Introduction: Postural control and locomotion deficits can be observed during the early years of childhood development and throughout life. For those with disabilities, these deficits can advance past the development years and into adolescence and adulthood while affecting the quality of life and daily activity. Finding interactive rehabilitative activities to delay or limit these deficits is essential for people with disabilities to improve their quality of life, inclusion, and overall movement. Adapted physical activity/sports like badminton and virtual reality could promote improvements in postural and locomotor status for young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities like cerebral palsy (CP), intellectual disability (ID), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Purpose: These studies aim to assess the postural and locator status of young adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities after participating in a 12-week badminton and intensive virtual reality programs. Methods: Study A will follow a multiple baseline approach to access postural control, locomotion, and areas of physical fitness in young adults with IDD utilizing the immersive virtual reality game Fruit Ninja™ while study B will follow and repeated measures design accessing static postural control for students in a comprehensive transition program for intellectual disabilities at a southeastern university.

Purpose: Working from lifespan development theory and the theory of Selective Optimization with Compensation (SOC), I provide theoretical analyses to inform and direct research on Taijiquan where research questions involve issues of adaptive development (optimization of gains, maintenance of function, and prevention of lost resources). I also used these frameworks to construct a biopsychosocial mind-body practices model that seeks to explain and predict the role of key aspects (curriculum, practice, context) in Taiji-related development. The above frameworks are further substantiated through a comparative analysis of health status between Taijiquan practitioners (N =120; age range = 24-83, M = 54.77) and a nationally representative sample (N = 414,629; age range = 18-99, M = 54.86) collected by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The model's predictive potential is explored through an analysis of health status within a subset of experienced Taiji practitioners (N = 94; age range = 24-83, M = 55.82). Design: Theoretical and cross-sectional; between- and within-group comparisons. Methods: Responses from a convenience sample of Taiji practitioners were collected using an online survey. The instrument was designed to collect data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), lifestyle variables, and Taiji practice regimens. Data from Taiji practitioners were merged with the CDC's 2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) dataset, forming three groups: no exercise, some exercise, and Taiji exercise. Health status was regressed on exercise group while controlling for age, income, and education, as well as the interaction between age and exercise group. Further analyses were also conducted on a subset of the Taiji data (N=94). These analyses examined the relationships among self-reported health, practice regimens, and diet while controlling for age and experience. Results: In the first set of analyses (see paper one), I controlled for the effects of age, income, education, and the differential effects of age on exercise group, while determining associations between health and group membership. A significant interaction effect (p < 0.001) occurred between age and exercise group membership. This interaction showed little difference between exercise groups in the young adult age range, but among older adults, Taijiquan practitioners displayed the best HRQoL. In the second set of analyses (see paper 2), I found significant interaction effects between (a) curricular complexity and out-of-class practice (p < 0.05) and (b) curricular complexity and diet (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The extraordinary health status trajectory among Taiji practitioners may be attributable to several conditions including: (a) the implied presence of SOC-related strategies, (b) the general benefits of psychophysical expertise, and (c) concomitant structure between Taiji-related goals and health behaviors that contributes to optimal aging. Specifically, intervention designers, Taiji teachers, and practitioners should consider the potential benefits of well rounded Taiji curricula, regular out-of-class practice, and healthy diet for optimizing health-related gains and minimizing losses typically associated with aging. / Ph. D.

Movement intervention in a Gestalt therapeutic setting using structured activities and free improvisation is a successful method in creating awareness of contact-making styles for late adolescents. An overview of the existing literature regarding the theoretical aspects of the interrelatedness of movement therapy, awareness, contact-making styles and the use of movement as a therapeutic intervention within a Gestalt context was presented. This included a description of the meta-theoretical assumptions that underpinned the research. A case-study consisting of eight late-adolescent females using the exploratory and descriptive nature within the qualitative research model was applied. All participants reported growth and awareness within themselves. The researcher concludes that movement intervention within a Gestalt therapeutic context can support an approach that adapts itself to the developmental phase of the individual and is a creative way of maintaining interest and focus. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om vas te stel of Opvoedkundige Kinesiologie deur die Opvoedkundige Sielkundige gebruik sou kan word as 'n psigoterapeutiese benadering ten einde emosionele welsyn te verhoog. Volgens Edu-K is die brein-liggaam sisteem onlosmaak:lik verbind en emosionele blokkerings is nie slegs in die denke en intellek van die mens gelee nie, maar ook op sellulere vlak vasgele. Navorsing aan die hand van die idiografiese benadering is gedoen. Vyf proe:tpersone, wat aangemeld is met emosionele probleme, het elkeen 'n reeks Edu-K balanserings ontvang volgens individuele behoeftes. Die doel daarvan was om te bepaal ofEdu-K balanserings sou lei tot verhoogde welsyn. Na die reeks balanserings is daar beduidende positiewe veranderinge waargeneem ten opsigte van emosionele probleme, sowel as verbeteringe in ak.ademiese prestasie. Daar is ook algemene prak.tiese riglyne gegee vir ouers, onderwysers en Opvoedkundige Sielkundiges. / The aim of this investigation was to ascertain whether Educational Kinesiology could be applied by the Educational Psychologist as a psychotherapeutic tool in order to enhance emotional wellbeing. According to Edu-K the mind-body system is inseperably one: emotional blocks are not only situated in the mind and intellect of a person, but are recorded on cellular level as well. Research was done by way of an idiographic approach. Five subjects with emotional problems received a series of balances according to their individual needs. The aim was to ascertain whether Edu-K balances could enhance emotional wellbeing. A significant positive improvement in emotional problems as well as in academic performance were noted. General guidelines for parents, teachers and Educational psychologists are also given. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Voorligting)

背景: 近代不少西方的實證心理治療方法都開始採納東方源來已久的身心治療，來醫治常見的情緒病，例如：抑鬱症，效果最為顯著。這個發展趨勢正好回應現存醫療制度及資源的限制，或其他社會文化及個人所造成的障礙。本研究旨在檢視一種促進身心健康的中國禪宗身心治療方法 － 以「德建身心療法」對比於 「認知行為治療法」及「等候對照組」，在治療一羣抑鬱症患者的抑鬱情緒、腦功能的改善及其身体健康等的療效。 / 研究方法: 在一個精神科門診部內，研究員召集了75 名成人的抑鬱症患者。他們都是有不同程度的抑鬱情緒或身體健康問題，同時有興趣參加為期十節的「德建身心療法」或「認知行為治療法」。 在對照基本資料後 (如年齡、學歷、抑鬱程度，初患或復發) ，他們被隨機分派到「德建身心療法」、「認知行為治療法」或「等候對照組」中。治療前及治療後，抑鬱症患者都會接受情緒、腦功能、健康狀況及腦電波的評估。 / 結果: 整體而言，相對於「等候對照組」，「德建身心療法」及「認知行為治療」更有效地減低患者的抑鬱症狀。此外，「德建身心療法」更帶來一些其他組別所末見的療效；包括有效地提昇患者的專注力、記憶、執行功能、腸道功能及睡眠質素。再者、研究亦發現「德建身心療法」的參加者，在有關正面情緒和專注力的兩個客觀量化腦電波(QEEG)指數上有顯著的攀升。意外地，在短短的十星期後「德建身心療法」參加者使用抗抑鬱药的份量亦有效地減少。 / 總結: 本研究的結果顯示中國的禪宗身心治療方法 －「德建身心療法」在治療抑鬱症患者的情緒捆纏、腦功能失衡、睡眠及腸道功能、提升正面情緒及專注力的量化腦電波指數都有明顯的功效。 / BACKGROUND: There are growing interests and encouraging findings of adapting and developing Mind-Body Intervention into evidence-based group treatment for common mental disorders such as depression. The advancement is a partial response to the limitations on the availability and accessibility of the existing treatment in the current health care system for depression, and/or a partial response to the socio-cultural and personal reasons in different communities. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly developed Chinese Chan-based treatment the Dejian Mind-Body Intervention (DMBI), as compared to the groups of Cognitive-behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Wait-list control, in alleviating depressive mood and improving physical health of adult depressive patients. / METHOD: Seventy-five patients with the diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder were recruited in the current study. They were stratified for age, education, level of depression, course of illness before random assignment to receive either 10-session DMBI or CBT, or placed on a wait-list. Pre-post measurements included primary outcome measures on psychiatrists’ rating and self-evaluated mood scores (HRSD and BDI) and secondary outcome measures on performance in different neuropsychological assessment (Executive function, Attention, Memory). The three groups also compared among different sleep (SOL, TST, and WASO), gastrointestinal parameters as well as neurophysiological QEEG indices. / RESULTS: Both the DMBI and CBT groups demonstrated significant reduction in depressive psychopathology after intervention. However, the DMBI group but not the CBT or Wait-list control groups demonstrated significant improvement in attention, verbal memory, executive function, gastrointestinal health and overall sleep quality. Besides, Dejian Mind-Body Intervention brought about significant increase in objective QEEG measures of positive affect and attention that were not evidenced in the other two groups. Participants in the DMBI group also demonstrated significant reduction in the use of anti-depressant after the end of 10-week treatment. / CONCLUSIONS: Findings of the current study suggested that a Chinese Chan-based Dejian mind-body intervention has positive effects on improving the mood and health conditions of individuals with depression. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wong, Yun Ping. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-109). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese; some appendixes also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / CHINESE ABSTRACT --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.x / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.xiii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xii / Chapter CHAPTER I: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / PURPOSES OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.26 / Chapter CHAPTER II: --- METHODS --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER III: --- RESULTS --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER IV: --- DISCUSSION --- p.68 / GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.70 / CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS --- p.76 / LIMITATION AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE DIRECTION --- p.77 / REFERENCES --- p.79 / TABLES --- p.110 / FIGURES --- p.124 / APPENDICES --- p.128

研究背景 / 雖然靜觀減壓療法(MBSR)近來備受關注， 但在香港中國人群中尚缺乏可靠量表測定其靜觀能力，而且也罕有研究評估MBSR在家庭護理者心理健康方面的作用。 / 研究目的 / 本研究有兩個目的：第一，在香港社區人群和臨床患者中驗證中文版《五面靜觀能力問卷》（FFMQ-C），並設計簡潔版中文問卷 （FFMQ-SF）；第二，使用隨機對照研究（RCT）評估MBSR在緩解家庭護理者抑鬱症狀等方面的療效。 / 對象與方法 / 在問卷驗證研究中，招募了230名社區成人和156名廣泛性焦慮患者（GAD）。重測信度和內部一致性信度用於檢驗可信度。驗證性因素分析（CFA）則用於檢驗結構效度。 / 在RCT中，141位符合納入和排除條件的家庭護理者被隨機分配至靜觀減壓組和對照組（提供健康教育自學材料）。抑鬱症狀是本研究的主要指標，使用流行病學研究中心憂鬱量表（CESD）測定。得分在16以上的被定為疑是抑鬱症，CESD下降50%則被定為臨床好轉。次要研究結果包括焦慮，自我效能，靜觀能力和生活品質等。參與者需在研究開始之前，幹預結束之時和三個月隨訪之後自行填寫問卷。數據分析採用意向性研究方法。 / 研究結果 / FFMQ-C的重測信度為0.88，內部一致性在社區人群為0.83，在GAD患者為0.80。CFA證實了問卷的五因數結構 （NNFI 0.94, CFI 0.95, RMSEA 0.076 (0.063-0.086)）。FFMQ-SF包括20個條目，具有良好的效度和信度。 / 在RCT中，靜觀減壓組 （n=70）的退出率明顯低於對照組 （n=71）（12.9% vs 26.8%, p= .039）。靜觀減壓組CESD的下降程度在幹預結束之時（-6.72 ± 6.38 vs -2.85 ± 4.82, p= .001），和三個月隨訪之後（-4.70 ± 6.32 vs -1.39 ± 8.52, p=.001）都比對照組更加顯著。靜觀減壓組較對照組有更多人獲得臨床好轉的，無論在幹預結束之時（35.3% vs 4.7%, OR (2.29, 54.51)），還是在三個月隨訪之後（23.5% vs 7.0%, OR (1.00, 16.90)）。靜觀減壓組在焦慮症狀緩解、自我效能提高和靜觀能力增加等方面均較對照組有更顯著的改變。 / 研究結論 / FFMQ-C和FFMQ-SF都能可靠並準確的檢測香港中國人群的靜觀能力。 / MBSR能有效減少護理者的焦慮、抑鬱症狀，提高自我效能和靜觀能力，在香港社區中有良好的可行性和接受性。 / Introduction / Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program has been receiving increasing attention in recent years. However, no questionnaires were validated to measure “mindfulness in Hong Kong Chinese adults. In addition, few studies have been conducted to examine the effectiveness of MBSR on mental wellbeing of family caregivers. / Objectives / The first part of this thesis aimed to validate the Chinese version of Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-C) in Hong Kong and to develop a short form scale (FFMQ-SF). The second part of the thesis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of MBSR in reducing depressive symptoms among family caregivers in Hong Kong Chinese adults. / Subjects and Methods / In the first part of the thesis, 230 community adults and 156 patients with clinical diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were recruited. Both test-retest and internal consistency reliability were used to examine the reliability of FFMQ-C, while confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were used to examine the structure validity of FFMQ-C. / In the second part of the thesis, 141 caregivers, who met the inclusion/exclusion criteria, were randomly assigned to either the 8-week MBSR group or the control group (self-learning booklets on mental health and stress management). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD) was used to measure the depressive symptoms as the primary outcome. A score of CESD above 16 was used to identify the clinically significant depression and a 50% or more reduction in CESD was regarded as clinical improvement. The secondary outcomes included anxiety, self-efficacy, mindfulness and quality of life and so on. All the outcome measures were self-administrated at baseline, post-intervention and 3-month follow-up. Intention-to-treat analyses were used to test the group effects of MBSR on outcome measures. / Results / The test-retest reliability of FFMQ-C was 0.88, and Cronbach's alpha was 0.83 in the community sample and 0.80 in the GAD sample. CFA showed adequate model fit for correlated five-factor structure (NNFI 0.94, CFI 0.95, RMSEA 0.076 (0.063-0.086)). A 20-item FFMQ-SF was developed and showed sufficient reliability, validity and psychometric property. / In the second part of the thesis, the MBSR group (n=70) showed significantly lower attrition rate than the control group (n=71) (12.9% vs 26.8%, p= .039). Participants in the MBSR group reported significantly greater reduction in CESD compared to the controls immediately post-intervention (-6.72 ± 6.38 vs -2.85 ± 4.82, p= .001) and at 3 months post-intervention (-4.70 ± 6.32 vs -1.39 ± 8.52, p=.001). MBSR group had a significantly larger proportion of participants with clinical improvement than the control group immediately post-intervention (35.3% vs 4.7%, OR (2.29, 54.51)) and at 3 months post-intervention (23.5% vs 7.0%, OR (1.00, 16.90)). Significant group effects of MBSR were also shown on the reduction of anxiety symptoms, the improvement in self-efficacy, and the increase in mindfulness. / Conclusions / The FFMQ-C and FFMQ-SF are reliable and valid instruments to measure mindfulness in Hong Kong Chinese adults. / MBSR is a feasible and acceptable program to effectively reduce psychological symptoms, and to improve mindfulness and self-efficacy among adult caregivers in Hong Kong Chinese. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Hou, Jing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-122). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract (English) --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.v / List of Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Background of the study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1. --- Validation of the Chinese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire for Adults in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2. --- Evaluation of the effectiveness of MBSR on mental health among caregivers in Hong Kong --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2. --- Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3. --- The structure of the thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature review on the impact of caregiving and the interventions for caregivers --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1. --- Definition of caregiver --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2. --- Global view of caregivers --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3. --- Care burden --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Introduction of Care burden --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- The measurements of care burden --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Social determinants of care burden --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- The impacts of caregiving on caregivers’ physical and psychological health --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4. --- Interventions for caregivers --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Psychosocial interventions --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.2. --- Support and information --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.3. --- Respite care --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.4. --- Technology-based interventions --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Rationales of the study --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- What’s mindfulness? --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2. --- How is mindfulness applied? --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2.4. --- Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3. --- Reviews on the effectiveness of MBSR --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4. --- The use of MBSR among caregivers --- p.29 / Chapter 3.5. --- Limitations of current studies --- p.31 / Chapter 3.6. --- Why in Hong Kong? --- p.31 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Validation of a Chinese Version of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire for Adults in Hong Kong, and Development of a Short Form --- p.33 / Chapter 4.1. --- Background --- p.33 / Chapter 4.2. --- Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Preparation of Chinese version of FFMQ --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Participants and procedure --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- Measures --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Data analysis --- p.38 / Chapter 4.3. --- Results --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Reliability --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Validity --- p.42 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Cross-validation --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Confirmatory factor analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3.5. --- Development of short version of FFMQ (FFMQ-SF) --- p.46 / Chapter 4.3.6. --- Evaluation of the FFMQ-SF --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4. --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter 4.5. --- Limitations --- p.53 / Chapter 4.6. --- Conclusions --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- A Randomized Control Trial of MBSR among Family Caregivers - Subjects and Methods --- p.55 / Chapter 5.1. --- Study design --- p.55 / Chapter 5.2. --- Recruitment --- p.55 / Chapter 5.3. --- Retention --- p.56 / Chapter 5.4. --- Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria --- p.57 / Chapter 5.5. --- Randomization, concealment and blinding --- p.58 / Chapter 5.6. --- Intervention group --- p.58 / Chapter 5.7. --- Instructors --- p.60 / Chapter 5.8. --- Settings --- p.61 / Chapter 5.9. --- Control group --- p.61 / Chapter 5.10. --- Outcomes and measures --- p.61 / Chapter 5.10.1. --- Primary outcome (depression) measure --- p.61 / Chapter 5.10.2. --- Secondary outcome measures --- p.62 / Chapter 5.10.3. --- Other measures --- p.65 / Chapter 5.11. --- Sample size calculation --- p.65 / Chapter 5.12. --- Statistical analyses --- p.66 / Chapter 5.12.1. --- Baseline comparison --- p.66 / Chapter 5.12.2. --- Effectiveness of MBSR --- p.66 / Chapter 5.12.3. --- Correlations among the changes of variables --- p.67 / Chapter 5.12.4. --- Medical services utilization --- p.67 / Chapter 5.12.5. --- Sensitivity analyses --- p.68 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- A Randomized Control Trial of MBSR among Family Caregivers - Results --- p.69 / Chapter 6.1. --- Recruitment and study flow --- p.69 / Chapter 6.2. --- Baseline characteristics --- p.69 / Chapter 6.3. --- Attrition and compliance --- p.74 / Chapter 6.4. --- Analyses of primary outcome - depressive symptoms --- p.75 / Chapter 6.5. --- Analyses of secondary outcome measures --- p.80 / Chapter 6.5.1. --- Anxiety --- p.80 / Chapter 6.5.2. --- Caregiver self-efficacy --- p.81 / Chapter 6.5.3. --- Mindfulness --- p.82 / Chapter 6.5.4. --- Other secondary outcome measures --- p.83 / Chapter 6.6. --- Correlations of changing scores between mindfulness and other outcomes --- p.83 / Chapter 6.7. --- Correlations of change scores between CESD and other outcomes (not including FFMQ) --- p.86 / Chapter 6.8. --- Analyses of medical services utilization --- p.87 / Chapter 6.9. --- Adverse effects of MBSR --- p.88 / Chapter 6.10. --- Per protocol analyses --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- A Randomized Control Trial of MBSR among Family Caregivers - Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 7.1 --- Discussion --- p.90 / Chapter 7.1.1. --- Effects of MBSR on depression --- p.90 / Chapter 7.1.2. --- Effects of MBSR on anxiety --- p.91 / Chapter 7.1.3. --- Effects of MBSR on mindfulness measured by Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire --- p.92 / Chapter 7.1.4. --- Effects of MBSR on caregiver self-efficacy --- p.92 / Chapter 7.1.5. --- Attrition and compliance --- p.93 / Chapter 7.1.6. --- Relationship between practice time and mindfulness --- p.93 / Chapter 7.1.7. --- Relationship between mindfulness and other psychological outcomes --- p.94 / Chapter 7.1.8. --- Effects of MBSR on perceived stress and health related quality of life --- p.95 / Chapter 7.1.9. --- Effects of MBSR on medical service utilization --- p.96 / Chapter 7.1.10. --- Self-rated effectiveness and acceptability --- p.96 / Chapter 7.1.11. --- Adverse effects of MBSR --- p.96 / Chapter 7.2. --- Strengths --- p.97 / Chapter 7.3. --- Limitations --- p.97 / Chapter 7.4. --- Implications and recommendations for further study --- p.98 / Chapter 7.5. --- Conclusions --- p.99 / Reference --- p.102

Physical activity is critical to bone health. However, not all physical activity has optimum effect on bone health and metabolism. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a short term progressive jumping protocol on bone mineral density in college age Asian females. Sixteen participants aged18-28 years enrolled in the study. Participants were assigned to exercise (n=9) and control (n=8) groups. The exercise group completed a two-legged depth jump from an approximate 20cm stepbench followed immediately by a maximum vertical jump using arm swings for five days per week for two weeks. Each depth jump and vertical jump was performed ten times during each session. The exercise intervention progressed from one session per day to three sessions per day in ten days. The bone mineral density (BMD) by dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), ground reaction force (GRF), bone specific physical activity questionnaire (BPAQ), and dietary log were administered to the participants pre- and post-intervention. The data were analysed using a dependent t-test and one-way repeated measures. There were no significant changes noted in BMD value in the study. The past BPAQ showed significant correlation to BMD change of left hip (p<0.01) in exercise group. The vertical GRF showed significant increase (p<0.05) in exercise group. It can be concluded from the study that intensity of the progressive jumping was intense enough to stimulate some changes in the bone metabolism.

本文乃是以「身心之學」貫串全文，以「隱喻」凸顯孟子、莊子各自的工夫論特色，而「孟莊之同」（儒道之同）則可謂本文最重要的結論。 首先，由於工夫修養與主體的轉化和提昇密切相關，而現實生命又是以「心—身」共構體存在於世，故工夫修養亦得落實於「心—身」共構體，此即為「身心之學」的內涵之一，也是筆者著意於「身心之學」的原因之一。孟子和莊子的思想皆包含內聖與外王二面，據本文的析論，孟子和莊子各自的內聖外王思想，其實踐起點、轉折樞紐，均結穴於「身心之學」。要言之，「身心之學」實為孟子（儒家）與莊子（道家）內聖修養及外王實踐之根基。 復次，本文分別從「水喻」和「鏡喻」闡明孟子與莊子各自工夫論的特色及其主要精神，且更進一步地掘發「水喻」和「鏡喻」的底蘊：「水：神氣」與「金：真性」。 最後，本文認為儒道之間，大抵於最「根源∕終極」處，及最「基礎」處，可得其同；而在最「基礎」至最「根源∕終極」之間，則呈現千差萬別。具體說明，內聖方面，自現實性復歸本來性，孟子（儒家）和莊子（道家）均可同意「身心之學」是內聖修養之基礎，亦可承認「心—身」共構體共時涵攝神聖∕凡俗、先天∕後天、善∕惡、清∕濁等二面，此乃對生命最基礎處的相同主張；而對宇宙—生命最根源處，孟子（儒家）和莊子（道家）也都深體其乃是「意識、存有與價值三位一體」，或說「宇宙道體—意識主體—價值本體同根同源」，並共同宣稱本性乃是永恆真常（「金：真性」），心氣則為變化不拘（「水：神氣」）。可是，返本復初的工夫，則有萬千法門，亦即對於如何自現實性復歸本來性，孟子（儒家）和莊子（道家）便有不盡相同的教法。 此外，在外王方面，孟子（儒家）和莊子（道家）也均可贊成「身心之學」乃是成就外王事業的依據、基礎，或說「心—身」共構體是向外王領域前進的起點；對孟子（儒家）和莊子（道家）而言，實踐外王的終極理想，皆是祈願蒼生能夠安頓自家性命，內外一切真誠自然，歸德復道——儒家大同言其秩序，道家至德敘其自然，而安樂於內在之秩序，即是自然！同樣的，從「心—身」共構體推廣至成就外王，孟子（儒家）和莊子（道家）的舉措施為，當然有同有異。

Movement intervention in a Gestalt therapeutic setting using structured activities and free improvisation is a successful method in creating awareness of contact-making styles for late adolescents. An overview of the existing literature regarding the theoretical aspects of the interrelatedness of movement therapy, awareness, contact-making styles and the use of movement as a therapeutic intervention within a Gestalt context was presented. This included a description of the meta-theoretical assumptions that underpinned the research. A case-study consisting of eight late-adolescent females using the exploratory and descriptive nature within the qualitative research model was applied. All participants reported growth and awareness within themselves. The researcher concludes that movement intervention within a Gestalt therapeutic context can support an approach that adapts itself to the developmental phase of the individual and is a creative way of maintaining interest and focus. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

The thesis deals with the problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world. It denies the approach that is prevailing in the contemporary philosophy of mind that treats the phenomenal consciousness and intentionality separately. The position held in this thesis is to claim that the phenomenal character of consciousness and intentionality are inseparable and that it is impossible to understand the former without understanding the latter, and vice versa. The problem of the existence of consciousness in the physical world is viewed as the problem of the existence of (conscious) intentionality in the physical world. With the aim to achieve an analysis of intentionality that would keep its phenomenal character and the first person point of view, and, at the same time, shed light on its realization in the physical world, thoughts of Peter Strawson, G. E. M. Anscombe, Tim Crane, Colin McGinn and John Searle are discussed. The result is an outline of intentionality that allows to explain the fundamental level of intentionality as a physical process and the higher levels of intentionality as a development of the fundamental level. Two principles are crucial for this approach: the development of intentionality from the fundamental level to the higher level is comprehensible only if we keep the...