Bakgrund: Antalet personer med diabetes i världen ökar. Det har blivit en global epidemi. Risken för dödsfall bland människor med diabetes, är ungefär dubbelt så stor, som för människor i samma ålder utan diabetes. Diabetes typ 2 (DT2) är den vanligaste typen av diabetes. Inom hälso- och sjukvården används alltmer motiverande samtal (MI) som behandlingsmetod för livsstilsrelaterade problem som till exempel: kost, motion alkohol och tobak. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva hur sjuksköterskans användning av MI påverkar livsstilsförändringar hos personer med DT2 och deras upplevelse av behandlingen. Metod: En litteraturöversikt. Resultat: MI som behandlingsmetod gav flera positiva hälsoeffekter. Det framgick bland annat genom en sänkning av HbA1c. Även kunskapsnivån gällande livsstilsförändringar ökade efter MI-behandling. Vid användning av MI stärktes personens inneboende motivation till förändring. Slutsats: MI är en relativt ny metod som ännu inte fått stor genomslag inom diabetesvården. MI ger positiva hälsoeffekter som till exempel sänkt HbA1c. Deltagarna blev mer motiverade och medvetna om sitt eget ansvar för att göra livsstilsförändringar. Mer forskning om MI för personer med DT2 behövs. / Background: The number of people in the world with diabetes is on the rise. It has become a global epidemic. The mortality risk among people suffering from diabetes is about twice as large, then for people in the same age without diabetes. Diabetes type 2 (DT2) is the most common form of diabetes. Motivational interviewing (MI) as a method of treatment, has a growing use within the health care sector and is applied to lifestyle related issues such as alcohol, tobacco, diet and exercise. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe how the nurse’s use of MI affect life-style changes in people with DT2 and their experience of the treatment. Method: A literature review. Result: MI, used as a treatment gave several positive health benefits. It showed among other things that HbA1c was lowered. Also the level of knowledge regarding lifestyle changes increased after MI treatment. The use of MI strengthened the person’s intrinsic motivation of change. Conclusion: MI is a relatively new treatment method that still hasn’t received a greater impact within the diabetic health care. MI shows positive health benefits such as a lowered HbA1c. The participants became more motivated and aware of their own responsibility to make life-style changes. More research is needed concerning MI for people with DT2.

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Many online learning technologies grant students great autonomy and control, which imposes high demands for self-regulated learning (SRL) skills. With the fast development of online learning technologies, helping students acquire SRL skills becomes critical to student learning. Theories of SRL emphasize that making problem selection decisions is a critical SRL skill. Research has shown that appropriate problem selection that fit with students’ knowledge level will lead to effective and efficient learning. However, it has also been found that students are not good at making problem selection decisions, especially young learners. It is critical to help students become skilled in selecting appropriate problems in different learning technologies that offer learner control. I studied this question using, as platform, a technology called Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs), a type of advanced learning technology that has proven to be effective in supporting students’ domain level learning. It has also been used to help students learn SRL skills such as help-seeking and self-assessment. However, it is an open question whether ITS can be designed to support students’ learning of problem selection skills that will have lasting effects on their problem selection decisions and future learning when the tutor support is not in effect. ITSs are good at adaptively selecting problems for students based on algorithms like Cognitive Mastery. It is likely, but unproven, that ITS problem selection algorithms could be used to provide tutoring on students’ problem selection skills through features like explicit instructions and instant feedback. Furthermore, theories of SRL emphasize the important role of motivations in facilitating effective SRL processes, but not much prior work in ITS has integrated designs that could foster the motivations (i.e., motivational design) to stimulate and sustain effective problem selection behaviors. Lastly, although students generally appreciate having learner control, prior research has found mixed results concerning the effects of learner control on students’ domain level learning outcomes and motivation. There is need to investigate how learner control over problem selection can be designed in learning technologies to enhance students’ learning and motivation. My dissertation work consists of two parts. The first part focuses on creating and scaffolding shared student/system control over problem selection in ITSs by redesigning an Open Learner Model (OLM, visualizations of learning analytics that show students’ learning progress) and integrating gamification features to enhance students’ domain level learning and enjoyment. I conducted three classroom experiments with a total of 566 7th and 8th grade students to investigate the effectiveness of these new designs. The results of the experiments show that an OLM can be designed to support students’ self-assessment and problem selection, resulting in greater learning gains in an ITS when shared control over problem selection is enabled. The experiments also showed that a combination of gamification features (rewards plus allowing re-practice of completed problems, a common game design pattern) integrated with shared control was detrimental to student learning. In the second part of my dissertation, I apply motivational design and user-centered design techniques to extend an ITS with shared control over problem selection so that it helps students learn problem selection skills, with a lasting effect on their problem selection decisions and future learning. I designed a set iv of tutor features that aim at fostering a mastery-approach orientation and learning of a specific problem selection rule, the Mastery Rule. (I will refer to these features as the mastery-oriented features.) I conducted a fourth classroom experiment with 200 6th – 8th grade students to investigate the effectiveness of shared control with mastery-oriented features on students’ domain level learning outcomes, problem selection skills and enjoyment. This experiment also measured whether there were lasting effects of the mastery-oriented shared control on students’ problem selection decisions and learning in new tutor units. The results of the experiment show that shared control over problem selection accompanied by the mastery-oriented features leads to significantly better learning outcomes, as compared to full system-controlled problem selection in the ITS. Furthermore, the mastery-oriented shared control has lasting effects on students’ declarative knowledge of problem selection skills. Nevertheless, there was no effect on future problem selection and future learning, possibly because the tutor greatly facilitated problem selection (through its OLM and badges). My dissertation contributes to the literatures on the effects of learner control on students’ domain level learning outcomes in learning technologies. Specifically, I have shown that a form of learner control (i.e., shared control over problem selection, with mastery-oriented features) can lead to superior learning outcomes than system-controlled problem selection, whereas most prior work has found results in favor of system control. I have also demonstrated that Open Learner Models can be designed to enhance student learning when shared control over problem selection is provided. Further, I have identified a specific combination of gamification features integrated with shared control that may be detrimental to student learning. A second line of contributions of my dissertation concerns research on supporting SRL in ITSs. My work demonstrates that supporting SRL processes in ITSs can lead to improved domain level learning outcomes. It also shows that the shared control with mastery-oriented features have lasting effects on improving students’ declarative knowledge of problem selection skills. Regarding using ITSs to help students learn problem selection skill, the user-centered motivational design identifies mastery-approach orientation as important design focus plus tutor features that can support problem selection in a mastery-oriented way. Lastly, the dissertation contributes to human-computer interaction by generating design recommendations for how to design learner control over problem selection in learning technologies that can support students’ domain level learning, motivation and SRL.

Ohälsosamma levnadsvanor så som dålig kost och brist på fysisk aktivitet leder till övervikt och fetma hos barn och ungdomar idag. För att inte de ohälsosamma levnadsvanorna ska ge framtida komplikationer är det viktigt att se till att barn och ungdomar får den hjälp de behöver för att motiveras till en beteendeförändring så tidigt som möjligt. Motiverande samtal (MI) är en samtalsmetod för att få individer motiverade till en förändring. Denna studie kommer att fokusera på just hälsosamma levnadsvanor. Olika hälso- och sjukvårds professioners använder motiverande samtal som metod för att stödja en beteendeförändring hos överviktiga ungdomar. Därutifrån har syftet till denna studie skapats vilket är att undersöka professionernas upplevelser av hur metoden fungerar på barn och ungdomar med övervikt. Studien har en kvalitativ insats som inkluderade intervjuer med sex stycken professioner. Intervjuerna spelades in och analyserades. Resultatet av studien visade att professionerna upplevde MI som en mycket positiv och användbar samtalsmetod och att kontinuitet behövdes för att upprätthålla kunskapen. Möjligheterna med att använda MI menar de professionella är att de ofta kan se en positiv förändring hos patientens beteende samt att de ser positivt på användningen av MI i framtiden. Författaren anser att det är viktigt att fortsätta utbilda personal som jobbar med människor inom MI då samhället troligtvis kan “spara” både pengar och tid hos personalen genom att använda MI i exempelvis primärvården. / The unhealthy lifestyles such as poor diets and lack of physical activity can lead to overweight and obesity for children and adolescents today. To not have the unhealthy lifestyles lead to future complications it’s important to give them the help and support they need to get motivated to change theirs behavior. Motivational interviewing (MI) is a method to help people change their behavior, this study will focus on a healthy lifestyle changes. A profession in healthcare uses the MI as a method to support the lifestyle change for children and adolescents with obesity. The purpose of this study is to examine what the professions experiences is concerning how the method works with children and adolescents with overweight. This study has used a qualitative method with six interviews. The interviews were recorded and analyzed. The result of this study showed that professions experiences MI as a very positive and useful method, also that the professions needed to use the method continuity to maintain the knowledge. The potential of MI as a method was that the professions often could see a positive change in the patient and the respondent had a positive view in using MI in the future. The author of this study believes that it’s incredibly important to keep working with MI as it probably can "save" money both for society and the work hours for professions in healthcare.

Studien bemöter ämnena avhopp och motivationsfaktorer inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Syftet är att identifiera orsaker till avhopp från svensk ungdomsidrott samt motivationsfaktorer för fortsatt idrottsdeltagande inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Deltagarna i studien har varit aktiva inom idrotterna simning eller gymnastik men hoppat av idrotten någon gång mellan 13 och 20 års ålder. Studien är baserad på 15 semi strukturerade intervjuer kring deltagarnas upplevelser av ungdomsidrott. Frågor ställdes gällande deltagarens generella bakgrund, idrottsliga bakgrund, idrottsmiljö, motivationsfaktorer, målorientering, yttre ramfaktorer och idrottsliga avslut. Resultatet visar på att bland annat låg upplevd kompetens, tävlingsfokus, nytt fokus och tidsaspekt är orsaker till avhopp från svensk ungdomsidrott. Resultatet visar på att utvecklande atmosfär, bra relationer, hög upplevd kompetens och nöje är de mest framträdande motivationsfaktorerna inom svensk ungdomsidrott. Resultaten stämmer övererens med tidigare forskning kring motivationsfaktorer och avhopp från ungdomsidrott. Implikationer ges. / The study deals with factors contributing to dropouts and sports participation in Swedish youth sport. The aim of the study is to identify reasons for dropouts from Swedish youth sport and to identify factors that motivate youth athletes to continue with the sport. The participants in this study have been active in gymnastics or swimming but dropped out of the sport somewhere between the ages of 13 and 20. The study is based on 15 semi-structured interviews about participants' experiences of youth sport. Questions were asked regarding the participants´ general background, sporting background, sporting environment, motivators, goal orientation, external factors and athletic termination. The results show that, among other things, low perceived competence, focus on competitions, a new focus and time factors are the main reasons for dropouts from Swedish youth sport. The results show that a developmental atmosphere, good relationships, high perceived competence and enjoyment are the most prominent motivational factors within the Swedish youth sport. The results correspond with previous research on motivation factors and dropouts from youth sport. Implications are given.

Preliminary research exists indicating the importance of counselor attitudes and organizational features as influencing use of evidence-based practices (EBPs). Conceptual models of evidence-based practice implementation posit relationships among factors theoretically associated with use of an EBP, yet little research exists that explores how a constellation of counselor characteristics relate to counselors’ use of evidence-based practices. Research is also lacking on the role of counselor characteristics in use of motivational interviewing, a specific evidence-based practice. In addition to identifying counselor characteristics associated with use of MI, this study explores how counselor characteristics directly and indirectly affect implementation relationships for MI. The study sample comes from a larger study testing how organizational facilitation influences outpatient substance abuse counselors’ use of MI, and client outcomes. Multiple regression was used to explore the contribution of counselor characteristics (amount of MI training, MI skill level, motivation to use MI, supportive attitudes toward MI, perception of organizational climate and MI skill level) on reported use of MI. Analyses with each dependent variable had different sample sizes: N=76 for relationships tested between counselor characteristics and use of MI and N=46 for relationships tested between counselor characteristics and MI skill level. Results suggest that among these characteristics, supportive attitudes related to MI and motivation to use MI significantly contribute to counselors’ use of MI with clients. Further, supportive attitudes related to MI and motivation to use MI each partially mediates the relationship between amount of MI training and counselor use of MI. But, findings are tempered by a sample comprised of relatively low levels of training and low MI skill level. Despite having very little training, and low skill levels, high usage of MI was reported by counselors. More empirical research utilizing larger samples with higher training levels is needed to better understand how counselor characteristics may affect EBPs implementation in order to promote the effective use of evidence-based practices. / text

<p>The issue of unemployment among immigrants in Sweden started from 1980s when a large amount of immigrants had no access to the labour market (Sördersten, 2004). Many foreign born citizens who could not find any jobs have to live on social welfare. Some of them have found a way to solve their unemployment by becoming self-employed. In 2003, Swedish Integration Board reported that the proportion of self-employment in Sweden was 7.4 percent. This proportion was higher among foreign-born (8.8 percent) compared to native Swedes (7.3 percent).</p><p>It is of great academic interest for our group to conduct research on immigrant’s business entry decisions. This thesis specifically focuses on identifying and understanding the factors that influence immigrants’ decision to start up their business. This research was conducted in Jönköping municipality by doing a case study on nine ethnic entrepreneurs who come from Non-EU countries, namely: China, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Nigeria, Sri Lanka, Uganda and Vietnam.</p><p>Many studies have been carried out on the topic of ethnic entrepreneurship by researchers such as Waldinger et al. (1990), Basu (1998), Curran and Blackburn (1993), Najib (1999) and Ram (1994). Previous studies will be treated in this thesis as a source of evidence and theoretical framework.</p><p>Qualitative method was used in this thesis. Case study is particularly chosen as the most appropriate tool in qualitative method to conduct this specific research. In order to obtain information for this case study, semi-structured interview with guideline questions was used. Nine cases including: five restaurants, one clothing store, one cosmetic shop, one assembling company and one carpet shop were selected in this study.</p><p>The results of this study showed that, the factors that motivated ethnic entrepreneurs’ decision to start their own business were: selective immigration, entrepreneurial traits, blocked mobility, opportunity recognition, level of education, desire for independence and autonomy, financial betterment, business background and previous business experience, business culture values, interests and hobbies.</p><p>However, opportunity recognition, level of education, desire for independence and autonomy and financial betterment were the factors that played a significant role in immigrant business decision making process.</p><p>The result also shows that positive (pull) factors outweighed negative (push) factors in immigrants’ decision to enter self-employment.</p><p>One alternative to unemployment is to become self-employed. It is highly possible that self-employment will lead to lower unemployment among immigrants (Hammarstedt, 2001). It should be in interest of the Swedish government to support self-employment since it will contribute to the growth of the Swedish economy.</p><p>This thesis may be of interest to Jönköping municipality and other governmental organizations as well as policy makers. It might help them to improve the integration level of immigrants into Swedish society, unemployment level or encourage self-employment by understanding the factors affecting immigrants to start up their own businesses.</p>

Profesija ir karjera - tai socialiniai ir psichologiniai reiškiniai, turintys giminingų sampratų, kurios visos apima žmogaus asmenybės charakteristikas kaip gebėjimai, interesai ar vertybinės orientacijos. Pagrindinis šių sampratų skirtumas, kad profesijos pasirinkimas dažniausiai vienkartinis momentas, o karjera – trunkantis visą asmens gyvenimą. Mano darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių, tai yra iš teorinės ir praktinės dalies. Teorinėje dalyje siekiama apibrėžti motyvacijos, karjeros sampratas, policininko profesijos ypatumus, policininko karjeros tobulėjimo galimybes, studijuotą literatūrą, analizuoti valstybės tarnybą reglamentuojantys dokumentai, suformuluotas darbo tikslas. Tyrimo tikslas - atskleisti moters policininkės profesijos pasirinkimo motyvaciją ir karjeros tobulėjimo galimybes. Praktinėje dalyje atlikta būsimųjų policininkių anketinė apklausa. Remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize ir konstatuojamo tyrimo duomenimis, atlikta statistinė duomenų analizė, formuluojamos išvados. Tyrime dalyvavo tik moteriškos lyties atstovės, nes tiriama buvo moters policininkės profesijos pasirinkimas ir karjeros tobulėjimo galimybės. Tyrimas išryškino policininko profesijos studenčių ir kursančių požiūrį į moters policininkės profesijos pasirinkimo motyvus ir karjeros tobulėjimo galimybes. / Profession and career are social and psychological phenomena with kindred concepts that cover various properties of a human personality, such as skills, interests or value-orientation. The principal difference of the said concepts lies in the fact that choosing a profession usually is a single moment and the career is life-long lasting. My Paper consists of two parts, i.e. the theoretical and the practical ones. In the theoretical part, it is strived to define the motivations, the concepts of the career, the peculiarities of the profession of a policeman, the opportunities for improvement of the career of a policeman, and the studied references, to analyze the documents for regulating civil service and to formulate the goal of the Paper. The goal of the Paper – to disclose the motivation for choosing the profession of a policewoman and the opportunities of improvement of the career. In the practical part, interviewing of future policewomen under a questionnaire was carried out. On the base of an analysis of scientific references and the data of the research, the statistical data analysis was carried out and the conclusions were formulated. In the research, only females were involved, because choosing of the profession of policeman by a woman and the opportunities of improvement of career were discussed upon. The research cleared up the attitude of students in the programme of the profession of policeman towards the motivations for choosing the profession of a policewoman... [to full text]

Bakgrund: Motiverande samtal (MI) är en metod för att behandla främst alkoholmissbruk, men har allt mer integrerats i behandlingen av andra substansmissbruk. Det flesta studier gällande MI har genomförts på vuxna varför effekten av MI på denna grupp är mest belagd. Antalet ungdomar med substansmissbruk ökar, vilket medför att en undersökning rörande studier om MI som riktas mot denna åldersgrupp (14-24 år) förefaller både relevant och nödvändig. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa vilken effekt MI har vid arbetet med ungdomar med substansmissbruk. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie. Resultat: Interventioner med MI ledde till en konsumtionssänkning, en ökad motivation samt minskade substansrelaterade problem. Slutsats: MI har en positiv behandlingseffekt hos ungdomar med substansmissbruk. Resultaten stämmer överens med tidigare forskning och stödjer nyttan av en kort MI intervention hos ungdomar med en missbruksproblematik. Dock visades en ökad abstinens vid användning av tyngre droger. / Background: Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a method to treat primarily alcohol abuse, but has been increasingly integrated into the treatment of other substance abuse. Most studies of MI have been conducted in adults why the effects of MI in this group are mostly paved. The number of adolescents with substance abuse is increasing, leading to why an investigation concerning the studies on MI focused on this age group (14-24 years) seems both relevant and necessary. Aim: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of MI in the work with adolescents who hold a substance abuse. Method: A literature review. Results: The intervention with MI led to a consumption reduction, increased motivation, and reduced drug-related problems. Conclusions: MI has a therapeutic effect in adolescents with substance abuse. The results are consistent with previous research and support the utility of a brief MI intervention in adolescents with substance abuse problems. However, there was an expansion in abstinence from the use of heavier drugs.

Bakgrund: Sedan mitten av 1990-talet har alkoholkonsumtionen i Sverige ökat från drygt 8 liter ren alkohol per person och år till cirka 10,5 liter per person och år. Varje år dör minst 6000 människor i Sverige av orsaker relaterade till alkohol. Majoriteten av den svenska befolkningen konsumerar i måttlig mängd men en del hamnar i ett riskbruk eller missbruk som kan leda till ett beroende. Idag beräknas mellan 10-15 % av befolkningen i Sverige ha ett skadligt alkoholkonsumtionsmönster. MI (Motivational interviewing) är en metod som används av bland annat vårdpersonal för att motivera personer till förändring i sitt liv genom egen motivationshöjning. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva MI-metodens effekter på människors alkoholkonsumtion. Design: Denna uppsats är en litteraturöversikt. Resultat: MI hade en minskande effekt på alkoholkonsumtionen bland alla målgrupper som testats. MI har även positiva effekter såsom minskade alkoholrelaterade skador och upphörd alkoholkonsumtion. Vårt resultat visade dock att det inte nödvändigtvis måste vara så att MI-metoden är bättre än någon annan jämförande metod. Slutsats: Resultaten indikerar att MI är en effektiv metod att använda för att förändra livsstilen hos individer med skadlig alkoholkonsumtion. / Background: Since the mid-1990s alcohol consumption in Sweden has increased from eight liter pure alcohol per person and year, to approximately 10,5 liter per person and year. Each year in Sweden 6000 persons die from causes that relates to alcohol consumption. A majority of the Swedish population consumes alcohol moderately. However, some persons develop a destructive drinking habit that can result in addiction. Today 10-15% of the Swedish population estimates having developed an unhealthy consumption of alcohol. MI (Motivational interviewing) is a method that is used to motivate persons to change their lives by individual motivational improvement. Aim: The purpose of this study is to describe the effects of MI (Motivational interviewing) on people's alcohol consumption. Design: This study is a literature review. Result: MI had a positive effect that decreased alcohol consumption among all target groups. MI has positive effects on decreasing negative consequences of alcohol and cease alcohol consumption. Nonetheless, our results show that MI is not necessarily better than any other research method of comparison. Conclusion: The results indicate that MI is an effective method to be used to change lifestyles of individuals with dangerous alcohol consumption.