The main aim of the dissertation is to examine the importance of the moment in relation to human experience and to the narrative in the writings of Stig Dagerman (1923-1954), primarily the novels Ormen (The Snake, 1945), De dömdas ö (The Island of the Doomed, 1946), Bränt barn (A Burnt Child, 1948), Bröllopsbesvär (Wedding Worries, 1949), the short stories "Den hängdes träd" (The Hanging Tree, 1945) and "De röda vagnarna" (The Red Wagons, 1946). The dissertation shows the moment as being of crucial importance by serving as the point of time for the fictional character’s critical experience. The moment also functions as a structuring principle for the narrative. In this, the discussion is supported by the theories on the chronotope found in the work of Mikhail Bakhtin. With the ideas of Michael Riffaterre as the principal theoretical basis in the study, the reading of the texts focuses on a matrix common to the works discussed. The reading goes from a description of the primarily profane subject matter of the narrative to an understanding of the religious discourse in the works. This interpretation receives additional support in the theories on religious and mystical experiences found in Rudolf Otto. Finally, the dissertation focuses on man’s sensitivity to, and longing for, a transcendental entity or a God in the broadest sense – a longing which manifests itself in different ways in these texts and is set against the human predicament of being. Man’s desperate religious longing for a transcendental entity or a God are ultimately understood as the significance or principle of unity in the texts under discussion.

Between 1969 and 1980 Edvard Radzinskii wrote three ‘historico-political’ plays which were later published as a trilogy entitled ‘Theatre of the Times …’. This thesis attempts to unravel the nature of time in the trilogy and invokes Mikhail Bakhtin’s notion about the forms of time and the chronotope in literary narratives to do that. Bakhtinian concept of the chronotope provides a suitable strategy for reading a trilogy that aims to re-present ‘real’ time, place and human beings. The concept also provides a vantage point from where the trilogy can be read both from within the time-space of its main protagonists and from that of its author, readers, performers and spectators. ¶ Both ‘Dialogues with Socrates' and 'Lunin …’ are structured around the chronotope of the prison which is associated with the chronotope of the acropolis in ‘Dialogues with Socrates’ and with the chronotope of the masked-ball in ‘Lunin …’. In ‘Theatre of the Times of Nero and Seneca’ the circus-theatre functions as the main chronotope. All these chronotopes serve as plot-constitutive devices and provide appropriate space in which the lives and times of the main protagonists can be adequately re-presented. However, the use of the concept of the chronotope in reading the trilogy does not imply that it can be read meaningfully only from within the time-space of its protagonists. The trilogy reconstructs the historical time-space but also engages in a substantial way with contemporary Soviet reality. This is achieved through an interaction between literary and real chronotopes. There is little doubt that most Soviet readers, performers and spectators negotiatied the chronotopes of the prison and the circus-theatre and the motifs of show-trial and execution from within their own time-space, their own historical experience. The thesis discusses a large number of reviews published in Soviet media to show that most critics read the trilogy from within the discourses about positive hero and socialist realism, because of which Socrates and Lunin were also turned into positive heroes. ¶ One of the most intriguing aspect of the three plays is the ‘play within a play’ structure which achieves its maximum potential in the final play of the trilogy where it is combined with the theme of metamorphoses and multiple role playing. The trilogy, like Pirandello’s trilogy about theatre, is able to foreground its own theatricality and explore the role of theatricality and role playing in and outside theatre. In ‘Theatre of the Times of Nero and Seneca’ the boundary between role playing in life and in theatre becomes so blurred that history begins to resemble the writing and staging of a play. ¶ Apart from exploring the nature of theatricality, the trilogy also questions the conventions of its genre. The three plays do not follow the conventional framing devices employed by dramatic texts and foreground the presence of a mediating narrator. This ‘novelisation’, is more evident in ‘Lunin …’ in which the frequent use of verbs in the past tense in the extra-dialogic text can be linked to the presence of a mediating narrator.

This project aims to develop and explore questions of theatre as public discourse and the representation of England and Englishness in contemporary British theatre during the period 2000-2010. I present a dual focus in this practice-led research process, creating an original creative work, Albion Unbound, alongside an academic thesis. I describe the relationship between play and thesis as ‘dialogic’ with reference to the work of Mikhail Bakhtin. His ideas on language, subjectivity and authorship offer an insightful perspective upon the theory and practice of theatre-making, but Bakhtin himself makes a concerted claim for drama’s inherent monologism, generically incapable of developing genuine dialogic relations between its constituent voices. Chapter One explores the ‘case against drama’ and identifies the different senses of theatrical dialogism which emerge in critical response. Chapter Two considers Bakhtin’s work around carnival, the grotesque and the history of laughter, framed within a debate about the ‘politics of form’ in the theatrical representation of madness and mental illness. A key division emerges between political, discursive theatre and experimental theatre, as I question the boundaries of Bakhtin’s ideas. Chapter Three questions the nature of political theatre and its British traditions via Janelle Reinelt and Gerald Hewitt’s claim that David Edgar represents the ‘model’ political playwright engaged in theatre as ‘public discourse’. I focus upon three-thematically linked of Edgar’s plays, Destiny, Playing with Fire and Testing the Echo to engage questions of the ‘state-of-the-nation’ play and Edgar’s varied formal strategies employed in constructing his dramatic worlds and the political discourse he seeks with an audience. Chapter Four extends this debate to question the alleged ‘return of the political’ in new writing between 2000-2010 and specifically a body of plays which engage issues of nation and identity – those plays contemporaneous to Albion Unbound. Chapter Five provides a reflexive conclusion, elaborating upon the creative, collaborative process of making Albion Unbound, accounting for its successes and failures as a piece of contemporary theatre. I also reflect upon the relationship of theory and practice the project has developed, the dialogic relationship between thesis and play. Chapter Six is the play itself, as it was performed.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 DissIRM.pdf: 3923037 bytes, checksum: ad75371fc298a889f766ad3b9340c4f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / Não recebi financiamento / This research proposes investigate the creative process of Secret of State (1998), by Antonieta Dias de Moraes (1915-1999) and aims to show traces of Brazilian military context in order to capture the ways of living and thinking of the society immersed in the violent period of dictatorship in Brazil. The memory of this time must be constantly remembered due to the enhancement of the democracy which we live now, even though dark reflexes of that regime persist in our society nowadays, more than 30 years later. Dominated by shadows in diverse sectors, Brazilian society have found a way of resistance in the arts, which produced artworks of different kinds over distinct strategies, either inside the country and, many times, out of it. In this case, those works were produced by political deportees who left their country by force or by choice, in order to continue their creations during the dictatorial regime. It was during the military dictatorship period, especially in the most violent moment of it – Médici’s government (1968-1974) –that the writer Antonieta Dias de Moraes represented social problems in the majority of her books, published firstly abroad and only afterwards in Brazil. Considered a classic of children’s literature, Secret of State tells about the participation of Tonico’s gang in São Paulo State Revolt of 1924, which began in the same state capital, led by mid-rank military officers and by Public Force. Their claim was to justice and the end of corruption. In the book,Tonico’s gang helped the army with bravery and perspicacity, providing a valuable contribution to the Revolt. Conceived during the dictatorial repression, this book describes a scenario where children pursued fairer living conditions, in which we may read, between the lines, the possibility of identification of the historical context (1924) and the period of repression and resistance lived by the nation (60’s and 70’s decades). Based on heterogeneous objects of research, composed by book manuscripts, drafts, copies, fragments, letters, newspaper clippings and illustrations, this research, thus, proposes to investigate the creative process of Secret of State. The methodology covers the initial identification of the objects, the making of a genetic critic dossier of the book’s composition and the analysis of the records left by the author in the different pieces that integrate her personal archive located in the historic farm Santa Eudóxia (São Carlos, São Paulo State). So, this work is an effort to create the minimum requirements for the comprehension of the book’s genesis and its representation of social reality. Added to the genetic analysis, some reflections are supplied by Bakhtin’s theory of language, which tells about the different voices present in a textual object. These voices are permeated by different styles and intentions, marked by their emerge in a certain social, political and economic context. Finally, this work concludes that Secret of State, written by Antonieta Dias de Moraes during the military dictatorship period, is a book that enriches the list of literary texts in which are recognizable the popular denouncement and discontentment, in addition to other marks that every authoritarian regime leaves in society, which are thematized by those who oppose the imposed order by the means of artistic language. / Está dissertação propõe-se investigar o processo criativo de Segredo de Estado (1998), de Antonieta Dias de Moraes (1915-1999) e evidenciar traços do contexto militar brasileiro com vistas a apreender modos de viver e pensar da sociedade imersa no violento período do regime ditatorial brasileiro, cuja memória deve ser constantemente retomada em defesa do aprimoramento da democracia sob a qual nos encontramos, ainda que reflexos sombrios persistam em nossa sociedade ainda hoje, após mais de 30 anos do término da ditadura militar. Predominada pela obscuridade em diversos setores, a sociedade brasileira encontrou uma de suas formas de resistência nas artes, que produziram obras de diferentes quilates a partir de estratégias distintas dentro do país e, muitas vezes, fora dele por meio dos exilados políticos que deixaram sua pátria à força ou por opção para dar prosseguimento às criações durante o regime. Foi no período da ditadura militar brasileira (1964-1985), mais especificamente ao longo dos anos da ainda mais feroz violência do governo Médici de (1968-1974), que a escritora Antonieta Dias de Moraes tematizou questões sociais na maioria de seus livros publicados primeiramente no exterior para só depois circularem pelo Brasil. Considerado clássico da literatura infanto-juvenil, Segredo de Estado conta-nos sobre a participação da turma de Tonico na Revolta Paulista de 1924, iniciada na cidade de São Paulo por parte de militares da média oficialidade das Tropas do Exército e Força Pública que exigiam do governo a justiça e o fim da corrupção quando com bravura e perspicácia Tonico e seus amigos e amigas lhes darão valiosas contribuições. Concebida à luz da repressão ditatorial, tal obra denota um enredo composto por crianças em busca de condições de vida mais justas o que, em suas entrelinhas, torna possível identificar o contexto histórico representado (1924) com o momento de repressão e resistência popular vivido (décadas de 1960 e 1970). Com base, então, na constituição de um corpus heterogêneo integrado por manuscritos da obra, rascunhos, cópias, fragmentos, cartas, recortes de jornais e ilustrações, esta dissertação propõe-se investigar o processo criativo do livro Segredo de Estadoa partir de metodologia que abarca a identificação inicial do corpus, a elaboração de um dossiê genético da obra e a análise dos registros deixados pela escritora e verificáveis nas diferentes peças que compõem o seu acervo pessoal localizado na fazenda histórica Santa Eudóxia (São Carlos/SP), em um esforço por criar as condições mínimas para a compreensão da gênese da obra em questão e de suas representações da realidade social. Complementando tal análise genética aportamos nossas reflexões na teoria bakhtiniana sobre a linguagem e as diferentes vozes presentes em um objeto textual, vozes imbuídas de estilo e intenção distintas marcadas pela sua emergência em determinado contexto social, político e econômico. Conclui-se, finalmente, que a escrita de Segredo de Estado por Antonieta Dias de Moraes ao longo do período da ditadura militar brasileira constitui um novo trabalho que enrique o rol dos textos literários nos quais são passíveis de reconhecimento os discursos de denúncia e insatisfação populares, além de marcas outras que todo regime autoritário inevitavelmente deixa como herança à sociedade e que são tematizadas por aqueles que se opõem por meio das vias da expressão artística à ordem imposta.

En la historia de la filosofía y de la literatura, los diálogos platónicos son ampliamente leídos, interpretados y discutidos. Una pregunta bastante peculiar que debe ser asumida es la estructura formal y los elementos literarios insertados en los diálogos. Los personajes y las imágenes panorámicas constitutiva de la narrativa permiten, al lector, una experiencia de interpretación que no puede reducirse a una idea de un solo lado de la verdad, pero supera el monologismo que se pretende cierto acabado. En este sentido, mediante la perspectiva de Bakhtin, trataremos de entender como un texto clásico, como el Simposio de Platón, ofrece una visión de la lectura dialógica como una nueva forma de pensar la relación entre el lector y el texto que permite una experiencia creativa en que la verdad no es una realidad objetiva, pero el resultado de un saber en que la dialéctica tiene su punto central. Para lo tanto, en nuestro análisis interpretativo nos pautaremos en relación interpretativa del Simpósio en conexión con la visión bakhtiniana que demarca la obra en el género de "serio-cómico". Partimos de la hipótesis de que la filosofía platónica se caracteriza por elementos escénicos por medio de narraciones míticas fruto de una imaginación poética de carácter dialógico de enunciar la teoría de las ideas. / Na história da filosofia e da literatura os diálogos platônicos são amplamente lidos, interpretados e discutidos. Uma questão bastante peculiar, que necessita ser retomada, diz respeito à estrutura formal e os elementos literários inseridos nos diálogos. Os personagens e as imagens cênicas constitutivas da narrativa permitem, ao leitor, uma experiência de interpretação que não se reduz a uma ideia de verdade unilateral, mas supera o monologismo que se pretende como verdade acabada. Neste sentido, através da perspectiva bakhtiniana, buscaremos entender como um texto clássico como o Banquete de Platão possibilita uma visão dialógica da obra como um novo modo de pensar a relação entre leitor e texto que possibilita uma experiência criadora em que a verdade, mais do que uma realidade objetiva, é fruto de um saber que tem na dialética seu ponto central. Para tanto, nos pautaremos na análise interpretativa do Banquete em conexão com a visão bakhtiniana que enquadra essa obra no gênero do sério-cômico . Partimos da hipótese de que a filosofia platônica é marcada por elementos cênicos através de narrativas míticas frutos de uma imaginação poética de caráter dialógico para enunciar a teoria das ideias.

Post-structuralist IR has often treated foreign policy/security discourses and their effects on policy through a “representational model”, i.e. how one dominant representation makes possible particular policy outcomes. However, in a longitudinal analysis, where the concern with “outcome” is already about continuity/change, this model is restricting and must be replaced by a model integrating multiple voices and contestations, and looking for non-linear mechanisms of long-term constraints. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is, first, to develop a theoretical-analytical framework suitable for an explicit interest in contestations and tracing constraints; and second, in an illustrative-explorative study, to apply such relational-dialogical framework to “war on terror” in the US and the UK (2001-2012). Bakhtinian Dialogism occupies an important status in the framework; therefore, a broader aim is to demonstrate how a “dialogical turn” inspired by the philosophy of Mikhail Bakhtin and his circle would enrich debate. Developments of the past decade – increased anti-war critique, change of governments in the US and the UK, and protracted withdrawal – provide new grounds for a longitudinal inquiry into “war on terror”. Moving beyond the question how “war on terror” was initially constructed and legitimised, scholarly attention must focus on a longitudinal inquiry into why “war on terror” endured. In this respect, the formidable deconstructions of official discourses by anti-war critique have received marginal attention in IR. The empirical part explores how critical discourses have contested the official narratives; how the latter have engaged with them as well as with moderate deliberative critique, and to what effect for continuity/change, to understand whether and how successive governments in the US and the UK have been discursively constrained (bound) in their attempts to change policy. Without claiming to be a comprehensive explanation, it locates and interprets patterns and logics within the discursive exchanges, delineating potential routes contributing to constraints and hence continuation. Thus, on the one hand, destabilising critique was shattering the foundations of the official “war on terror” narratives without fully re-inscribing the dislocated space with new imaginings, thus inviting official representatives to re-claim such space. On the other hand, deliberative voices were pushing for the realisation of the promises inherent in the official discourse, demanding “winning” the (albeit “mistaken”) war, thus inviting for continued engagement.

Thesis Intertextuality in the work of Milan Kundera deals with intertextuality facets in his novels theoretically and practically. This work deals with the text and the relations between one and other - with intertextuality and with novel genre theories. I work with four important theorist, Michail Bachtin, Julia Kristeva, Gerard Genette and Roland Barthes. I examine their concepts of polyphony or Socratic dialogue and apply them on Kundera. Practical part explores Milan Kundera, intertextuality relation of his work his novelistic and theoretical approaches. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The diploma thesis Milan Kundera and Intertextuality deals with aspects of relations between the texts in his novels. The first part outlines the intertextuality, theory of the novel and the approaches of some literary theorists towards this issue. The second half of the thesis analyzes the intertextuality in Kundera's works in various forms, mainly based on the themes of dreams and physicality. The greatest emphasis is placed on examining the legacy of Kafka in the context of Kundera's works, particularly in the novels The Joke and The Book of Laughter and Forgetting. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In this bachelor’s essay, I examine the importance of place in Marguerite Duras’ The Lover from 1984. By using an ecocritical approach I find that the concepts of “culture” and “nature”, or “human” and “environment”, are made undistinguished. I also find that colonialism is highly present, and the novel accords to the theories of the overlapping literary fields of ecocriticism and postcolonialism. Ecocritical postcolonialism maintains that non-white people have historically been likened to animals and thus have a similar relationship with colonisers as humans have with the non-human. In addition, I apply Michail Bachtin’s concept of the chronotope to the novel and conclude that the Mekong River, the Cholen district, the mother’s home, the desert, and France are the most significant chronotopes. They all represent time in some way – usually in the form of cultural history or the protagonist’s lifetime – and each one plays into the novel’s overarching views of colonialism and nature.

In this paper, I study the bodies in Mare Kandre’s two novels Bestiarium (1999) and Xavier (2002), with the help of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of the grotesque. I examine the worldview that is portrayed in the novels – focusing on the attitude towards death – and seek answers to the following questions: how do the human bodies look and how do they relate to their surroundings? What does the way they are portrayed say about the world the novels portray? And what role does laughter play in the novels? I also examine the similarity between a grotesque body, and a gothic monster. As a result, I find that one body may exist both in life and death at the same time, that the bodies can merge together, and that the boundaries between body and world may be exceeded. I also find the grotesque abilities of the body not to be threatening, but filled with possibilities. Here, even monsters are not harmful. / I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag kropparna i Mare Kandres två romaner Bestiarium (1999) och Xavier (2002), med utgångspunkt i Michail Bachtins teorier om det groteska. Jag söker svar på hur hans begrepp kan öka förståelsen för den värld som målas upp i romanerna, med ett fokus på inställningen till döden. Jag ställer mig frågor om hur de mänskliga kropparna ser ut och hur de förhåller sig till resten av världen, vad sättet de gestaltas på säger om romanvärlden och vilken roll skrattet spelar i romanerna. Jag undersöker också likheten mellan groteska kroppar och gotiska monster. I min analys visar jag att kropparna i Mare Kandres romaner kan befinna sig både i livet och döden samtidigt, att de ständigt är i rörelse och kan uppgå i varandra. Dessutom kan gränsen mellan kropp och värld upplösas. Jag visar också på att den glädje som kännetecknade medeltidens grotesk bara kan förnimmas, men att de groteska kropparna trots det besitter positiva möjligheter. Inte ens monster måste här besegras, då de inte utgör något hot.