Consacrée de longue date, la liberté d’expression « sans considération de frontières » prend tout son sens avec le développement et la propagation massive d’Internet. Aussi bénéfique soit-il, ce dernier présente de nombreux risques pour les mineurs. Ceux de ces risques qui existaient déjà sur les médias traditionnels sont très largement amplifiés dans le cyberespace. Parallèlement, les Technologies de l’Information et de la Communication ont entraîné de nouvelles pratiques qui présentent des risques inédits pour les mineurs. Sans imposer un quelconque « cyber paternalisme », les Etats refusent toutefois qu’Internet soit un espace de « non-droit », laissé aux mains des tenants d’un absolu « cyber libertarianisme ». Tentant de concilier au mieux respect de la liberté d’expression et protection des mineurs sur Internet, les Etats sont néanmoins contraints de reconnaître que, dans le cyberespace, la mise en oeuvre de cette conciliation est particulièrement délicate. / Long-standing renowned, freedom of speech « regardless of frontiers » takes on its full meaning with the development and the massification of the Internet. As beneficial as it might be, the latter presents many risks for children. Among these risks, those which already occured on traditional meadias are emphasised in cyberspace. Simultaneously, Information and Communication Technologies induced new habits that created unprecedented dangers for minors. Though not imposing « cyberpaternalism », States don’t want the Internet to be a lawless space governed by « cyberlibertarians ». Trying to balance freedom of speech and protection of minors on the Internet, States have to admit that in cyberspace such a conciliation is very thorny.

abstract: Immigrants, refugees, asylum seekers. Three words describing the same group of people. Individuals seeking a better, safer life. Western media is focused right now, in 2016, on the humanitarian crisis from the Middle East to the European Union; just like two years ago it was centered on the huge numbers of unaccompanied minors immigrating into the United States from Central America. Media changes its focus but problems do not end with a change of headlines. Unaccompanied minors are the most vulnerable population looking for asylum. This study looks at two different immigration flows of unaccompanied minors: one from the Middle East going to the European Union; and the other one from Central America to the United States. This research finds similarities and differences between these two flows of migrant children related to the reasons why they leave their countries of origin, their experiences during the trip to the destination countries, the asylum process, the legal status of these children and how these minors are perceived by societies in the destination countries. Using a human rights law framework, this thesis will explore the continuum of violations of human rights that these children endure on their journey from their origin countries to their destination states. Through interviews with former and current direct providers of unaccompanied minors seeking asylum, previous scholarly work, documentaries and news articles on the subject, it will make clear that these two flows of children fleeing to different destinations have much more in common than what may be initially perceived. This emergent, exploratory and inductive qualitative research will bring light to asylum law and question why the social responsibility to protect children seems to skip the most vulnerable ones: unaccompanied minors seeking asylum. / Dissertation/Thesis / Documents to be included in addendum / Masters Thesis Social Justice and Human Rights 2016

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2006. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-11-09T17:16:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilarose.pdf: 665929 bytes, checksum: d953f8695f07c90af816ea79ef1772e5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-11-13T18:35:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilarose.pdf: 665929 bytes, checksum: d953f8695f07c90af816ea79ef1772e5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-13T18:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilarose.pdf: 665929 bytes, checksum: d953f8695f07c90af816ea79ef1772e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A adolescência consiste em uma fase do desenvolvimento humano, caracterizada por inúmeros conflitos, busca de identidade pessoal e também de experimentações, principalmente, no que se refere ao desabrochar da sexualidade. Durante todas as etapas da vida, a sexualidade assume diferentes significados e valores, sendo construída com a convivência no ambiente social em que o individuo se insere, estando fortemente imbricada com as questões de gênero, porém estas construções tendem a ser mais evidentes durante a adolescência. Nesta perspectiva, se faz necessário permearmos também espaços de vulnerabilidade social com o intuito de compreender as experiências sobre sexualidade e gênero, a partir do relato de adolescentes com vivências de rua. Assim, o presente estudo, consiste em uma pesquisa qualitativa, sendo a História Oral o método escolhido para dar voz aos/às adolescentes que se encontram imersos em um cenário de exclusão e abandono. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, individuais e gravadas, com doze adolescentes com vivências de rua, seis do sexo masculino e seis do sexo feminino, que concordaram em participar do estudo, durante os meses de maio e junho de 2006, e que, no momento da coleta de dados, encontravam-se acolhidos, em duas instituições de abrigo que se situam em uma cidade localizada na metade sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Em seus depoimentos foi possível verificar que a história desses/as adolescentes é marcada por conflitos e violência intrafamiliar, o que proporciona o rompimento de laços com a família e sua conseqüente saída para a rua. A rua apresenta-se para os jovens como um ambiente ruim para viver e onde é necessária a utilização de subterfúgios como a mendicância, o roubo e a prostituição para (sobre)viver. Em relação às suas concepções de sexualidade e gênero, os adolescentes associaram sexualidade à prática sexual, prazer, busca de satisfação pessoal, e a sentimentos nobres como amor, sendo o ato sexual freqüentemente realizado no espaço público da rua. As questões de gênero estão nitidamente marcadas por um forte preconceito em relação a um comportamento sexual mais despojado e liberal, da mulher. Também o grupo do estudo mostrou-se vulnerável a DSTs/AIDS e gravidez não-planejada, tendo em vista que, mesmo sabendo da importância do uso da camisinha nas relações sexuais, esta não era utilizada ou seu uso se deu de forma inadequada. Diante do cenário desvelado pela pesquisa, acreditamos ser de suma importância a inserção do profissional enfermeiro no espaço da rua e, através de articulações com os demais segmentos sociais e profissionais, buscar a modificação da realidade que ora se apresenta. Dessa forma, o cuidado de enfermagem deve contemplar os aspectos referentes ao contexto social destes/as adolescentes, e suas individualidades, buscando restabelecer sentimentos de auto-estima, amor próprio e autocuidado, na construção de seres humanos mais saudáveis e felizes. / The adolescence consists of a phase in the human development which is characterized by several conflicts, the search for self-concept (or self-identity), and the discovery of experiences, especially connected with the beginning of sexuality. During each stage of life sexuality has different meanings and values, being developed based on the way people establish relationships in their environment, and it is strongly overlapped with questions of gender. However, this tends to be more evident during adolescence. Keeping this issue in perspective, it is necessary to go through spaces of social vulnerability, with the aim to understand the experiences about sexuality and gender, starting from the oral report of adolescents who have experienced the reality on the streets. So, the proposed study consists of a qualitative survey, and the method chosen was Oral Report to listen to those excluded and abandoned adolescents. The collect of data was obtained from semistructured and recorded interviews with twelve teenagers(six boys and six girls), who agreed to take part in the study, from May to June, in 2006. At the moment of the collect of data the adolescents were sheltered in two institutions that provide protection both located in the southern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It was possible to verify, during their reports, that their lives are affected by conflicts and violence at home, which lead them to break their bonds with their families and consequently, they leave home and go to the streets. The streets, characterized as a bad environment, make them to use other subterfuges in order to survive, and therefore they start to beg, steal or rob, and also break into prostitution. Related to the conceptions of sexuality and gender, the adolescents associated sexuality to sexual practice, pleasure, the search for personal satisfaction and to noble feelings such as love as well, and sexual intercourses often occurred on the streets. The questions of gender are visible market by a strong prejudice against a carefree and more liberal behavior by women. In addition to this, the group showed to be more vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS) and non-planned pregnancy, because although they are conscious about the great importance of condoms, they do not know how to use them properly. This scenery leads us to believe that it is extremely important to take the nurses to the streets and insert them in that reality, and then, along with other social and professional segments of the society, begin a concerted effort to change the real situation that has been faced. So, nursing cares should consider all the aspects referred to the social conditions where those adolescents live in, and their individual aspects as well, trying to bring back, or even develop feelings of self-esteem, selflove and self-protection in order to build up healthier and happier human beings. / La adolescencia consiste en una fase de desenvolvimiento humano, caracterizada por varios conflictos, busca de identidad personal y también de experimentaciones, principalmente, en lo que se refiere al despertar de la sexualidad. Durante todas las etapas de la vida, la sexualidad asume diferentes significados y valores, siendo construida con la vivencia en el ambiente social en que el individuo se inserta, estando fuertemente imbricada con las cuestiones de género, pero estas construcciones tienden a ser más evidentes durante la adolescencia. En esta perspectiva, se hace necesario considerar también los espacios de vulnerabilidad social con el objetivo de comprender las experiencias sobre sexualidad y género, partiendo del relato de adolescentes con vivencia de la calle. Así, el presente estudio, consiste en una investigación cualitativa, siendo la Historia Oral el método escogido para dar voz a los adolescentes que se encuentran inmersos en un escenario de exclusión y abandono. La colecta de datos se dio por medio de entrevistas semi-estructurada, individual y grabada, con doce adolescentes con vivencias de calle, seis de sexo masculino y seis de sexo femenino, que concordaron en participar del estudio, durante los meses de mayo y junio de 2006, y que, en el momento de la colecta de datos, se encontraban acogidos, en dos instituciones de abrigo situadas en una ciudad localizada en la mitad sur de Río Grande do Sul. En sus declaraciones fue posible verificar que la historia de eses adolescentes es marcada por conflictos y violencia intrafamiliar, lo que proporciona el rompimiento de lazos con la familia y por consecuencia la salida para la calle. La calle se presenta para los jóvenes como un ambiente ruin para vivir y donde es necesario de utilización de subterfugios como mendicidad, robo y prostitución para (sobre)vivir. En relación a sus concepciones de sexualidad y género, los adolescentes asociaron sexualidad a la práctica sexual, placer, busca de satisfacción personal, y de sentimientos nobles como amor, siendo el acto sexual frecuentemente realizado en espacio público de la calle. Las cuestiones de género están nítidamente marcadas por un fuerte preconcepto en relación a un comportamiento sexual más despojado y liberal de la mujer. También el grupo de estudio se mostró vulnerable a DSTs/AIDS y gravidez no planeada, teniendo en vista que, mismo sabiendo de la importancia de uso del condon en las relaciones sexuales, este no era utilizado y su uso se dio de forma inadecuado. Delante de esta escena desvelada por la investigación, creemos que es de mucha importancia la inserción del enfermero universitario en el espacio de la calle y a través de articulaciones con los demás segmentos sociales y profesionales, buscar la modificación de la realidad que aquí se presenta. De esta forma, el cuidado de enfermería debe contemplar los aspectos referentes al contexto social de estos adolescentes, y sus individualidades, buscando establecer sentimientos de auto-estima, amor propio y auto cuidado, en la construcción de seres humanos más saludables y felices.

The topic of migration has become one that is gaining notice in society. With the number of migrants, asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors and child refugees rising rapidly in the past few years it has become a theme of great importance with global reach. These migratory fluxes blur the boundaries between voluntary and forced migration which were previously regarded as separate notions. The media plays a powerful role when it comes to define such concepts as well as creating representations of these populations and shaping the public perception of these individuals. Through this thesis, the representations of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors and refugees constructed by the Portuguese media will be analysed using discourse analysis. The aim is to create knowledge about the representations of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors and refugees in the Portuguese media as this means of communication is an important voice in the public and political debate concerning these populations. The results show that there are several dichotomies regarding the representations of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors and refugees in the Portuguese media. Young migrants are represented both as security seekers and causes of insecurity, victims and survivors, passive agents which lack agency and active agents who use their agency to leave their home countries, as well as people worth supporting and people who had enough support. Discourse analysis provides information regarding the discourses used in the Portuguese media to represent unaccompanied asylum seeking minors and refugees as well as the context in which the articles were written. Finally, there are several representations of unaccompanied asylum seeking minors and refugees in the Portuguese media, yet the ones whose discourse is stronger, in the five chosen articles, are the of young migrants as security seekers, victims that are worth being supported and that are mostly active agents in their journeys.

In the last couple of years there has been an immense increase in the number of unaccompa­nied refuge minors seeking asylum in Sweden. These minors share one thing in common; they have all abandoned things they hold dear in pursuit of a better life. The majority of them are placed into residential care homes, accommodations where they are aided and cared for by personnel. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research regarding how these personnel experience their work. With help of the method grounded theory and interviews, I investigate their working situation and their role in these homes. All participants agree that their primary role and task are to establish a feeling of safety amongst the minors, however, organizational aspects can hinder this process. Organizational aspects are also key factors that have to be adequate in order for the personnel to increase their professional knowledge. By including the framework resilience therapy and comparing this to my result, I put my study in a bigger context, suggesting that if the minors are capable of feeling safe, they will also develop skills that increase their wellbeing throughout their lives.

The purpose of our study is to investigate young unaccompanied childrens’ experiencesof integration and their coping strategies used to deal with integration challenges in thenew country. The study also draws attention to professionals' experiences of difficulties and opportunities of integration work with unaccompanied children and young people.  We applied a knowledge overview, that comprised a phenomenological analysis, based  on thirteen articles that were examined on the basis of a criteria template. The results  were analyzed with Folkman and Lazarus coping theory and Bronfenbrenners developmental ecology theory.Comprehensively, our results show that unaccompanied children and young people dodesire to establish contacts with the majority population but experience difficulties due to segregation, cultural barriers, prejudice and racism in school. Furthermore,  supportive relationships with housing staff and professionals, and mainly peers from the  same ethnic group, seem to play a significant role in their well-being and integration process. They also show high motivation and determination to learn the new languageand to educate themselves, which they emphasize is the key to successful integration inthe new country. The results indicate however, that mental illness, few opportunities for language training and organizational barriers in school are barriers to achieveintegration. Comparing the past with one's current life situation and seeking distractions,particularly by spending time with friends and engaging in meaningful activities, are  key coping strategies that unaccompanied minors use to deal with difficulties in life.  Further, religion as a coping strategy played a significant role in their well-being andability to cope with problems.

Cette thèse propose d'étudier une catégorie d'intervention des politiques migratoires : les mineurs non accompagnés. À rebours d'une vaste littérature qui traite les mineurs non accompagnés en tant que groupe – posant des questions concernant leurs trajectoires migratoires, leur résilience plutôt que leur vulnérabilité, ou l'efficacité des politiques censées les protéger –, cette thèse s'inscrit dans une approche constructiviste et interroge les processus par lesquels la catégorie « mineurs non accompagnés » est donnée à voir. Nous analysons la conception de la catégorie juridico-administrative dans les politiques européennes ; les processus de transnationalisation dont elle fait l'objet, et les pratiques d'identification et de surveillance par lesquelles elles est mise en œuvre. La thèse couvre une période de vingt ans et investit trois terrains d'enquête. Tout d'abord, les forums et les arènes européens à Bruxelles, où se dégagent les représentations compassionnelles, et les logiques sur lesquels reposent les concurrences entre acteurs de la protection de l'enfance, des migrations et de la sécurité pour la définition légitime de la catégorie mineurs non accompagnés. Au delà des frontières européennes, l'Égypte est signalée par les acteurs transnationaux comme un « pays d'origine » de mineurs non accompagnés. Le troisième terrain a été mené à une frontière de l'Union européenne. Il prend en compte le cas de Catane (dans l'est de la Sicile) où sont données à voir les opérations d'individuation des mineurs non accompagnés arrivant par mer par les agents sécuritaires et humanitaires des migrations / In this dissertation, we study the career of a target category within migration policies, i.e. unaccompanied minors. Scholars have mostly dealt with unaccompanied minors as an existing group, asking, among others, what their migration trajectories are, whether they are resilient or vulnerable, and the efficiency of protection policies targeting them. Adopting a constructivist approach, this dissertation asks instead: what are the processes through which the category “unaccompanied minors” is actually incorporated into public policy and made visible? Here, its conception as a legal category within European policies is analyzed, along with its transnationalisation, and implementation. This study covers a period of twenty years. It rests on a three-fold fieldwork. Firstly, European forums and political arenas in Brussels are considered, where competition among child protection, migration and security actors can be observed. Secondly, beyond European borders, we consider Egypt as a country that is pointed at by transnational actors as a sending country for unaccompanied underaged migrants. Thirdly, the European Union border is taken into account by studying the operations of individualisation – by securitarian and humanitarian agents – of unaccompanied minors arriving by boat, along with disciplining practices implemented by migrant social care officers in Catania (Eastern Sicily). Finally, resistance practices to/through the category unaccompanied minors are studied here

Every person is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in international human rights instruments without distinction of any kind: this includes race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. In particular, every person is entitled to access justice to vindicate his or her rights. Although age is not expressly mentioned as one of the prohibited grounds of discrimination, particular provisions provide for special legal protection for minors. In addition, other particular instruments have been adopted to protect the rights of minors. The right to an effective judicial remedy for acts violating fundamental rights is guaranteed to minors by human rights instruments. The notion of ‘access to justice’ is used here in reference to an individual’s opportunity to enjoy equal access to legal services necessary for the protection of one’s rights and interests regardless of one’s means. It also implies the mechanism by which an individual may seek legal assistance including, among other things, drafting formal documents (wills, contracts), In reality,the effective enjoyment of rights is not possible when the holders of the rights have limited access to justice, i.e. access to judicial remedies in cases where their rights have been violated. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Background: Unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) report increased levels of mental health problems, specifically symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are very common. They have often experienced multiple trauma events and additional stressors related to migration, acculturation and family separation. High-quality measurements of PTSD symptoms that are brief and easy to administer among URM are therefore needed. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Children’s Revised Impact of Events Scale (CRIES-8) when used in a population of URM. Method: Confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency and test-retest agreement were analyzed using data from two previous studies; one Norwegian longitudinal study of URM mental health including 284 participants and 104 participants from a Swedish intervention study. Results: CRIES-8 in this population showed questionable levels of internal consistency and moderate test-retest agreement. The two-factor model of Intrusion and Avoidance was confirmed to have god model fit in this study, while the one-factor model of PTSD had poor model fit. Three items related to Avoidance (2,5 & 8) were found to have a large proportion of error in the one factor model. Conclusion: When CRIES-8 are used in studies of PTSD among URM the reliability and validity seems lower than previously found in other contexts. Especially the items related to avoidance seem potentially problematic in this context. It is recommended that researchers and clinicians are cautious when interpreting CRIES-8 scores when used with URM.

Denna studie undersöker vardagslitteracitet hos ensamkommande unga asylsökandesom studerar på allmänkurs vid en folkhögskola. Deras studier bedrivs på grundskoleochgymnasienivå. Samtliga av de unga är asylsökande med tillfälligt uppehållstillståndvillkorat av deltagande i studier på gymnasienivå.Studiens teoretiska ram tar sin utgångspunkt i en sociokulturell förståelse avlitteracitet utifrån New Literacy Studies samt hur litteracitet formas av diskurser.Dessa teorier sätts i relation till Gees och Wedins forskning kring flerspråkighet ochidentitetsförhandling. Analysen bygger på narrativ som beskriver de sju deltagarnasvardagslitteracitet utifrån insamlade foton och semistrukturerade fotoretrospektivaintervjuer.I studien delges hur deltagarnas vardagslitteracitet formas av omständigheter somkontext, språk, artefakter och arenor. De erfarenheter som framträder i narrativenskildras som fem teman: vardagsrutinernas praktiker, praktiker kringmyndighetskontakter och samhällsengagemang, mediepraktiker, praktiker kringrelationer och personlig kommunikation och lärande praktiker. Olika diskurservillkorar och möjliggör deltagarnas litteracitet. Dessa diskurser kan knytas tilldeltagarnas egen bakgrund, till kamrater, till skolans sammanhang och till detomgivande samhället.Studiens bidrag till forskningsområdet består bland annat i uppmärksammandet av deungas kompetenta förhållningssätt till sin vardagslitteracitet. Folkhögskolan som enmöjlig framgångsrik kontext för språk och litteracitetsutveckling lyfts fram iundersökningens resultat liksom att övergripande samhälleliga normer påverkar synenpå andraspråksinlärares kompetenser och erfarenheter. Av resultaten framträder enbild av den undervisning som deltagarna tar del av som normativt enspråkig, vilketosynliggör deltagarnas språkkompetens och begränsar deras möjligheter att bidra medegna och tidigare erfarenheter. I motsats till detta framstår vardagen utanför skolansom sammanhang där deras litteracitetsförvärvande möter vidare språkligautmaningar. Det är även främst utanför undervisningen, på skolan och i detomgivande samhället, som deltag arnas identitetsförhandling ar ochlitteracitetsutveckling äger rum i mötet med andra och nya diskurser. Dessa resultatuppmärksammar betydelsen av att erfarenheter utanför undervisningen värdesätts ochges utrymme i klassrummet. Resultaten bidrar med ny kunskap till forskningsfältetoch yrkesverksamma inom skolan beträffande den avgörande betydelse ettflerspråkigt perspektiv och flerspråkiga normer kan ha för deltagarnas utveckling. / This study examines everyday experiences of literacy described by unaccompaniedminors who are now following a general program of studies at a college of furthereducation (folkhögskola). Their studies are conducted at a secondary and uppersecondary school level. All of the participants are subject to the Swedish legislationapplying to residence permission and participation in upper secondary education.The underlying theories of this studie comes from literacy as embedded in socialcontexts from New Literacy Studies and as formed by discourses. These theoriesrelates to Gee’s and Wedin’s research about multilinguality and negotiation of identity.From a narrative approach the analysis presents the seven participants everydayexperiences of literacy from collected photographs and semistructured photoretrospective interviews.The studies contribution to the research area consists, among other things, in drawingattention to the young peoples competent approach to their everyday literacy.Folkhögskola as a possible successful context for language and literacy developmentis highlighted as well as how overall societal norms affect the view of secondlanguage learners skills and experiences. The results show a learning environmentnormed by the national Swedish language. These norms limits the participantsopportunities to contribute with experiences from their past. This is in sharp contrastto literacy in their everyday life outside of the classroom. Which circumstances appearmore open and demanding for language learning and acquisition of literacy andenables negotiating of identities. Literacy evolve outside the classroom in relation tovarious new discourses. This stress the importance of including experience fromoutside of the learning environment. The results also contribute with knowledge forprofessionals and to the research area concerning the crucial importance of amultilingual perspective and what significance multilingual norms can have forparticipants development.