard medieval combat as a complete and imperfect interlude on its way towards ever-more perfect formations. On the contrary, the study aims to find and explore several phases and systems, various qualitative levels that medieval combat systems went through and which emerged from the heterogeneous conditions of different time epochs. The study will explain the reasons of the transformation from ancient combat activities into medieval systems and it will reveal and explain their particular forms and contents on specific examples. It will also stress the fact that each peak phase of development of any martial art fully meets the needs of the war field and self-defence...

Bakgrund: Palliativ vård är en internationellt erkänd vårdform, ett kompetensområde och ett förhållningssätt där en människa behandlas fysiskt, psykiskt, socialt och existentiellt. I Sverige är medellivslängden 84 år för kvinnor och 81 år för män och de flesta som tar emot palliativ vård tillhör gruppen äldre. Att leva med allvarlig sjukdom i åldrarna 18-65 år skiljer sig från att stå i samma situation som äldre eller som barn och det behövs mer kunskap om hur det är att leva med palliativ vård vid 18-65 års ålder. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka patienters erfarenheter av palliativ vård vid 18-65 års ålder. Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie med kvalitativ ansats har gjorts baserad på tolv empiriska studier om patienters erfarenheter av palliativ vård vid 18-65 års ålder. Resultat: Två teman identifierades baserade på återkommande drag mellan studierna: vikten av socialt stöd och nya existentiella behov. Vikten av socialt stöd bestod av fyra subteman: prioritering av relationer med familj och vänner, betydelsen av familjeinkluderad vård, att känna gemenskap med andra i samma situation och att känna sig ensam i sin sjukdom. Nya existentiella behov bestod av tre subteman: att vara för ung för att dö, att finna mening och andliga behov växer. Slutsats: Psykosociala, emotionella och existentiella aspekter av att leva med palliativ vård i åldrarna 18-65 år tenderade att väga tyngre än aspekter som rör den fysiska hälsan. Sociala relationer, gemenskap med andra i samma situation, finna mening och tillgodoseende av andliga behov blev för många viktiga stöd och en källa till hopp och lycka. Resultatet bekräftade vikten av att palliativ vård bör behandla en människa psykiskt, socialt och existentiellt och inte enbart fysiskt. / Background: Palliative care is an internationally recognized form of care and an area of competence where a person is treated physically, psychologically, socially and existentially. In Sweden, the average life expectancy is 84 years for women and 81 years for men. Most people who receive palliative care are aged and more knowledge is needed to illuminate what it is like to receive palliative care at the age of 18-65. Aim: The aim of the literature study was to investigate patients' experiences of palliative care at age 18-65. Method: A literature review with a qualitative approach has been conducted based on twelve empirical studies on patients' experiences of palliative care at the age of 18-65. Results: Two themes were identified based on recurring features between the studies: The importance of social support and New existential needs. The importance of social support consisted of four subthemes: Prioritising relationships with family and friends, The importance of family-inclusive care, Feeling community with others in the same situation and Feeling alone in your illness. New existential needs consisted of three subthemes: Being too young to die, Finding meaning and Growing spiritual needs. Conclusion: Psychosocial, emotional and existential aspects of living with palliative care in the ages 18-65 tend to weigh more heavily than aspects related to physical health. Social relationships, connection with others in the same situation and finding meaning and tending and spiritual needs become important sources of support, hope and happiness. This corroborates the importance that palliative care treats a person psychologically, socially and existentially and not only physically.

Industrial Revolution 4.0 and Finance Technology are influencing firms to adopt the DigitalTransformation strategy to achieve their long terms goals and remain competitive. Thistransformation is driving an evolution in the way of working in Supply and Finance units andcreating an emerging demand to implicate digital skills and consider them as core competenciesneeded for the workforces in those units. Management takes a vital role in supporting theemployees to upgrade their digital skills and providing them with a culture that facilitates theirefforts throughout this shifting journey. Middle-aged groups of the workforce make a majorcontribution to the labour market, and they are likely to have a higher digital skills gap thanyounger groups. This requires firms to put more focus on upskilling and enhancing the digitalskills of this group to enable successful adoption of the increased interaction with technology.During the upskilling of digital skills processes, the experience of the workforce may includechallenges. It is important for the leaders and human resources to understand the mindsets ofthose employees and their challenges to consider when revising the digital skills learninginitiatives. Thus, this master thesis examines the mindset and challenges of supply and finance employeesfrom the middle-age group of the workforce during digital skills upskilling programs driven byDT. Additionally, based on the finding to develop a framework that can help firms wheninitiating digital skills upskilling programs. For this, an interpretive qualitative study wasconducted. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and Lichtman 3 Csthematic analysis was used and generated five concepts. Those concepts represent the findingsof the master’s thesis research and are interpreted and discussed with the help of the theoreticalframework of the double-loop learning method of Organizational learning Theory for Argyrisand Schön (1997). The research findings show the scoped group embraces digital transformation and has anopen mindset to change and the ability to contribute, but they also face challenges that are:Incentive and Recognition, Organizational Communication, Working and Learning inparallel, Customized learning programs. Based on the identified challenges, a framework wasdeveloped to support human resources and supply and finance leaders to consider duringupskilling of digital skills programs, to provide a better experience for the digital onboardingof the workforces during DT. This study contributes to the existing knowledge of theinformatics research field. The practical contribution is to help organizations, and humanresources, in improving the digital skills upskilling programs and frameworks, additionally toorganizational learning.