Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

A tese analisa decisões judiciais prolatadas em casos da bioética clínica, especificamente: requerimento de autorização para interrupção de gestação de feto anencéfalo, liberdade de recusa à imposição de procedimento de transfusão de sangue em razão de crença religiosa em paciente Testemunha de Jeová e a mudança de nome e sexo de transexual com ou sem realização de cirurgia de transgenitalismo. A escolha dos três tipos de casos levados a julgamento ao Poder Judiciário se deu em virtude de serem questões características ao direito existencial, de repercussão no Ser do indivíduo, em seus direitos personalíssimos. Para isso foram analisadas 84 decisões judiciais, mediante a aplicação da teoria Principiológica de Beauchamp & Childress e análise de cada decisão quanto à aplicação dos quatro Princípios que desenvolve: do respeito à autonomia, da não maleficência, da beneficência e da justiça. O resultado da análise demonstrou que ao utilizar os quatro Princípios, com especificação e ponderação dos mesmos, o julgador profere decisões de cunho liberal. Quando não utiliza os Princípios ou extrapola os limites de sua aplicação, o julgador profere decisões de cunho conservador. As decisões judiciais de caráter liberal são despidas de preconceitos e moralismos e permitem o respeito aos direitos individuais sem descuidar dos direitos dos demais membros da sociedade. As decisões conservadoras se baseiam na literalidade da lei e violam direitos individuais, sem acrescentar segurança à sociedade. A apropriação desta teoria da ética biomédica pelo biodireito, se apresenta como método seguro e eficaz na prolação de decisão judicial em casos da bioética clínica e conduz o julgador a decisões mais justas por serem apoiadas em boas razões. / The thesis analyzes judicial decisions rendered in clinical bioethics cases, specifically requests for permission to termination of pregnancy of anencephalic fetus, freedom to refuse the imposition of blood transfusion procedure for Jehovahs Witnesses because of religious belief, and the change of name and sex with or without the performance of sex reassignment surgery. The choice of these three types of cases brought to the Judiciary for trial was due to their being issues characteristic of existential law, that have an impact on the individual Being, on his very personal rights. For that, 84 judicial decisions were analyzed, through the appropriation of the Beauchamp and Childress Principles theory and the analysis of each decision as to the application of the four Principles that it develops: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The result of the analysis showed that using the four principles, specifying and pondering them, the judge enters decisions of liberal intent. When he does not use the Principles or when he crosses the limits of their application, the judge enters decisions for conservative intent. Judicial decisions of liberal character are stripped of prejudice and moralism and allow respect for individual rights without neglecting the rights of other members of society. Conservative decisions are based on the literalness of the law and violate individual rights, without adding security to society. The appropriation of the biomedical ethics theory by biolaw represents a safe and effective method for the entry of judicial decisions in clinical bioethics cases and leads the judge to fairer decisions, for being supported by good reasons.

In the Parallel Lives Plutarch does not absolve his readers of the need for moral reflection by offering any sort of hard and fact rules for their moral judgement. Rather, he uses strategies for eliciting from readers an active engagement with the act of judging. This study, building upon and verifying further recent research on the challenging and exploratory, rather than affirmative, moral impact that the Lives are designed to have on their readers, offers the first systematic analysis of the representation of 'experimental' moralism of Plutarch's Parallel Lives. It seeks to describe and analyse the range of narrative techniques that Plutarch employs to draw his readers into the process of moral evaluation and expose them to the complexities and difficulties involved in making moral judgements. Through illustrating Plutarch's narrative techniques, it also sheds significant light on Plutarch's sensibility to the artistic qualities of historical narrative as well as to the challenges and dangers inherent in recounting, reading, and evaluating history. Chapter 1 considers the interrogatory nature of the moralism of the Lives and their narrative sophistication, which the insights of recent literary theories can help us to unfold and analyse. Chapter 2 is concerned with Plutarch's projection of himself and his readers, and, more specifically, with the devices that Plutarch exploits to build his authority with his readers, establish their complicity, and draw them into engaging all the more actively with the subjects of his Lives. Chapter 3 examines how Plutarch's delving into the minds of the in-text characters generates in readers empathy that keeps them alert up to the end of the Life to the complex and provisional character of a clear-cut moralising judgement. Chapter 4 reflects especially upon Plutarch's tendency to refrain from offering an overall moral conclusion in the closing chapters of the biographies. It examines several closural devices (such as anecdotes, the aftermath of cities, literary allusions, and generalised moral statements) that are effective in drawing readers to review in retrospect moral themes and questions which matter to the book as a whole, and (in the case of the endings of the second Lives) help a neat transition to the final comparative epilogue (Synkrisis) - whenever this follows. Chapter 5 explores how the Synkriseis expose readers to the particular challenges involved in deciding an overarching concluding judgement. It also closely examines the books that (as they now stand) do not have a Synkrisis and makes the case that no 'terminal irregularity' can justify and explain any deliberate omission of their comparative epilogues. Finally, Chapter 6 focuses on Plutarch's essay On the malice of Herodotus and explores how far Plutarch's techniques in the Lives escape and how far they are vulnerable to the criticisms that Plutarch makes of Herodotus. This analysis brings together the main strands of the earlier chapters so as to illuminate further Plutarch's narrative strategies; it also discusses the possibility that Plutarch exploits the rhetorical agonistic framework of the essay in order to elicit a similar sort of attentive and acute reader response to historical narrative, as in the Lives, and to arouse awareness of the precarious act of exercising moral judgement.

[pt] Este trabalho visa investigar se, em Aristóteles, e, sobretudo na Ethica Nicomachea (EN), é possível encontrar elementos para a fundamentação dos conceitos atribuídos posteriormente à ética e à moral. Embora a virtude ética seja descrita de uma única forma em grego - êthikê aretê -, buscaremos trazer indicações de que já havia na EN diferentes manifestações de sua aplicação prática. Uma primeira manifestação seria a ação em consonância às leis gerais e aos costumes, que poderíamos relacionar à atual moral. Já a êthikê, em uma segunda manifestação, seria identificada a casos particulares, em que a lei não se aplica facilmente, mas o homem virtuoso é capaz de agir conforme a justa medida (mesotes). Esta idéia se apóia na cidade almejada por Aristóteles, em que caberá à Política orquestrar esta complexa êthikê. / [en] This paper aims at investigating if it is possible to find in Aristotle s work, especially in the Ethica Nicomachea (EN), elements to substantiate the concepts that were later attributed to ethics and to moral. Although ethical virtue is uniquely described in Greek - êthikê aretê - we will seek to find evidence that different demonstrations of its practical application could already be found in the EN. The first demonstration would be acting in consonance with the general laws and customs, which could be related to today’s moral. In a second demonstration, êthikê would be found in particular cases where the law could not be easily applied, but in which the virtuous person is capable of acting accordingly to the mean state (mesotes). This idea is supported by the city envisioned by Aristotle, where Politics would be responsible for orchestrating this complex êthikê.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo proporcionar a compreensão que o profissional de enfermagem deve ter sobre as questões éticas que envolvem as ações de atuação de sua profissão no contexto da saúde e a complexa rede de relações multiprofissionais, analisando-se os aspectos positivos e negativos dessas ações, tendo como referência os valores que dão origem às mesmas e que denomina-se, no seu sentido amplo, de ética. Ainda, realizar uma reflexão sobre o agir deste profissional, no tocante às políticas públicas de atenção a saúde da criança e do adolescente, questão esta considerada primordial frente aos pressupostos relacionados com a Ética Profissional. A metodologia utilizada foi a da pesquisa bibliográfica, cujo método tem como objetivo compreender as informações teóricas existentes sobre a situação-problema, ou seja, as questões ético-profissionais de enfermagem com ênfase nas políticas públicas de atenção a criança e ao adolescente e suas inter-relações. / This study aims at providing the comprehension which a nursing professional should have of the ethical issues involved in the actions of the work of his/her profession in the context of health care and the complex network of multi-professional relations, analyzing the positive and negative aspects of these actions, having as a reference the values which give rise to them and which are called, in their broad sense, ethics. Besides this, it aims at reflecting on the action of this professional as it relates to the public policies attending the health of the child and of the adolescent, this issue being considered vital with regard to the assumptions related to Professional Ethics. The methodology used was bibliographic research, the method of which has as its goal to understand the existing theoretical information about the problem-situation, that is, the ethical-professional issues of nursing with an emphasis on the public policies attending the child and the adolescent and their inter-relations.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo mostrar a importância da ética teológico-filosófica cristã para o exercício da Profissão de Contabilista, na geração e produção da informação, mediante os dados relacionados ao fato contábil, bem como sua importância para a sociedade, especialmente nos meios empresariais e políticos. Foi descrito o conceito da reflexão teológico-filosófica da ética como uma ciência da moral, associando esses conceitos com o contexto de atuação do Profissional Contabilista, bem como questões éticas no exercício da profissão e da ética individual, que rege o comportamento humano. A metodologia utilizada valeu-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, em literatura específica, contida em livros e artigos sobre o tema. Pelo estudo, constatou-se que a ética teológico-filosófica cristã supõe temas e determinados deveres que os indivíduos possuem com seus iguais, no seu cotidiano, e que a reflexão ética é, em grande medida, condicionada pelas tradições, hábitos e costumes do contexto no qual o sujeito pensante se constitui, enquanto ser social. Verificou-se que é necessário, ao Profissional Contabilista, realizar sua função de maneira ética, sem que isso signifique a perda de sua capacidade autônoma de refletir sobre os problemas concretos e pontuais, uma vez que a atividade do contabilista é caracterizada, fundamentalmente, pela prestação de serviços, que constitui o fornecimento de informações e avaliações de natureza física, econômica e financeira, sobre o patrimônio das empresas e, também, de pessoas físicas. Dessa forma, ao Profissional Contabilista é imposta a tarefa do exercício reflexivo ético, de acordo com as normas ditadas para o exercício legal da profissão, a fim de não sucumbir às lógicas organizacionais do puro interesse da financeirização, que tem dominado os processos de globalização das últimas três décadas. / The goal of this work is to show the importance of Christian theological philosophical ethics for the exercise of the profession of accountant, in generating and producing information, through the data related to the accounting fact, as well as its importance for society, especially in the business and political spheres. The concept of theological-philosophical reflection of ethics was described as a moral science, associating these concepts with the context of the work of the professional accountant, as well as with ethical issues in the exercise of the profession and of the individual ethics which govern human behavior. The methodology utilized made use of bibliographical research in specific literature, contained in books and articles on the theme. Through the study it could be observed that the Christian theological-philosophical ethic presupposes themes and certain duties which individuals have toward their equals, in daily life, and that the ethical reflection is, in great measure, conditioned by traditions, habits and customs of the context of which the thinking subject is part as a social being. It was verified that it is necessary for the professional accountant to carry out his/her role in an ethical manner, without this meaning the loss of his/her autonomous capacity to reflect about the concrete and sporadic problems, since the activity of the accountant is characterized, fundamentally, by providing services, which constitute furnishing information and evaluations of physical, economic and financial nature, about the patrimony of businesses and also of persons. In this way the task of reflective ethical exercise is imposed on the professional accountant according to the norms dictated by the legal exercise of the profession, so as to not succumb to the organizational logics of pure financialization interest which has dominated the globalization processes of the last three decades.

Notre recherche a pour objectif de présenter le concept de la justice chez Rousseau dans sa complexité et ses contradictions apparentes. La justice ne se pense ni en termes proprement moraux ni en termes politiques. Il s’agit plutôt d’une articulation de la politique et de la morale, articulation qui se fait, par contre, à partir d’un sens d’abord moral qui peut jouer alors le rôle fondateur d’une théorie possible de la justice ; « sens de la justice » donc, d’abord élaboré par Rousseau, et théorisé par John Rawls qui en fait l’un des maillons clefs de sa généalogie. C’est donc seulement en comprenant les motivations qui fondent une société, c’est-à-dire en cherchant la genèse de ce sens, que l’on pourra établir ensuite les principes de justice. Dans l’Émile, Rousseau interroge le sens de la justice en affirmant, d'une manière originale, que le sentiment de la justice est historiquement antérieur au raisonnement à propos de la justice. En partant de la définition de la pitié comme sentiment naturel à l'être humain, le rendant sensible aux souffrances des autres, il met l'accent sur l'importance de ce sentiment dans la formation de l'idée de la justice. Par ailleurs, dans son contrat social, Rousseau montre l’autre aspect de la justice, la justice en tant qu'elle est amour de l'ordre ; amour du corps politique. En ce sens, la justice est une harmonie entre tous les membres du corps politique où chacun est à la fois membre du souverain et sujet. Notre volonté d'analyser la notion de la justice chez Rousseau nous conduit à l'examen d'une série de questions. Voici les plus importantes : qu’est-ce que le sens de la justice chez Rousseau ? Sa doctrine du sens moral de la justice est-elle en opposition avec sa théorie politique et sa conception de la volonté générale ? Est-il possible, malgré cette dualité de principes et de définitions, de découvrir un critère commun, sentimental ou rationnel de la justice ? / Our research aims to present the concept of justice in Rousseau in its complexity and apparent contradictions. The justice cannot be understood in strictly moral or political terms. It is rather an articulation of politics and morality, which is based on a sense of morality that can then plays the founding role of a possible theory of justice; “sense of justice” therefore, first elaborated by Rousseau and then theorized by John Rawls who makes it one of the key links of his genealogy. It is only while understanding motivations that founded society, that is to say, by looking for the origin of this “sense”, that the principles of justice can then be established. In Émile, Rousseau questions the meaning of justice by asserting, in an original way, that the feeling of justice is historically prior to reasoning about justice. Starting from the definition of pity as a natural feeling to the human being, making him sensitive to the suffering of others, he emphasizes the importance of this feeling in the formation of the idea of justice. Moreover, in his social contract, Rousseau shows the other aspect of justice, justice as love of the order; the love of the body politic. In this sense, justice is a harmony between all the members of the body politic where everyone is at the same time member of the sovereign and subject. Our desire to analyze Rousseau’s notion of justice leads us to examine a series of questions. Here are the most important : what is Rousseau's sense of justice? Is his doctrine of the moral sense of justice in opposition to his political theory and his conception of the general will ? Is it possible, despite this duality of principles and definitions, to discover a common, sensitive or rational criterion of justice?

My diploma thesis deals with the question whether is good or not to have more children. The first chapter describes historical evolution of family, its changes and tasks in different historical periods. It also focuses on the value and position of a child in families. The second chapter focuses on the position of families with more children at the time after velvet revolution in the Czech Republic. It deals with actual demographical situation, economic conditions of families with more children and with official state methods of support of families. The third chapter is focused on motivation to parenthood, value of a child and on relationships in families with more children. The fourth chapter presents marriage, parenthood and families with more children from the catholic point of view. The thesis highlights the need of protection of the values that the family means to our society.

A tese analisa decisões judiciais prolatadas em casos da bioética clínica, especificamente: requerimento de autorização para interrupção de gestação de feto anencéfalo, liberdade de recusa à imposição de procedimento de transfusão de sangue em razão de crença religiosa em paciente Testemunha de Jeová e a mudança de nome e sexo de transexual com ou sem realização de cirurgia de transgenitalismo. A escolha dos três tipos de casos levados a julgamento ao Poder Judiciário se deu em virtude de serem questões características ao direito existencial, de repercussão no Ser do indivíduo, em seus direitos personalíssimos. Para isso foram analisadas 84 decisões judiciais, mediante a aplicação da teoria Principiológica de Beauchamp & Childress e análise de cada decisão quanto à aplicação dos quatro Princípios que desenvolve: do respeito à autonomia, da não maleficência, da beneficência e da justiça. O resultado da análise demonstrou que ao utilizar os quatro Princípios, com especificação e ponderação dos mesmos, o julgador profere decisões de cunho liberal. Quando não utiliza os Princípios ou extrapola os limites de sua aplicação, o julgador profere decisões de cunho conservador. As decisões judiciais de caráter liberal são despidas de preconceitos e moralismos e permitem o respeito aos direitos individuais sem descuidar dos direitos dos demais membros da sociedade. As decisões conservadoras se baseiam na literalidade da lei e violam direitos individuais, sem acrescentar segurança à sociedade. A apropriação desta teoria da ética biomédica pelo biodireito, se apresenta como método seguro e eficaz na prolação de decisão judicial em casos da bioética clínica e conduz o julgador a decisões mais justas por serem apoiadas em boas razões. / The thesis analyzes judicial decisions rendered in clinical bioethics cases, specifically requests for permission to termination of pregnancy of anencephalic fetus, freedom to refuse the imposition of blood transfusion procedure for Jehovahs Witnesses because of religious belief, and the change of name and sex with or without the performance of sex reassignment surgery. The choice of these three types of cases brought to the Judiciary for trial was due to their being issues characteristic of existential law, that have an impact on the individual Being, on his very personal rights. For that, 84 judicial decisions were analyzed, through the appropriation of the Beauchamp and Childress Principles theory and the analysis of each decision as to the application of the four Principles that it develops: respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. The result of the analysis showed that using the four principles, specifying and pondering them, the judge enters decisions of liberal intent. When he does not use the Principles or when he crosses the limits of their application, the judge enters decisions for conservative intent. Judicial decisions of liberal character are stripped of prejudice and moralism and allow respect for individual rights without neglecting the rights of other members of society. Conservative decisions are based on the literalness of the law and violate individual rights, without adding security to society. The appropriation of the biomedical ethics theory by biolaw represents a safe and effective method for the entry of judicial decisions in clinical bioethics cases and leads the judge to fairer decisions, for being supported by good reasons.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-01T12:21:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 822448 bytes, checksum: 0ae596f30b77b01cecdaf58f17c9db01 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T12:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 822448 bytes, checksum: 0ae596f30b77b01cecdaf58f17c9db01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to understand what the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche calls the ascetic ideals and nihilism. This dissertation is the result of a research that tries to show it specifically from the work On the Genealogy of Morals. The following is an attempt to identify and characterize this issue in other works of this thinker and in the works of some Nietzsche‟s experts. The study begins with an overview of the meaning of ascetic ideals down the forms of expression in the world, through religion, philosophy and art. It presents the ascetic priest as the element from which you get the main understanding of the ascetic ideal; seeks to indicate that talk of the ascetic ideal in the priest‟s talk about how to be critical of the ascetic ideal. On the Genealogy of Morals, the ascetic ideals are characterized as being essentially form of nihilism. We resort to Nietzschean nihilism to show that and how the character will to nothingness intrinsic to nihilism is also present in the ascetic ideal as a form of decay. The conclusion is based on that fact that the ascetic ideals make the decadent will to power because make a will to value where value in this case is the value of nothing. Finally is used to understand the concept of creation as a possibility for overcoming these ideals through tragic art and lawmaker philosophy as a way of will to power. / A presente dissertação tem como objetivo principal compreender o que o filósofo Friedrich Nietzsche chama de ideais ascéticos e de niilismo. Essa dissertação é o resultado de uma pesquisa que tenta mostrar isso especificamente a partir da obra Genealogia da moral. Segue-se buscando identificar e caracterizar este assunto também em outras obras deste pensador e em obras de alguns especialistas de Nietzsche. O estudo começa com um apanhado do significado dos ideais ascéticos estabelece as formas como se manifestam no mundo, através da religião, da filosofia e da arte. Apresenta-se o sacerdote ascético como o elemento a partir do qual se obtém a compreensão principal dos ideais ascéticos; procura-se indicar que falar do ideal ascético no sacerdote é falar do modo de ser fundamental do ideal ascético. Na Genealogia da moral, os ideais ascéticos são caracterizados como sendo essencialmente forma de niilismo. Recorre-se ao conceito nietzschiano de niilismo para mostrar que e como o caráter de vontade de nada intrínseco ao niilismo está presente também nos ideais ascéticos como uma forma de decadência. Conclui-se com base nesse fato que os ideais ascéticos tornam a vontade de poder decadente porque a tornam uma vontade de valorar em que valor neste caso é valor de nada. Por fim é empregada a compreensão do conceito de criação enquanto possibilidade de superação desses ideais através da arte trágica e da filosofia legisladora como forma da vontade de poder.