Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. / On 1 October 2003 the USAF transferred control of its CONUS-based combat search and rescue(CSAR) assets from Air Combat Command to Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC). Transferto AFSOC was CSAR's fourth major reorganization in twenty years, and was the latest in a turbulentprocession of attempts to improve the combat effectiveness of CSAR forces. Despite possessing anabundance of brave, motivated, and extremely capable personnel yearning to accomplish their mission, dysfunctional organizational arrays and nagging organizational constraints have prevented USAF dedicatedCSAR forces from "getting to the fight" for the onset of hostilities in three of this nation's past four majorarmed conflicts. Special operations forces had to fill the void. This analysis evaluates CSAR's positionwithin AFSOC's organizational array to determine if this latest reorganization is likely to produce durableimprovements in CSAR combat effectiveness. My conclusion is that "CSAR friendly" organizational cultureand effective organizational constructs within AFSOC Headquarters, combined with highly receptiveattitudes among CSAR crewmembers, form a historically unique organizational mix that favors the long termsuccess of CSAR forces in AFSOC. To ensure AFSOC's favorable organizational posture is translated toimproved combat capability, leadership must immediately increase CSAR representation on HHQ staffs. / Major, United States Air Force

From the aftermath of Suez to the Kosovo campaign, Britain lost most of its colonies and ended up taking a moral interventionist stance on the world stage with the US its major ally. Against that contextual background, this thesis considers the attitudes in Britain towards its Armed Forces and war from 1960 to 2000. Using a range of lenses, the paper highlights the complexity of change. Homosexuality was a scandalous issue for society in the 1960s, such that the 1967 Act which decriminalised it was not really widely accepted. For the Armed Forces, searches for homosexuals increased on grounds of security. The Act of Remembrance, as recorded in churches, shows the mixed approach of the clergy to war, particularly dependent on their own experience, and also the change in mood from a religious service to a secular one. In the notable campaigns that did take place over the period, Borneo, the Falklands, Bosnia, Kosovo and the Gulf War, a methodical view is taken of opinion polls, press coverage, and letters pages to establish trends at the political, elite and public levels. The media has been used as a reference throughout the thesis as a measure of opinion, but here is analysed for its own biases and approaches, since it has a clear effect on people’s opinions, both from fiction and fact. Overall, the thesis paints a complex web of declining interest in defence issues, greater self-interest amongst many, increasing secularisation, and greater tolerance, yet conversely, points to underlying themes of pride in individual servicemen and the institution of the Armed Forces.

Problem Investigated. This dissertation is a study of the political effects of low-intensity warfare in Indonesia since 1945. In particular, it examines the interaction between general principles and contextual variables in guerrilla conflict, to determine whether such conflict causes the diffusion of political power. Analysis of insurgent movements indicates that power structures within a guerrilla group tend to be regionalised, diffuse and based on multiple centres of roughly equal authority. Conversely, studies of counter-insurgency (COIN) techniques indicate that successful COIN depends on effective political control over the local population. This tends to be exercised by regional or local military commanders rather than by central authority. Based on this, the author???s initial analysis indicated that one should expect to see a diffusion of political authority from central leaders (whether civilian or military) to regional military leaders, when a society is engaged in the conduct of either COIN or guerrilla warfare. The problem investigated in this dissertation can therefore be stated thus: To what extent, at which levels of analysis and subject to what influencing factors does low-intensity warfare in Indonesia between 1945 and 1999 demonstrate a political power-diffusion effect? Procedures Followed. The procedure followed was a diachronic, qualitative, fieldwork-based analysis of two principle case studies: the Darul Islam insurgency in West Java 1948-1962 and the campaign in East Timor 1974-1999. Principle research tools were: ??? Semi-structured, formal, informal and group interviews. ??? Analysis of official and private archives in Australia, Indonesia, the Netherlands and the UK. ??? Participant observation using anthropological fieldwork techniques. ??? Geographical analysis using transects, basemapping and overhead imagery. ??? Demographic analysis using historical data, cartographic records and surveys. Research was conducted in Australia, Indonesia (Jakarta and Bandung), the Netherlands (The Hague and Amsterdam) and the United Kingdom (London, Winchester, Salisbury and Warminster). Fieldwork was conducted over three periods in West Java (1994, 1995 and 1996) and one period in East Timor (1999-2000). General Results Obtained. The two principal case studies were the Darul Islam insurgency in West Java 1948-62 and the campaign in East Timor since 1974. The fieldwork data showed that low-intensity warfare in Indonesia between 1945 and 1999 did indeed demonstrate the political power-diffusion effect posited by the author. This effect was triggered by the outbreak of guerrilla warfare, which itself flowed from crises generated by processes of modernisation and change within Indonesian society from traditional hierarchies to modern forms of social organisation. These crises were also affected by events at the systemic and regional levels of analysis ??? the invasion of the Netherlands East Indies by Japan, the Cold War, the Asian financial crisis and increasing economic and media globalisation. They resulted in a breakdown or weakening of formal power structures, allowing informal power structures to dominate. This in turn allowed local elites with economic, social or religious influence and with coercive power over the population, to develop political and military power at the local level while being subject to little control from higher levels. This process, then, represented a power diffusion from central and civilian leadership levels to local leaders with coercive means ??? most often military or insurgent leaders. Having been triggered by guerrilla operations, however, the direction and process by which such power diffusion operated was heavily influenced by contextual variables, of which the most important were geographical factors, political culture, traditional authority structures and the interaction of external variables at different levels of analysis. Topographical isolation, poor infrastructure, severe terrain, scattered population groupings and strong influence by traditional hierarchies tend to accelerate and exacerbate the loss of central control. Conversely good infrastructure, large population centres, good communications and a high degree of influence by nation-state and systemic levels of analysis ??? particularly through economic and governmental institutionalisation ??? tend to slow such diffusion. Moreover, while power may be diffusing at one level of analysis (e.g. nation-state) it may be centralising at another (e.g. into the hands of military leaders at local level). Analysis of the Malayan Emergency indicates that, in a comparable non-Indonesian historical example, the same general tendency to political power diffusion was evident and that the same broad contextual variables mediated it. However, it would be premature to conclude that the process observed in Indonesia is generally applicable. The nature and relative importance of contextual factors is likely to vary between examples and hence additional research on non-Indonesian examples would be necessary before such a conclusion could be drawn. Further research on a current instance of guerrilla operations in Indonesia is also essential before the broader contemporary applicability of these findings can be reliably demonstrated. Major Conclusions Reached. Based on the above, the theses developed to answer the initial problem can be stated thus: The command and control (C2) structures inherent in traditional, dispersed rural guerrilla movements that lack access to mass media or electronic communications tend to lessen the degree of control by central (military or political) leaders over regional leaders. If COIN or Internal Security Operations are conducted, two factors will operate. First, there will be an increase in the degree of control over the civil population by local military leaders, at the expense of local or central political leaders. Second, where military command structures are pyramidal or segmentary, there will be an increase in control by local commanders at the expense of central military leaders. Where the central government is civilian or has interests divergent from the military???s, the first of these factors will dominate. Where the government is military or has interests largely identical to those of the military, the second factor will be dominant. The process of power diffusion can thus be summarised as follows: A crisis driven by processes of societal change or by external causes, leads to the outbreak of violence, one facet of which may include guerrilla operations. If guerrilla operations do occur, the C2 structures inherent in such operations give a high degree of autonomy and independence to local military leaders. The same (or a contemporaneous) crisis produces a breakdown of formal power structures, causing organisations to fall back upon informal power structures. The nature of these informal power structures is determined by geography, political culture, patterns of traditional authority within the society and the degree of interaction of systemic/regional factors with local events. Thus the guerrilla operations and the concomitant breakdown in formal power structures form the trigger for political power diffusion. The precise nature and progress of this diffusion is then determined by contextual variables.

Thesis (MMAS) -- U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. / AD-A463 803. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Denne studien har hatt som mål å undersøke om vestlig offensiv luftmakt benytteroperasjonskunst i planlegging og gjennomføring av militære operasjoner, og omoperasjonskunst er nødvendig for effektiv utnyttelse av luftmakt? Hensikten har vært å seom det konsept som er valgt på felles (joint) nivå - operasjonskunst - også brukes avluftkomponenten. Som teoriforankring har studien benyttet en operasjonalisering avClausewitz sin teori om nødvendigheten av en balanse i ”treenigheten” mellom folket,feltherren og fyrsten, og metoden har innebært å studere problemet utifra tre uvahenigevariabler; teori, doktriner og praksis. Empiridelen omfatter dermed en studie av tekster frabåde operasjonskunstens utvikling, og såvel tidligere luftmaktsteoretikere som mermoderne teorier (Warden, Boyd og effekt baserte operasjoner). NATO og amerikanskefelles- og luftforsvarsdoktriner ble studert for å påvise eventuelle relasjoner til studiensspørsmål. Den praktiske bruk av moderne offensiv luftmakt ble undersøkt ved å studereluftkampanjen under operasjon Desert Storm i 1991, og noen av de trender som tegnet seg ioperasjon Iraqi Freedom i 2003.Studiens resultat viser at vestlig offensiv luftmakt i liten grad har kjent til og benyttetteoriene rundt begrepet operasjonskunst, og at dens konsepter har vært mye tuftet påluftspesifikk teori og doktrine. Videre konkluderer den med at noen av effektene avoperasjonskunst likevel kommer frem i praksis, og at trendene som Irakkrigen tegner tyderpå en større fokus på fellesoperasjoner også i luftmiljøet. Studien konkluderer til slutt medat luftmakten kan være best tjent med å ta til seg konseptet med operasjonskunst for å ståbest mulig rustet til å møte de forskjellige utfordringer i moderne krigføring. / This thesis examines two basic questions. Does Western airpower practice operationalart as a guiding principle of warfare, and is operational art necessary to achieve successin modern air warfare? The purpose was to study whether the use of offensive airpowerwas set on the conceptual basis of operational art, used at the joint level of warfare, or ifit was just a question of “targeting”. The study applied Clausewitz’ theory of a “trinity”between what is commonly represented as the people, the military, and the governmentas its theoretical base. To reflect the relative complexity of the study, it used a methodof examining the questions from three different angles; theory, doctrine andemployment of offensive airpower. Through the study of these subjects and use ofairpower in Operation Desert Storm (and to a limited degree during Operation IraqiFreedom), the focus and essence of airpower is highlighted. Airpower theorists havealways tried to put emphasis on the unique capabilities of the airplane and operations inthe third dimension. Strategic use of airpower, they have proclaimed, is the best use ofairpower, tactical use, and especially in support to land, is the least effective. Much inopposition to and in competition with the older Navy and Army, a separate mission forthe Air Force has been stressed.Modern airpower doctrine has in large followed suit. At the same time operational art isbeing introduced as the conceptual basis for first land- and then joint operations. The aircampaign(s) in this study gives insight into an airpower shaped both by theory and bydoctrine. Modern airpower was used with success in operations that in large focus onoverwhelming force and superior technology, but at the same time tried to achieve someof the leverage and synergy of the joint battlespace. The study concludes that westernoffensive airpower up to now did not practice operational art in warfare, and that itsconcepts largely were founded on airpower specific theory and doctrine. It alsoconcludes that the trends shown in Iraq 2003 indicate a change toward a more jointthinking in the airpower community. It also concludes that airpower would be bestsuited to meet the challenges of modern warfare by considering employing the conceptof operational art in joint operations. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 02-04

Students¡¦ life counseling and guidance has always been the center in student affairs, and life education stands out in school education work. The main goals of students¡¦ life counseling and guidance include cultivating students¡¦ adapting abilities in life and healthy characters. Students are expected to have high self-esteem and autonomous attitude, and hence can be law-abiding, responsible, caring for life, and contributing to the society. In the recent years, however, the social environment has been changing rapidly, and so has the school campus which has always been regarded as a relatively stable organization. Many school incidents can be heard constantly and the previously warm, harmonious and peaceful campus is no more what it used to be. Therefore it has become a crucial issue to make a balance between an open, democratic campus and the securing of campus ethics, cultural passing, and campus security. The military training system is currently gradually transforming into a new style based on ¡§guiding service¡¨ idea. This study is aimed to explore the effects of this new style, meanwhile taking care of campus democracy, openness, ethics, and security, on students¡¦ life counseling and guidance and how students perceive it. The participants in this study are students from three private technological colleges: Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology (CUMT), Diwan University (DU), and Shu Zen College of Medicine and Management (SZMM). After research into related literature and deep investigation in the current military training system in life counseling and guidance, a questionnaire is made to understand how students perceive the military science officers conducting behavioral guidance, maintaining campus security, dealing with contingency, and taking care of sick or injured students. Besides, students¡¦ perceptions are also analyzed in quantitative data to see the differences and relations in terms of their different backgrounds. The following are the findings of this study: 1. Students in general expressed high approval in the four aspects: conducting behavioral guidance, maintaining campus security, dealing with contingency, and taking care of sick or injured students. 2. Students in CUMT showed higher approval in the aspect of conducting behavioral guidance and maintaining campus security than those in DU. Students in SZMM showed higher approval in maintaining campus security than those in DU. 3. Students in the third and fourth year showed higher approval in maintaining campus security, dealing with contingency, and taking care of sick or injured students than those in the first or second year. Those with higher family income also showed higher approval than those with lower family income According to the research findings, this study also provides practical suggestions as reference for related education authorities, military science officers and future researchers. 1. Students¡¦ life counseling and guidance in private technological colleges should focus on ¡§maintaining campus security.¡¨ a. Strengthen security management in selected areas in open campus. b. Crack down on those violating the rule: ¡§riding with a helmet¡¨ out of campus and highlight its importance on campus. c. Keep improving the serving quality in the four aspects: conducting behavioral guidance, maintaining campus security, dealing with contingency, and taking care of sick or injured students. 2. ¡§Good deeds can offset the wrongdoing¡¨ concept should be incorporated into ¡§moral teaching program.¡¨ 3. General education or military science should be incorporated into ¡§contingency management¡¨ instruction and practices. 4. School should set up a joint unit to serve the sick or injured students. Keywords: military training system, military science officer, students¡¦ life counseling and guidance, behavioral guidance, maintaining campus security, contingency management, taking care of the sick and injured students

Thesis (M.S.)--Air Force Institute of Technology, 2003. / Title from title screen (viewed Oct. 28, 2003). "March 2003." Vita. "AFIT/GOR/ENS/03-04." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-70). Also issued in paper format.

Everest and Blanc (E&B) is at a crossroad. It grew from a ‘mom and pop’ operation into a small professional firm and plateaued. Thus, there is a desire to bring about operation efficiency, followed by expansion of the company. In order to be successful, a systematic decision making process is necessary to ensure a high probability of success, and able to pinpoint dysfunctions early for improvement. In addition, implementing processes need careful consideration and progress monitoring. This study was founded on these premises using M2 mode research methodology to establish an optimal structural course of action by surveying paradigms of management theories and concepts. The study began with an exposition on research methodologies and focused on the M2 research mode. It continued on with considering operations topics (micro concerns), extending to general issues (macro concerns) in conjunction with management theories and concepts. Finally a decision making model was shaped and applied to E&B. During the process, several important decisions were made, grounded on the findings on the research, such as relocating the corporate office anticipating expansion. Overall, the changes introduced, the process of change, the decision-making process, and implementation were all effective. The decision making model, SOMM, Strato Operation Management Model, is an extension of both Ansoff’s and Anthony’s management models together with the decision-making process. The emphasis is on the relationship of the system structure’s characteristics where it is symbolized by a matryoshka representing the three management modules (Strategic Management, Management Control and Planning and Tactical Operation) nesting within each other. Relating to the overall strategic and management control and planning competency, the workhorse is a combination of defensive and offensive approaches together with evaluation methodologies to capture emerging and unintended strategies and to control performance; whereas the tactical operation process is to bring about efficiency and effectiveness. These are new knowledge and policies cast into members of E&B. It is, therefore, fundamental that careful interventions are necessary to cause changes by motivation and to align goal congruency. Further, the inquiry had specifically focused on the needs of E&B, it did not preclude application to other organizations. For academics, it may be an engaging topic for further empirical studies advancing knowledge in management and operations. With respect to a wider world application, it was also concluded that the findings for E&B are applicable and adaptable to other professional and business concerns as innovative tools to their problems and issues.

Many complex and interdependent systems engineering challenges involve more than one stakeholder or decision maker. These challenges, such as the definition and acquisition of future air mobility systems, are often found in situations where resources are finite, objectives are conflicting, constraints are restricting, and uncertainty in future outcomes prevail. Air mobility operational models which simulate fleet wide behavior effects over time, in various mission scenarios, and potentially over the entire design life-cycle, are always multi-dimensional, cover a large decision space, and require significant time to generate sufficient solutions to adequately describe the design space. This challenge is coupled with the fact that, in these highly integrated solutions or acquisitions, multiple stakeholders or decision makers are required to cooperate and reach agreement in selecting or defining the requirements for the design or solution and in its costly and lengthy implementation. However, since values, attitudes, and experiences are different for each decision maker, reaching consensus across the multiple criteria with different preferences and objectives is often a slow and highly convoluted process. In response to these common deficiencies and to provide quantitative analyses, this research investigates and proposes solutions to two challenges: 1) increase the speed at which operational solutions and associated requirements are generated and explored, and 2) systematize the group decision-making process, to both accelerate and improve decision making in these large operational problems requiring cooperation. The development of the Air Mobility Operations Design (AirMOD) model is proposed to address the first challenge by implementing and leveraging surrogate models of airlift capability across a wide scenario space. In addressing the second major challenge, the proposed Multi-Agent Consensus Reaching on the Objective Space (MACRO) methodology introduces a process to reduce the feasible decision space, by identifying regions of high probability of consensus reaching, using preference distributions, power relationships, and game-theoretic techniques. In a case study, the MACRO methodology is demonstrated on a large air mobility solution space generated by AirMOD to illustrate plausibility of the overall approach. AirMOD and MACRO offer considerable advantages over current methods to better define the operational design space and improve group decision-making processes requiring cooperation, respectively.

The objective of this thesis is to develop a general obstacle segmentation algorithm for use on board a ground based unmanned vehicle (GUV). The algorithm processes video data captured by a single monocular camera mounted on the GUV. We make the assumption that the GUV moves on a locally planar surface, representing the ground plane. We start by deriving the equations of the expected motion field (observed by the camera) induced by the motion of the robot on the ground plane. Given an initial view of a presumably static scene, this motion field is used to generate a predicted view of the same scene after a known camera displacement. This predicted image is compared to the actual image taken at the new camera location by means of an optical flow calculation. Because the planar assumption is used to generate the predicted image, portions of the image which mismatch the prediction correspond to salient feature points on objects which lie above or below the ground plane, we consider these objects obstacles for the GUV. We assume that these salient feature points (called seed pixels ) capture the color statistics of the obstacle and use them to initialize a Bayesian region growing routine to generate a full obstacle segmentation. Alignment of the seed pixels with the obstacle is not guaranteed due to the aperture problem, however successful segmentations were obtained for natural scenes. The algorithm was tested off line using video captured by a camera mounted on a GUV.