Le cancer du foie est la deuxième cause de mortalité due au cancer dans le monde, avec près de 83% des cas et 84% des décès ayant lieu dans les pays en voie de développement. Le type histologique de cancer du foie le plus fréquemment répandu est le carcinome hépatocellulaire (HCC). Selon la littérature disponible, le HCC affecte électivement des sujets masculins de plus de 50 ans ayant développé préalablement une cirrhose hépatique. Nos objectifs étaient donc i) de confirmer au niveau moléculaire la singularité du HCC chez les patients péruviens, ii) d'évaluer les stratégies d'intervention chirurgicale dans le contexte clinique iii) d'étudier les pratiques de médecine traditionnelle, complémentaire et alternative (TCAM) chez les patients iv) d'étendre cette étude à d'autres pays en développement afin d'obtenir une vision plus globale de la problématique liée au cancer du foie. Nous avons montré que le HCC péruvien présentait un spectre de mutations unique. De plus, nous avons démontré que les arbres décisionnels thérapeutiques développés jusqu'alors ne sont pas adaptés au contexte clinique rencontré au Pérou, et qu'ils sont susceptibles d'être réévalués afin d'augmenter la proportion de patients pouvant être candidats à une intervention chirurgicale. Nous avons caractérisé le fait que la majorité des patients avec un HCC a recours à la phytothérapie de manière complémentaire et alternative. Enfin, nous avons réalisé une étude d'épidémiologie clinique préliminaire sur le cancer du foie au Cambodge. Nous avons décrit une situation clinique distincte de celle rencontrée au Pérou, mais qui nécessite également des recherches scientifiques et cliniques plus approfondies. / Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in the world. About 83% of liver cancer cases occur in the developing world. The preeminent histotype of liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). According to the relevant literature, HCC is defined by patient profile corresponding grossly to cirrhotic males over 50 years old. The aims of the present work were thus to i) confirm at the molecular level the pecularity of Peruvian HCC; ii) evaluate the surgical intervention strategies for HCC in the clinical context encountered in Peru; iii) study the practices of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine ( TCAM) among patients; iv) widen the study to other low- and middle income countries in order to provide deeper insights on liver cancer. We found that Peruvian HCC displayed a unique mutation spectrum. Furthermore, we demonstrated that current therapeutic algorithms for liver cancer are not suited to the clinical context found in Peru. These therapeutic algorithms should be reevaluated in order to increase the number of patients who could be eligible for surgical intervention. Moreover, we characterized the fact that the majority of Peruvian HCC patients rely on phytotherapy in a complementary and alternative way. Finally, we undertook a preliminary clinical, epidemiological study on liver cancer in Cambodia. We delineated a clinical context distinct from the one described in Peru that also requires further clinical and scientific investigation.

Objetivo: i) Estudar os casos de tuberculose (TB) por transmissão recente em brasileiros e migrantes sul-americanos, quantificar a transmissão cruzada recente entre ambas as populações e estudar seus fatores associados; ii) Avaliar, isoladamente, os fatores associados à transmissão recente da TB e o impacto da migração e de outras vulnerabilidades nos casos da doença no município. Métodos: Estudo transversal em indivíduos brasileiros e migrantes de origem sul-americana, residentes de distritos centrais do município de São Paulo (MSP) com grande proporção de populações vulneráveis e elevada presença recente de migrantes. Estudaram-se os casos de TB pulmonar por M. tuberculosis (Mtb) notificados entre 2013 e 2014, confirmados por meio de cultura de escarro. Foram utilizados os dados do Sistema Estadual de Notificação (SINAN-TB), de unidades de saúde e do laboratório central do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Analizaram-se as variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e a presença de clusters simples e mistos, obtidos pelo agrupamento dos isolados de Mtb por RFLP-IS6110. i) Descreveu-se a distribuição dos clusters mistos e outras variáveis em brasileiros e migrantes sul-americanos e, investigou-se os fatores independentemente associados à presença de clusters mistos na amostra por meio de regressão logística simples e múltipla; ii) Investigaram-se os fatores independentemente associados à ocorrência de clusters mediante regressão logística simples e múltipla e estimou-se o impacto da transmissão recente da TB por meio da Fração Atribuível Populacional (PAF). Resultados: Foram amostrados 347 indivíduos, 19 por cento dos casos na área estudada. Desses, 76 por cento eram brasileiros e 24 por cento migrantes sul-americanos. O primeiro estudo mostrou que a proporção de clusters foi de 40,5 por cento , sendo 28 por cento desses compartilhados por brasileiros e migrantes sul-americanos (clusters mistos). Clusters mistos foram mais frequentemente encontrados em migrantes sul-americanos do que em brasileiros (OR=6,05), porém sugeriu-se transmissão cruzada em ambas as direções. A análise de sensibilidade, removendo usuários de drogas, HIV positivos e alcóolicos, teve pouco efeito no número de clusters mistos porém reduziu o de clusters simples em vi brasileiros, sugerindo maior transmissão recente do Mtb entre indivíduos brasileiros e migrantes não pertencentes a esses grupos de risco. O segundo estudo sugeriu que o uso de drogas está independentemente e diretamente associados a clusters sugestivos de transmissão recente (ORaj=3,18) e o alcoolismo (ORaj=0,30) está inversamente associado à transmissão recente. Foi encontrada baixa prevalência de comorbidades e outros fatores de risco entre migrantes sul-americanos, tanto em clusters quanto em perfis únicos. A transmissão recente entre usuários de drogas foi atribuída a cerca de 15 por cento dos casos de TB em brasileiros. Conclusões: Verificou-se que a transmissão recente, tanto entre brasileiros quanto entre migrantes sul-americanos, desempenha um papel importante nas regiões centrais do MSP. No entanto, sugere-se que a migração possa desempenhar um papel menos importante na transmissão/reativação da TB do que o uso de drogas e outras condições de vulnerabilidade. Dessa forma, no contexto dos crescentes movimentos migratórios para grandes cidades de países de média e baixa renda, a migração se soma à vulnerabilidade social, reforçando a necessidade de políticas intersetoriais para controle da TB. / Objective: i) to study recent tuberculosis (TB) transmission in Brazilians and South-American migrants, to estimate the proportion of recent cross-transmission occurring between both populations and to study potential associated factors to cross-transmission; ii) to study associated factors to cross-transmission and to estimate the impact of South-American migration and other vulnerabilities on TB cases. Methods: we conducted a cross-sectional study with TB patients in a central area of São Paulo (MSP) with a strong presence of South-American migrants and vulnerable populations. We selected notified pulmonary TB (PTB) cases confirmed by sputum culture between 2013 and 2014 among Brazilians and South-American migrants. We used the Tuberculosis State Notification System (SINAN-TBWEB), health facilities and the State Reference Laboratory (Instituto Adolfo Lutz) as data sources. We typed M. tuberculosis isolates by IS6110-RFLP, which were clustered by similarity. Clusters were considered mixed when isolates from at least one Brazilian and one South-American migrant were similar; and were considered simple when the cluster contained isolates from patients of only one nationality. We study demographic and clinical variables from TB patients and the presence of clusters within the sample. i) We described the distribution of simple and mixed clusters and other variables amongst Brazilians and South-American migrants and study associated factors to cross-transmission using logistic regression; ii) we estimated the proportion of recent transmission in the sample and investigated the factors associated with the presence of clusters by multiple logistic regression. Results: We sampled 347 individuals, 19 per cent of cases that occurred in the study area. Nearly 76 per cent were Brazilians and 24 per cent South-Americans. The first study demonstrated that 40.5 per cent of cases were clustered, of which approximately 30 per cent were mixed. South-American migrants were more likely to have mixed clusters than Brazilians (OR=6.05) and the results suggest that TB transmission occurred in both directions. We conducted a sensitivity analysis removing drug users, HIV positive and alcoholics, which suggested higher transmission amongst Brazilian and migrants outside these groups. In the second study we demonstrated that drug users were more likely to viii belong to clusters (ORadj=3.18) while individuals who abuse alcohol were more likely to belong to unique profiles (ORadj=0.30). South American migrants had lower prevalence of comorbidities and other risk factors. Nearly 15 per cent of PTB cases among Brazilians were attributed to recent transmission among drug users. Conclusions: We conclude that general recent transmission of TB and cross-transmission between Brazilian and South American migrants play an important role in the central regions of MSP. Nevertheless, we suggest that social vulnerability and drug use in TB transmission may be more important than migration status itself. In the context of increasing migration to large cities of low- and middle-income countries, our findings add migration to other social vulnerabilities, reaffirming the need for inter-sectoral policies on TB control.

Early diagnosis is a promising strategy to reduce premature mortalities and for optimal use of resources. But the absence of mathematical models specific to the data settings in LMIC’s impedes the construction of economic analysis necessary for decision-makers in the development of cancer control programs. This thesis presents a new methodology for parameterizing the natural history model of breast cancer based on data availabilities in low and middle income countries, and formulation of a control optimization problem to find the optimal screening schedule for mammography screening, solved using dynamic programming. As harms and benefits are known to increase with the increase in the number of lifetime screens, the trade-off was modeled by formulating the immediate reward as a function of false positives and life-years saved. The method presented in thesis will provide optimal screening schedules for multiple scenarios of Willingness to Pay (numeric value assigned for each life-year lived), including the resulting total number of lifetime screens per person, which can help decision-makers evaluate current resource availabilities or plan future resource needs for implementation.

Background. Within the South African context there is a large body of research regarding the associations between maternal gestational drinking and diagnosable child FASDs. However, there remains a paucity of local research regarding the impacts of other kinds of maternal drinking behaviours (e.g. past and present maternal drinking) and related socio-demographic factors on developmentally sensitive areas of child neurocognitive functioning, such as executive functioning (EF). Methods. This study was cross-sectional in design, utilising a gender balanced sample of N=464 children between the ages of 9.00 and 15.12 (year.months) in three rural areas within the Western Cape. Information regarding maternal drinking behaviours (before, during and after pregnancy) and related socio-demographic factors was collected via structured interviews with mothers or proxy respondents. Six subtests from the Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Battery (CANTAB), were used to assess three aspects of child EF namely: (1) processing speed, assessed by the MOT and RTI subtests, (2) attention, assessed by the MTT and RVP subtests and (3) memory, assessed by the SWM and PAL subtests. Findings. For all three maternal alcohol use behaviours examined, there was an apparent non-significant trend whereby children of mothers who reported alcohol use (before, during and after pregnancy) performed worse (on average) than children of mothers reporting non-alcohol use on the EF subtests. Several of the socio-demographic factors were found to act as significant predictors of subtest specific EF performance including child sex (RTI: B=.46, p<. 01; MTT: B=.05, p<.05), child age (RTI: B=.27, p<.05; MTT: B=.11, p<.01), home language (MOT: B=- .13, p<.05), maternal employment (MTT: B=-.04, p<.05) and household size (SWM: B=-1.29, p<.05). Conclusions. These study findings provide initial insights into the impacts of different types of maternal drinking behaviours and related socio-demographic factors on child EF outcomes within the context of an LMIC, South Africa.

This bachelor’s thesis examines the relationship between economic freedom and political freedom on economic growth. The main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the differences in how these freedom categories affect growth in per capita GDP using two data sets for OECD countries and middle-income countries, respectively. The analysis builds on a cross-national panel set of 72 countries for the period 2000-2019, i.e., 36 countries in each group. The findings show that gross capital formation, foreign direct investment and general government final consumption have had positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth in OECD countries during the above period. There is also a statistically significant and positive relationship between economic freedom and per capita GDP growth among the OECD countries while this was not the case for the degree of political freedom. The results also indicate that economic freedom is positively related to per capita GDP growth in middle-income countries, but this relationship was not statistically significant. Thus, my main conclusions is that there is a positive relationship between economic freedom and per capita GDP growth, at least in the OECD group. However, political freedom does not appear to help explain economic growth rates among middle-income countries. / Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker sambandet mellan ekonomisk frihet, politisk frihet och tillväxten i BNP per capita. Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats är att analysera skillnaderna i hur dessa frihets kategorier påverkar tillväxt i BNP per capita med hjälp av två datamängder för OECD-länder respektive medelinkomstländer. Analysen bygger på en paneldataanalys med 72 länder för tidsperioden 2000–2019, det vill säga 36 länder i vardera grupp. Slutsatserna visar att inhemska bruttoinvesteringar, utländska direktinvesteringar och offentlig konsumtion hade en positiv och statistiskt avgörande effekt på den ekonomiska tillväxten i OECD-länderna under den givna tidsperioden. Det fanns även ett statistiskt signifikant och positivt samband mellan ekonomisk frihet och tillväxt i BNP per capita bland OECD-länderna medan detta inte var fallet för graden av politisk frihet. Resultaten indikerar också att ekonomisk frihet är positivt relaterad till tillväxt i BNP per capita i medelinkomstländer, dock var detta samband inte statistiskt signifikant. Således är mina huvudsakliga slutsatser att det finns ett positivt samband mellan ekonomisk frihet och tillväxt i BNP per capita, åtminstone i OECD gruppen. Men politisk frihet verkar inte hjälpa till att förklara den ekonomiska tillväxttakten i medelinkomstländer.

Politische Entscheidungsträger sind zunehmend besorgt über die hohe und steigende Einkommens- und Vermögensungleichheit weltweit (Kanbur, 2019; Wood, 2018). Ein wesentlicher Faktor ist die ungleiche Verteilung von Bildung und produktiven Fähigkeiten innerhalb von Gesellschaften sowie zwischen Ländern (Martin, 2018; Stijn et al., 2019). Die Förderung von benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen neue Kompetenzen zu erwerben ist daher ein wichtiger politischer Hebel zur Bekämpfung von Ungleichheiten (OECD, 2019). Diese Dissertation liefert neue Erkenntnisse darüber, wie Trainingsmaßnahmen gestaltet werden können, um das wirtschaftliche Wohlergehen von Teilnehmer effektiv zu verbessern. Auf der Grundlage kontrafaktischer Wirkungsevaluierungen wird in den vier Kapiteln die Effektivität von Trainingsmaßnahmen in drei zentralen Politikbereichen analysiert: berufliche Fähigkeiten, Unternehmertum und finanzielle Bildung. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie wichtig es ist, zielgerichtete und maßgeschneiderte Maßnahmen zu entwickeln, welche gleichzeitig auf verschiedene Bedürfnisse, Einschränkungen und Chancen von geringer-qualifizierten, benachteiligten Personen eingehen. / Policymakers are increasingly concerned about high and rising inequality of earnings and wealth globally (Kanbur, 2019; Wood, 2018). One key driver is the unequal distribution of productive skills within societies and across countries (Martin, 2018; Stijn et al., 2019). Improving opportunities for disadvantaged population groups to acquire new skills, therefore, presents an important policy lever to tackle inequalities (OECD, 2019). This thesis provides new evidence on how to design skills trainings that effectively improve participants’ economic well-being. Based on counterfactual impact evaluations, the four chapters assess the effectiveness of training pro-grams in three core policy areas: vocational skills, entrepreneurship, and financial literacy. The findings demonstrate the importance of designing well-targeted and tailored interventions that simultaneously address the multi-faceted needs, constraints, and opportunities faced by lower-skilled, disadvantaged individuals.

In the literature, some studies argue that affluence and the financial sector encourages low-carbon investments which result in lower emissions while others find that they enhance emissions. Contemporary studies barely consider agriculture, employment generation and the degree of financial development as determinants of emissions. In view of these, the thesis investigates the impact of economic and financial development on CO2 emissions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Applying the EKC and STIRPAT framework, the study modelled three functional forms which were estimated using an unbalanced panel data of 45 SSA countries by employing static and dynamic analytical methods. The models were re-estimated for 24 low (LIC), 13 lower-middle (LMIC), six upper-middle (UMIC) and two high-income countries (HIC). The study found evidence that empirical results differ in terms of the (sub-) sample of countries, estimation methods and functional forms. In detail, the study found different CO2 emissions-economic development relationships for the income groups. However, there is evidence of a linkage between later developments of the economies with lower emissions in LIC and UMIC while this linkage does not exist in LMIC and HIC. The study also found that financial development lowers CO2 in UMIC while it enhances emissions in LIC, LMIC and HIC. Despite this, there is evidence of a linkage between later developments of financial sectors with higher emissions in LIC and HIC and a linkage between later developments of financial sectors with lower CO2 in UMIC in SSA meanwhile no linkage was found for LMIC. The study concludes that not all economic development increases the level of CO2 emissions and not all financial development limits CO2 emissions in SSA during the study period. Generally, the main contributory variables to CO2 emissions are income, trade openness, energy consumption, population density and domestic credit to private sector to GDP. The main reducing factors of CO2 emissions are agriculture and official exchange rate. The thesis recommends that SSA needs to be more responsive to a cleaner CO2 environment by moving away from the conduct of unclean development strategy to intensified green investments. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

This study examined the effect of real exchange rate misalignments on economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) by employing 15 countries. The sample is subdivided into 7 lowincome countries and 8 middle-income countries. The dataset spans 41 years covering the period 1970-2010. The study examined this broad issue in piecewise fashion. In the first part, the study examined the validity of the Balassa-Samuelson Hypothesis (BSH) using a simplified regression model and within-effects estimations. The study found a negative and highly significant coefficient of the relative productivity term for the two subsamples (i.e. low-income SSA countries and middle-income SSA countries), in addition to the full sample. Thus, the study found a well-established BSH for the SSA countries considered. Second, the study examined the impact of the real exchange rate undervaluation on economic growth using a standard regression model with key control variables. The study constructed an index of undervaluation, following Rodrik (2008). The study also constructed a Hodrick- Prescott based undervaluation index in order to evaluate the robustness of the main undervaluation index. Generally, the study found undervaluation to promote growth and overvaluation to reduce it. The study found the effect of undervaluation on economic growth to weaken as countries migrate from the low-income bracket to the middle-income bracket. Moreover, the study examined whether the choice of the undervaluation measure mattered. The study found the choice of the undervaluation measure to matter. The Rodrik-type index appeared to overestimate the size of the impact of undervaluation on economic growth. Finally, the study examined whether the impact of undervaluation on growth was linear. The evidence showed that the impact of undervaluation on growth was linear, at least, for this study. The linear impact of real exchange rate movements on economic growth implied that undervaluation enhanced economic growth just as overvaluation hindered it. / Economics / D. Phil. (Economics)

En Haïti, la sécurité routière est un problème de santé publique important, causant plus de blessés et de morts que le système de santé du pays ne peut prendre en charge. Afin d’améliorer la sécurité routière, des stratégies de transfert de connaissances (TC) sont nécessaires pour promouvoir l’élaboration de politiques basées sur les connaissances issues de la recherche (CIR). Une stratégie de TC a été élaborée pour partager avec des acteurs clés les résultats de trois récentes études sur la sécurité routière en Haïti. L’objectif de la présente recherche était d’évaluer l’appréciation, le contenu et l’impact sur l’utilisation des connaissances de cette stratégie. L’étude a utilisé un devis mixte, employant deux questionnaires quantitatifs (n = 13/16) deux à trois mois après un atelier délibératif au coeur de la stratégie et des entretiens qualitatifs (n = 12/16) ont été menés sept à neuf mois post-atelier. L’atelier a généralement été apprécié par les participants, notamment pour la qualité des données présentées et pour son approche multidisciplinaire. Cependant, ils ont été déçus par l’absence de décideurs, et par le nombre et la variété limités de parties prenantes présentes. Même si les participants ont rapporté une forte volonté d’utiliser les connaissances présentées, l’atelier a eu un effet limité sur leur utilisation. Cette étude met en évidence le potentiel des ateliers délibératifs intégrés à une stratégie de TC dans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire, ainsi que l’importance d’inclure les décideurs dans le processus. Cette recherche aboutie à une série de recommandations pour de futurs ateliers, afin d’augmenter leur impact sur l’utilisation des connaissances et de promouvoir la prise de décision basée sur des CIR. / In Haiti, road safety is an important public health issue, causing more deaths and injuries that the country’s health system can provide for. Knowledge transfer (KT) strategies are needed to promote evidence-based policy-making (EBDM) to improve road safety. A KT strategy was developed to share with key actors the results of three recent studies about road safety in Haiti. The present research’s purpose was to evaluate the appreciation, the content, and the impact on knowledge use by key actors of this KT strategy. This research used a mixed-method design, using quantitative questionnaires (n = 13/16) two to three months following the workshop at the center of this strategy, and qualitative interviews (n = 12/16) seven to nine months post-workshop. The workshop was generally appreciated by participants, especially for the quality of the data presented and its multidisciplinary approach. However, they were disappointed by the absence of decision-makers and by the limited number and variety of stakeholders present. Even though the participants reported a strong will to do so, the workshop had limited effect on knowledge use. This study highlighted the potential of deliberative workshops as a knowledge transfer strategy in LMICs, as well as the importance to include policy-makers in the process. This research also resulted in certain recommendations for future workshops, in the objective of increasing knowledge use and of promoting evidence-based decision-making.

Recent breakthroughs within technology and data science have initiated talks of a new emerging industrial revolution, being the fourth of its kind. This revolution, titled as Industry 4.0, implies further digitalization with AI and machine learning helping pave the way for improved robotic interconnection, decentralized decisions and linking the physical world with the virtual world. An important enabler for the transformation is 5G which will allow higher data speed, lower latency of communication, and improved network resilience, compared to its precursor 4G. That being said, a successful 5G rollout and adoption is not an easy task, especially for low-middle income countries. The 5G technology and the innovations it enables, could act as major economical catalysts for these countries and thus it is important to understand the potential barriers they are facing. To help clarify the matter, this study included a conduction of semi-structured interviews with some of the most important actors in the Malaysian 5G ecosystem. The ambition was to uncover the biggest barriers impeding the adoption of 5G technologies, as well as key enabling factors accelerating it. The results showed that low fibre infrastructure development, obscure pricing of 5G spectrum, high trait of complexity among 5G technology and associated innovations, customer unawareness, potential hampering of innovation due to a Single Wholesale Network approach (SWN), and a “Chicken or Egg”-dilemma between infrastructure providers and 5G application providers, represent the main barriers for a successful 5G implementation in Malaysia. At the same time, enabling factors such as a strong governmental backing, increased demand amongst end-users, high competitiveness of the telecommunication industry, and the SWN potentially mitigating the "Chicken or Egg"-dilemma were also identified and presented. An external validity assessment showed that most of the barriers could also be applied to neighbouring countries within the Southeast Asia region, providing practical implications for policy makers and industry actors working with the adoption of 5G technology within low-middle income countries. / De senaste genombrotten inom teknik och datavetenskap har föranlett diskussioner om närmandet av en ny industriell revolution, som blir den fjärde av sitt slag. Denna revolution som har fått tituleringen ”Industry 4.0”, väntas innebära ytterligare framsteg inom digitalisering med hjälp av AI och maskininlärning, vilket banar vägen för förbättrad robotkoppling, decentraliserade beslut och sammanlänkning av den fysiska och virtuella världen. En viktig delkomponent för denna transformation är 5G som väntas möjliggöra högre datahastighet, lägre kommunikationsfördröjning och förbättrad nätverkselasticitet jämfört mot sin föregångare 4G. En framgångsrik utrullning av 5G är dock inte en lätt uppgift, särskilt för låg- och medelinkomstländer. Tekniken bakom 5G och de innovationer den möjliggör, kan agera viktiga ekonomiska katalysatorer för dessa länder och därför blir det viktigt att förstå de potentiella hinder som de står inför. För att bättre förstå problemet genomfördes i den här studien semistrukturerade intervjuer med några av de viktigaste aktörerna i Malaysias 5G-ekosystem. Ambitionen var att avslöja de största hindren som hämmar införandet av 5G-teknik, samt viktiga möjliggörande faktorer som påskyndar denna process. Resultaten visade att låg fiberutveckling, oviss prissättning av 5G-spektrum, hög komplexitet bland 5G-teknik och tillhörande innovationer, kundomedvetenhet, potentiella innovationshämningar till följd av en ”Single Wholesale Network”-strategi (SWN) samt ett "Kyckling eller ägg"-dilemma mellan infrastrukturleverantörer och leverantörer av 5G-applikationer, utgör de främsta barriärerna för en framgångsrik 5G-utrullning i Malaysia. Samtidigt identifierades de viktigaste möjliggörande faktorerna som statligt stöd, ökad efterfrågan bland slutanvändare, den höga konkurrenskraften inom telekommunikationsindustrin samt SWN-strategins potentiellt positiva påverkan på "Kyckling eller ägg"-dilemmat. En extern validitetsbedömning visade att de flesta av barriärerna även kunde tillämpas på närliggande inom Sydostasien, vilket genererade praktiska implikationer för beslutsfattare och branschaktörer som arbetar med införandet av 5G-teknik inom låg-och medelinkomstländer.