Dans l'Ingénierie Dirigée par les Modèles, les modèles sont des éléments productifs pour le développement logiciel. Ils sont exploités par les transformations de modèles qui automatisent les étapes du développement. Dans nos travaux de thèse, nous contribuons au test de transformations de modèles en étudiant cette problématique et en proposant des techniques de test adaptées aux caractéristiques et à l'emploi des transformations. Nous adaptons l'analyse de mutation pour qualifier les modèles de test selon leur pouvoir de détection d'erreurs propres aux transformations. Nous proposons des fonctions d'oracles et évaluons leur adéquation avec la complexité et la réutilisation d'une transformation. Enfin, nous exploitons nos travaux dans l'étude d'une méthode de développement de composants de confiance de transformation et nous proposons des outils permettant la mise en oeuvre et l'expérimentation de nos travaux et d'autres recherches sur le test de transformations de modèles.

Because of the increasing need of mobiles devices, most of software systems need to take into account a highly dynamic environment including hardware and software resources. This need for self-adaptation arises in both large-scale systems such as peer-to-peer systems and small-scale systems such as embedded systems. Those systems, so called ``self-adaptive systems'', have to observe the changes which occur in their environment in order to maximize the quality of the services they provide. ``Observation, Decision, Action'' have thus become the three basic capabilities of self-adaptive systems. They observe the environment in order to decide on what and when the system's architecture must be modified. The design and the development of such systems is a crossroad between three research fields in Computer Science: Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, and Distributed Systems. First, Software Engineering and especially Dynamic Architectures enable the definition of software systems as assemblies of well-defined software components. Then, Artificial Intelligence enables the automation of the decision process. Finally, the Distributed Systems and specially Context-Aware Systems focus on the collection and the aggregation of environmental information. However, the design and the development of self-adaptive systems are still hand-written and error prone tasks because of a lack of devoted tools and methodologies. Although most recent middleware platforms enable the dynamic updating of component-based systems, the underlying adaptation mechanisms are still too technical to fit the abstraction level needed by the system architect. Most platforms keep providing API or, at best, some low-level and platform dependant scripts. Good practices in software engineering (such as, design methods, validation tools, etc) are thus not applied to the self-adaptation concerns. The contribution of this thesis is to help the system architect by providing the tools and the methods he needs to describe self-adaptation concerns at the appropriate abstraction level. Self-adaptation behaviours are described as rules expressed in a pseudo natural language which avoid the quantification of environment properties. The system architect can define his own terminologies to portray the environment. The semantics of those rules are based on fuzzy logic and enable a direct interpretation and, therefore, the simulation, at design-time, of self-adaptive systems. Such a simulation at design time is a first validation which reduces the risk of conflicts between the architectural choices and the adaptation requirements. Such conflicts lead to expensive roll-backs in the design process. The TanGraM tool supports the definition of self-adaptive architectures, including the structure, the behaviour, and the manipulated data. It supports as well the integration and the simulation of qualitative adaptation policies at design time. An extension of the Fractal platform has also been released and enables the direct reuse of those adaptation policies in a real Fractal system. We use those tools to design and deploy a self-adaptive HTTP server which has been used as a case study. It adapts its architecture according to the average load and density of HTTP requests. However, the description of qualitative adaptation policies is a first step towards a reliable design process for self-adaptive systems.

Den här uppsatsen visar hur fyra kvinnliga författare debutromaner, från 1891-2000, har blivit mottagna. Undersökningen diskuterar hur kritiker förhåller sig till verken och författarnas kön. Undersökningen vill visa på hur kritikernas förhållningsätt till kvinnliga författare har förändrats under ett sekel. Vidare studeras vilka tendenser som påvisar att författarna har blivit recenserade med utgångspunkt i traditionella könsmönster.   Vår teoretiska utgångspunkt är genus och uppsatsens metodologiska tillvägagångssätt utgörs av Ruth Wodaks definition av kritisk diskuranalys (CDA).  Resultatet visar att normen kring kvinnans ställning i samhället präglar hur litteraturkritiken bemöter kvinnliga författare. Den förändring som har skett under hundra år avspeglas även i mottagandet av romanerna.   Summeringen är kritiken har tidigare haft ett tydligt fokus på författarens kön och en förmyndarartad hållning. I recensionerna av de senare verken från sent 50-tal och framåt är istället innehållet och språket i fokus och författarens kön har en underordnad betydelse.

Previous research on Moa Martinson, and Kvinnor och äppelträd in particular, has mainly focused on the aspect of sex and gender.     The overarching purpose of the presented paper is to examine the concept of nature in the aforementioned novel. The text is read as a negotiation, and state of tension, between two differing concepts of nature. On the one hand an anarchist-romanticist view of nature defined by a questioning of the human-nature demarcation, and by its insistence on nature having intrinsic value; on the other hand a capitalist-bourgeois view of nature, drawing a clear line between human and nature, defining nature as an instrument to accomplish other means.     The concept of nature is examined along three main lines. The first chapter examines nature as seen through the eyes of the characters and the narrator. In the second chapter the 'place' as a special spatial category is studied. Lastly, the novel's view on human nature is investigated.     The results are then analyzed according to Kate Soper's tri-partite concept of nature. On all three levels the novel is found to exhibit a tension between two opposing tendencies. On the one hand nature is described as an animated being (related to concepts such as chance, fate, will), on the other hand a naturalistic realist discourse is represented, describing nature in scientific terms. At the same time the novel contains a deconstructive vein, undermining binary oppositions such as the one suggested above.     In the concluding analysis the idea of an authorial voice (used in a Bakthinian sense) is used to examine the conception of nature presented in the novel.  A circular view of life and nature emerges, represented by the symbol of the 'path'. A small-scale communitarian ideal is also exhibited, emphasizing the need for humans to live in harmony with, and in proximity to, nature.

This essay examines the first chapter in Moa Martinson’s Kvinnor och äppelträd, “Mor badar”. Drawing on the theories of Ahmed and Butler, this analysis considers how the Body, the Gaze, and Space interact to form a new presentation of bathing women, in direct opposition to the one more commonly portrayed by male Swedish primitivists during the same time. Simultaneously, the essay considers, utilizing Grosz’s idea of “body writing”, how the chapter constitutes a method for Martinson as a female writer to claim control over the portrayal of women.

This is an experimental study of a few glass objects from the Birka Excavations 1987-1989. A number of beads and waste from bead production have been studied. A group of these objects have also been examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive detectors (EDS) to comparatively analyze the materials composition. Experiments to recreate the technique in which they were made have been attempted with various results. The techniques found in the beads include the use of murrini, stringer, dotting, and blown-drawn. However the waste material available to this study only suggests that in Birka, beads where made with the winding technique and ornamented with stringer and possibly dotting. The glass used was heated in clay crucibles and some rods where premade.

Denna uppsats analyserar läromedel för svenska ämnet för gymnasieskolan från 1970-talet och framåt. Syftet med analysen är att undersöka hur författarporträtten från olika tidsperioder presenterar arbetarförfattarna Moa Martinsson och Vilhelm Moberg. Studien genomförs med en kombination av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ textanalys vilket innefattar en närmare analys av såväl textens teman och reman som attributen som tillskrivs respektive författarskap. I denna studie har bl.a. Hirdmans genusteori och begreppet diskurs legat till grund för uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk. Resultaten av tema-rema-analysen visar att de huvudsakliga teman och reman som synliggörs i författarporträtten är detsamma för båda författarna men att delar av det språkliga innehållet visar på skillnader mellan könen. Undersökningen om vilka attribut som tillskrivs författarna visar på hur genusdiskurser kan urskiljas i läromedel och hur författarporträtten uttrycker olika typer av legitimeringar när det gäller det kvinnliga och manliga författarskapet. Min studie visar på att det finns faktorer i läromedel som inte kan anses vara jämställda som överensstämmer med det genussystem som Hirdman (1998) beskriver. Denna studie visar på tendenser till både jämställdhet och ojämställdhet mellan författarskapen och läromedel. Författarporträtten visar uttryck för stereotypiska könsroller vilket får understryka vikten av att lärare analyserar sina läromedel innan de använder dem i undervisningen.

The objective of the study was to observe the quality of the object-relations in maltreated and institutionalized boys and girls, assessed with the Rorschach inkblots and the Mutuality of AutonomyScale (MOA) of Urist. The participants were 23 children of both sexes, aged 8 to 10,who had been maltreated in their household and were institutionalized in an orphanage. The results showed that both tools reflect object-relations well. There are significant differences, depending on the sex, time of Separation from their maternal figure and the type of maltreatment they received. Furthermore, the children represent more adaptative, conventional and positive object relations what is related with their resources. / El objetivo fue conocer cómo es la calidad de las relaciones objetales en Jos niños y niñas institucionalizados, que han sido objeto de algún tipo de maltrato, a través del Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach (Exner) y de la Escala de Mutualidad de Autonomía (MOA) de Urist. Los participantesfueron 23 niños de ambos sexos, entre 8 y 1 O años que habían recibido maltrato en su entorno familiar. El grupo de estudio provino de los niños institucionalizados que se encuentran internados en un puericultorio, pertenecientes a un sector socio económico bajo. Los resultados mostraron que ambos instrumentos reflejan la calidad de las relaciones objetales de manera adecuada. Asimismo, existen diferencias significativas de acuerdo al sexo, momento de separación de la figura materna y tipo de maltrato recibido. Por otro lado, los menores de nuestro estudio logran representarse relaciones más adaptativas, convencionales y positivas que nos ligancon sus recursos.

This study aims to demonstrate the potential for understanding first millennium glass beads not as individual representatives of types, but as collections of objects brought together and curated by owners. It uses the author’s experience as a skilled bead maker to investigate processes of bead production and mechanics of bead collection current in Scandinavia and Anglo-Saxon England in the period of 6th to 9th century AD. In the study the bead collections of seven graves are examined from the perspective of their production techniques, materials, and damage from wear and cremation. The results point to beads being acquired in different numbers and often worn for long periods of time before being buried.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2015-03-02T17:09:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_ContribuicaoSedimentosIctiolitos.pdf: 1954314 bytes, checksum: fd0b81368c265a1e2ad60c2487c7859a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-03-04T13:30:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_ContribuicaoSedimentosIctiolitos.pdf: 1954314 bytes, checksum: fd0b81368c265a1e2ad60c2487c7859a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T13:30:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_ContribuicaoSedimentosIctiolitos.pdf: 1954314 bytes, checksum: fd0b81368c265a1e2ad60c2487c7859a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O Sambaqui do Moa é um sítio arqueológico localizado em Itaúna, Saquarema, litoral do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Três momentos de ocupação foram reconhecidos neste sítio: o estrato 3 na base correspondente ao início da ocupação deste sítio; o 2, intermediário, aponta para uma ocupação mais intensa, com grande concentração de carapaças de moluscos, ossos de peixes e sepultamentos humanos; e o 1, o mais superficial, relacionado à última ocupação. Para identificar as condições ambientais de desenvolvimento do Sambaqui do Moa foram coletadas amostras de sedimentos e material zooarqueológico nestes três estratos. O material zooarqueológico está representado por restos microscópicos de peixes (ictiólitos), compostos por microdentes com diferentes morfologias: caninos, incisivos e molares. Os sedimentos segundo análises por DRX são constituídos além de quartzo e caulinita, calcita, aragonita e por fluorapatita. Este último é o principal mineral do material zooarqueológico, enquanto calcita e aragonita refletem os restos de conchas contidos neles, abundantes no sítio. As análises mineralógicas foram confirmadas pelas análises químicas, em que os teores elevados de P2O5, CaO e PF (H2O, CO2), respondem pela fluorapatita, calcita e aragonita. Modificações químicas representadas pelas variações nos conteúdos de C e P nos microdentes sugerem que estes experimentaram mineralização, num processo inicial de fossilização, pósdeposição. Os dados de isótopos estáveis 13C e 15N permitiram definir a fonte de matéria orgânica do sambaqui do Moa como marinha/salobra, em que a vegetação representava-se, predominantemente, por plantas do tipo C3 de floresta tropical. As razões 87Sr/86Sr nos ictiólitos confirmam que o ambiente no entorno do sambaqui tenha sido estuarino. A morfologia dentária permitiu reconhecer cinco famílias até então não registradas para o sítio, como Labridae, Serranidae, Ariidae, Erythrinidae e Characidae, que confirmam o ambiente estuarino. A idade do sambaqui do Moa por datação radiocarbono a partir dos sedimentos mostrou perturbação no estrato 2, ocasionando a inversão das idades entre os estratos o que pode ser justificado por processos de formação e/ou mudanças dos rios que modificaram as configurações geológico-geomorfológicas da área. Outra explicação poderia ser a interferência humana, devido ao grande número de enterramentos (mais de 30), tenha perturbado a ordem dos momentos de ocupação do sambaqui do Moa, além de possíveis processos erosivos. O sambaqui do Moa se instalou, portanto, em uma área de transição marinho-estuarina. / The Moa’s shellmound is an archaeological site located in Itaúna, Saquarema coastline from the State of Rio de Janeiro. Three moments of occupation were recognized this site: stratum 3 corresponding to the beginning of the occupation of this site basis; 2, intermediate, points to a more intense occupation with great concentration of mollusks, fish bones and human burials; and 1, the most superficial, related to the last occupation. To identify the environmental conditions of development from Moa’s shellmound, sediment samples and zooarchaeological material were collected in these three strata. The zooarchaeological material is represented by microscopic fish remains (ichthyoliths), composed by microteeth with different morphologies: canines, incisors and molars. The sediments according to XRD analyzes are composed by quartz and kaolinite, calcite, aragonite and fluorapatite. The latter is the main mineral of zooarchaeological material, while calcite and aragonite reflect the remains of shells contained there, abundant in this site. The mineralogical analyses were confirmed by chemical analysis, in which high levels of P2O5, CaO and FB (H2O, CO2), account for the fluorapatite, calcite and aragonite. Chemical modifications variations of the C and P in microteeth suggest that these experienced mineralization, an initial fossilization process, post-deposition. The data of stable isotopes 13C and 15N allowed defining the source of organic matter from Moa’s shellmound as marine/brackish, where the vegetation is represented, predominantly, for C3 plants by type of rainforest. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in ichthyoliths confirm that the environment surrounding the shellmound as estuary. The tooth morphology allowed us to recognize five families previously not recorded for the site, as Labridae, Serranidae, Ariidae, Erythrinidae and Characidae, which confirm the estuarine environment. The age of the Moa’s shellmound by radiocarbon from the sediments showed disruption of stratum 2, causing a reversal of aged strata which can be explained by processes of formation and/or changes in the rivers changed the geological and geomorphological settings area. Another explanation could be human interference, due to the large number of burials (over 30), has upset the order of the moments of occupation from Moa’s shellmound, and possible erosion. The Moa’s shellmound is therefore installed in an area of marine-estuarine transition.