Master of Arts / Department of History / Charles W. Sanders / On June 3, 1825, William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and eleven representatives of the “Kanzas” nation signed a treaty ceding their lands to the United States. The first to sign was “Nom-pa-wa-rah,” the overall Kansa leader, better known as White Plume. His participation illustrated the racial chasm that had opened between Native- and Anglo- American worlds. The treaty was designed to ease pressures of proximity in Missouri and relocate multiple nations West of the Mississippi, where they believed they would finally be beyond the American lust for land. White Plume knew different. Through experience with U.S. Indian policy, he understood that land cessions only restarted a cycle of events culminating in more land cessions. His identity as a mixed-blood, by virtue of the Indian-white ancestry of many of his family, opened opportunities for that experience. Thus, he attempted in 1825 to use U.S. laws and relationships with officials such as William Clark to protect the future of the Kansa. The treaty was a cession of land to satisfy conflicts, but also a guarantee of reserved land, and significantly, of a “halfbreed” tract for mixed-blood members of the Kansa Nation. Mixed-blood go-betweens stood for a final few moments astride a widening chasm between Anglo-American and native worlds. It was a space that less than a century before offered numerous opportunities for mixed-blood people to thrive as intermediaries, brokers, traders, and diplomats. They appeared, albeit subtly, in interactions wherever white and Native worlds overlapped. As American Indians lost their economic viability and eventually their land, that overlap disappeared. White Plume’s negotiation of a reserve for his descendants is telling of a group left without a place. In bridging the two worlds, mixed-bloods became a group that by the mid-nineteenth century was defined as “other” by Anglo-American and Indians alike. This study is the first to track these evolving racial constructs and roles over both time and place. Previous studies have examined mixed-blood roles, but their identity is portrayed as static. This study contends that their roles changed with the proximity and viability of full-blood communities with which white officials had to negotiate.

Por intermédio do exame de escritos políticos e científicos, correspondências e anotações pessoais, esta dissertação analisa as concepções de mestiçagem veiculadas por José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, entre os anos de 1783 e 1823. Discute-se seu posicionamento frente às teorias raciais correntes em sua época. Percebe-se que, afastando-se das mesmas, seus escritos revelam uma visão pragmática coerente com os pressupostos do reformismo ilustrado português. Tais concepções orientaram seu projeto de construção do Estado e da nação brasileira. A análise de suas propostas de mestiçagem revela ainda a configuração de uma política pública, que objetivava viabilizar a inclusão social das populações livres-pobres, ainda que de maneira socialmente hierarquizada. / Through analysis of political and scientifical writings, correspondence and personal notes, this essay analyses the conceptions of mixed blood (mestiçagem) by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, between 1783 and 1823. It discusses his attitude before the racial theories prevailing at his time, and his distance from those theories. His writings reveal a pragmatic view in according to the political dilemmas of Portuguese Enlightened Reformism. Such conceptions guided his construction project of the State and the Brazilian nation. The analysis of his mestiçagem proposals reveals the configuration of a public policy which intended to make the social inclusion of the poor free people feasible, although preserving the hierarquical society.

Por intermédio do exame de escritos políticos e científicos, correspondências e anotações pessoais, esta dissertação analisa as concepções de mestiçagem veiculadas por José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, entre os anos de 1783 e 1823. Discute-se seu posicionamento frente às teorias raciais correntes em sua época. Percebe-se que, afastando-se das mesmas, seus escritos revelam uma visão pragmática coerente com os pressupostos do reformismo ilustrado português. Tais concepções orientaram seu projeto de construção do Estado e da nação brasileira. A análise de suas propostas de mestiçagem revela ainda a configuração de uma política pública, que objetivava viabilizar a inclusão social das populações livres-pobres, ainda que de maneira socialmente hierarquizada. / Through analysis of political and scientifical writings, correspondence and personal notes, this essay analyses the conceptions of mixed blood (mestiçagem) by José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva, between 1783 and 1823. It discusses his attitude before the racial theories prevailing at his time, and his distance from those theories. His writings reveal a pragmatic view in according to the political dilemmas of Portuguese Enlightened Reformism. Such conceptions guided his construction project of the State and the Brazilian nation. The analysis of his mestiçagem proposals reveals the configuration of a public policy which intended to make the social inclusion of the poor free people feasible, although preserving the hierarquical society.

Cette recherche propose un éclairage sémiotique européen sur la signification politique de l’altérité analysée pour le cas de la migration nippo-brésilienne à travers les époques et les espaces. Si l’immigration des Japonais au Brésil date de 1908, celle des Brésiliens descendants de Japonais, les nikkeijin ou nikkei-brésiliens, a été officiellement et légalement encouragée par les autorités japonaises depuis 1990. Ces migrants dits dekassegui, des immigrés supposés temporaires, s’y sont pourtant progressivement établis. Ils y occupent principalement des emplois non qualifiés. Notre recherche analyse les modalités d’apparition des immigrés dans l’espace public de chacune des deux sociétés à travers les discours produits sur eux et par eux-mêmes. L’émergence d’un « espace médiatique » des migrants japonais au Brésil puis celle d’un espace médiatique brésilien lusophone au Japon reflètent la nécessité pour les immigrés d’être représentés et témoigne de leur statut au sein de leur société d’immigration. L’existence d’un espace médiatique brésilien au Japon, qui constitue l’un des éléments fondateurs du sentiment communautaire des émigrés brésiliens, fait écho à la manière dont leur présence a longtemps été maintenue invisible dans l’espace public japonais. La mise en perspective des deux mouvements migratoires, du Japon vers le Brésil puis du Brésil vers le Japon, souligne le rôle de l’héritage de l’altérité à travers les générations, dans le temps court et le temps long dans la formation des identités mixtes. L’analyse du statut de cette population nippo-brésilienne révèle les caractéristiques qui fondent l’identité nationale, brésilienne comme japonaise, et montre que, dans le contexte de la globalisation et des migrations internationales contemporaines, la définition de la « culture » est résolument une affaire d’ordre politique. / This research paper proposes a semiotic analysis of migrants' political identity based on the case-study of Japanese-Brazilian migrants. While the Japanese started emigrating to Brazil in 1908, subsequent generations of Japanese-Brazilians, referred to as 'Nikkeijin' or 'Nikkei-Brazilians', were officially and legally encouraged to migrate back to Japan in 1990 to pursue unqualified jobs, primarily in the industrial sector. These 'dekasegi', or temporary migrants, eventually prolonged their stay in Japan. By focusing our attention on public and official speeches about migrants, we can get a sense of the latter's emerging presence in both societies' public spaces. Migrants' ethnic media provide a space for representation in the host society and reflect the evolution of their societal status. Brazilian ethnic media in Japan, in particular, has played a major role in the upbringing of the migrant community, offering dekasegi greater visibility in the Japanese public space, long denied until recently. The comparative analysis of both Japanese emigration to Brazil and Japanese-Brazilians' emigration to Japan reveals what it means to be an immigrant across spaces and generations. In effect, we hope to shed a light on the making process of mixed identities as well as national identities. Examining the status of Japanese-Brazilians makes it obvious that in a context of globalization, the definition of both immigrants’ culture and nationals’ culture, remains a political stake for both the sending and the receiving country.

日治時期台灣人與日本人的通婚並非如同今日的國際婚姻關係，而是日本帝國國民之間的異民族通婚行為，是謂「內台共婚」。比起一般婚姻，「內台共婚」可說是一跨越多重「邊界」的結合。 所謂的「邊界」，除了意指地理空間中的境界，同樣也包括社會學意義上的文化、價值觀等方面的差異與隔閡；並且由於當時日本人與台灣人之間制度性地存在「支配者─被支配者」的殖民統治位階關係，使得矗立於「大日本帝國」與「殖民地台灣」之間的「邊界」更形巨大而難以跨越。然而，內台共婚者卻以個人之力跨越厚重的界限，並且將「邊界」兩端的差異、矛盾與衝突濃縮於一個家庭的日常生活之中。 本研究試圖回答以下三個問題：(一)、跨界流動如何可能？綜觀日治時期，乃是一內地與殖民地間「距離」縮短的過程。所謂「距離」，不僅意指地理空間上的差距，更包括內台人在「社會距離」與「心理距離」上的接近程度。藉由觀察各種「距離」變化的過程，探究使得跨界流動的日台人通婚由「不可能」至「可能」的社會背景因素。(二)、是「誰」跨界通婚？由共婚者個人背景之分析，進一步探討存在於「內台共婚」的特殊階級性格。此外，影響共婚者決定結婚的關鍵性因素也是一個有趣的議題，其中包括愛國情操、利益追求，以及嚮往愛情這三種理由。(三)、跨界之後：共婚生活之分析。共婚家庭不僅必須面對來自外部的障礙，例如體制上的不友善以及社會輿論壓力等，也必須克服許多經營家庭生活的艱難課題。此外，跨界的流動也為共婚者本身及其混血兒子女的自我認同與定位帶來許多衝擊。 「內台共婚」者跨越多重的社會位置，其認同也依照不同的社會時空、生活處境而有所轉變，本研究基於史料耙梳、文獻蒐集與經驗訪談等資料，試圖理解共婚者跨越邊界而結合的流動與其複雜的認同軌跡。 / During the Japanese colonial period, the marriage between Taiwanese and Japanese was called "Nai-Tai marriage." The "Nai-Tai marriage" could be seen as an integration that crossed the boundaries between Taiwan and Japan. This study attempts to answer the following three questions: (1) Was the "Nai-Tai marriage" possible? The "distance" meant that not only the the distance from Taiwan to Japan, but also including the "social distance" and "psychological distance" between Taiwanese and Japanese. By observing the ways of "distance" changed, this research try to explore the social background factors of the "Nai-Tai marriage". (2) "Who" did it? This research analyzed the personal backgrounds and the social class of the "Nai-Tai marriage." In addition, the key reason of people decided to "Nai-Tai marriage" is also an interesting question. (3) How about their family life? The families of the "Nai-Tai marriage" had to overcome a variety of problems. In addition, for the "Nai-Tai marriage" people and their mixed-blood children, the mobility of cross-boundary also brought many shocks to their self-identity, and made them feel unsure of themselves in social situations. The "Nai-Tai marriage" people crossed multiple social positions, their identity also changed with their different social space, living conditions and social class. This study explained the "Nai-Tai marriage" people how to live their lives, and how their complex identity had changed.

Educational institutions have not yet succeeded in their quest to formally educate Aboriginal students with success. In an effort to increase the graduation levels, many school districts have implemented mandates to hire more Aboriginal teachers and administrators. Through sharing her lived experience as an Indigenous elementary principal the researcher argues that although many bureaucratic organizations have formal policies to hire Aboriginal people into leadership positions, they still seek to maintain their power to keep the status quo in their organizations. This qualitative autoethnographic study acknowledges Indigenous ways of knowing through the sharing of stories and experience. The experiences will highlight emotional and cultural struggles that one can face when differing cultures and values emerge in a bureaucratic system based on colonialist viewpoints. Due to the vantage point of an insider, the researcher has traced her life from childhood and shared experiences and stories as a mixed-blood Mohawk woman and leader in the education system. Through an examination of signifying moments these stories depict a personal struggle for identity in her role as a female Mohawk principal in a school with a predominant Aboriginal student population. Chosen stories and incidents are recounted to reveal the social, political, historical, institutional, and cultural systems that are embedded within society. Both the researcher and her mother’s stories are universal in terms of experience that transcends understanding among Aboriginal people who are aiming to create organizational change. This genre of qualitative research will allow the reader to see the ongoing transformation that has occurred in the researcher’s first five years as an administrator in the public school system. Her upbringing and her mother’s teachings are internalized and become the catalyst for navigating through turbulent times and allow for continuing growth as an Indigenous leader in education. / Graduate