近二十年來台灣經濟發展快速，國民生活所得提高，使得生活水平不斷上升，消費意識跟著抬頭，新公共管理學派「顧客導向」蔚為風潮，並同時強調價值的調和與課責的概念，因此「評鑑」是決定績效或品質的有效方法。而有鑑於過去殯葬市場資訊封閉，民眾（消費者）在資訊不完全、不對稱的情形，無從得知殯葬禮儀服務業者的優缺點、服務項目與收費、申訴管道等，復以民眾對於喪葬儀式與服務品質亦有所新要求，政府應如何實施殯葬評鑑以提供民眾資訊，加強業者的企業倫理與社會責任，己刻不容緩。 本文旨對台北市政府自民國89年實施殯葬禮儀服務業評鑑之情形做一探討，以質性研究及文獻分析對不同規模葬儀業者、評鑑承辦人員及殯葬消費者等360度績效評估方法進行訪談，以期了解葬儀業者是否依評鑑的要求進而提高其人員素質及服務品質；另民眾對殯葬消費方式的選擇是否會受評鑑結果的影響，以及對殯葬服務之滿意度，這些就成為目前政府與民眾所關注的重要議題，也是本文探討的核心焦點。 本研究發現：一、殯葬禮儀服務業者與殯葬消費者均對辦理殯葬評鑑表示接受或肯定；二、殯葬評鑑的確會提升葬儀業者的人員素質及服務品質；三、殯葬評鑑宣導不足；四、殯葬評鑑未達獎優懲劣效果。再依研究發現提出七項建議：：一、針對業者規模「量身訂做」評鑑評分表；二、評鑑委員的配置需以不同領域之專家學者同組；三、評鑑獎項多元化；四、提供多元管道，加強宣導殯葬評鑑的資訊；五、殯葬消費價格及項目公開化；六、合理對殯葬業者獎優懲劣；七、加強對業者及民眾之教育。 目前國內生死意識抬頭、且生死教育正在起步，惟國內外均無殯葬評鑑之相關研究，期望本研究之濫觴，促使政府及民眾對殯葬評鑑之重視。 / The living standard has risen dramatically together with its consumers’ rights consciousness due to the rapid economic growth and the raising income in recent twenty years in Taiwan. In addition, the customer orientation of new public management has become a tendency and the reconciliation of its value and the concept of accountability are highly valued at the same time. Therefore, it is an effective way to decide the result or the quality by the evaluation. In view of the information of funeral markets is closed in the past and customers cannot know the advantage, disadvantage, service, charge and grievance system of morticians under the situation with incomplete information. Moreover, customers have new demand for the funeral ceremonies and the quality of services. Hence, the government should implement the funeral evaluation immediately in order to provide more information to customers and reinforce the business ethics as well as social responsibility of undertakers. The research aims at exploring the situation of implementing the funeral service evaluation of Taipei city government since 1990. This paper researched qualitatively and analyzed the literature by interviewing different scale of undertakers, people who are responsible for the evaluation and customers with multi-source assessment model in order to understand if morticians enhance their quality and services according to the demand of the evaluation. On the other hand, whether the evaluation’s results influence customers’ choice of a particular funeral service provider and their satisfactoriness become the important issues which the government and the public concern a lot at present. Furthermore, they are also the main focuses that this paper discusses about. It is found that both morticians and customers show their acceptance or approval of the funeral service evaluation. In addition, the funeral service evaluation indeed raises the quality and services of undertakers. Next, the education of the funeral service evaluation is not enough. Last, the funeral service evaluation does not achieve its effect of rewarding and punishing. Furthermore, seven suggestions are presented according to the research. First, make appropriate evaluation form in accordance with the scale of morticians. Second, the arrangement of evaluation committee members should be composed of scholars and experts in different fields. Third, the evaluation reward can be diversified. Fourth, provide various ways to reinforce the instruction of the funeral service evaluation information. Fifth, the prices and details of funeral services should come into the open. Sixth, reward the good and punish the bad undertakers reasonably. Finally, reinforce the education of morticians and the public. The public pay more attention to the consciousness of life and death at present and the education of life and death is beginning but there is no related research about the funeral service evaluation in Taiwan or abroad. The researcher hopes the source of this study will promote the government and the public value the funeral service evaluation.

La demande énergétique mondiale continue d’augmenter. Les prix des énergies fossiles sont instables et incertains. La libéralisation du marché électrique et une conscience environnementale des acteurs mondiaux sont des leviers au développement des énergies renouvelables. Ces dernières se développent à un rythme rapide dans le monde. Elles ont atteint une maturité technique qui leur permet de devenir un segment important de l’industrie de l’énergie. Leur insertion dans le mix énergétique pose de nouveaux défis par rapport aux sources d'énergie traditionnelles. Avec un potentiel abondant encore sous-exploité, le photovoltaïque et l'énergie éolienne sont avantageux sur le plan économique et environnemental. Cependant, leur caractère intermittent diminue leur efficacité énergétique lorsqu’elles sont exploitées individuellement. L'utilisation de systèmes hybrides (multi-sources) combinant ces sources d'énergie renouvelables, le réseau de distribution national (réseau électrique historique) et les systèmes de stockage classiques, est généralement considérée par tous comme solution d’avenir, à la fois efficiente et fiable. Il est alors nécessaire de repenser la structure des réseaux électriques et des marchés de l’énergie, ainsi que des changements dans les méthodes de gestion de réseau. Dans ce contexte, l’apport envisagé avec ce travail de thèse est de contribuer à la modélisation et l’optimisation de systèmes multi-sources multi-charges pour alimenter aussi bien des sites isolés « énergie de proximité » (campus, village) que des sites étendus tels que des régions françaises à travers leur interconnexion « pooling ». Différents scenarii de gestion et différentes configurations des systèmes sont modélisés, testés et comparés pour analyser l’efficacité et la robustesse de chaque cas de figure. Une analyse technico-économique complète est réalisée, dans le but d’étudier la faisabilité de chaque système. Pour démontrer la validation de ces modèles, des études ont été réalisées sur un campus Universitaire Français, un micro-réseau au Mali et trois régions Françaises. Ces dernières ont fait l’objet d’application à un modèle original d’interconnexion basé sur les réseaux de Pétri pour l’aide à la décision en termes de configurations du réseau et le contrôle des flux d’énergie échangés entre des territoires producteurs-consommateurs interconnectés sans système de stockage / Global energy demand continues to rise. The fossil fuel prices are unstable and uncertain. The liberalization of the electricity market and environmental awareness of the global leaders are levers for the development of renewable energy. These are growing at a rapid pace in the world. They reached technical maturity that enables them to become an important segment of the energy industry. Their integration in the energy mix poses new challenges compared to traditional energy sources. With an underexploited potential, photovoltaic and wind energy are advantageous economically and environmentally. However, their intermittent decreases their energy efficiency when operated. The use of hybrid systems (multi-sources) combining these renewable energy sources, the national distribution network (historical grid) and conventional storage systems, is generally regarded by all as a future solution, both efficient and reliable. Thereby, it is necessary to rethink the structure of electrical networks and energy markets, and changes in network management methods. In this context, the foreseen intake with this thesis is to contribute to the modeling and optimization of multi- load multi- source systems to power both remote sites “closeness energy” (campus, village) and large sites such as French regions through their interconnection "pooling ". Different scenarios of management and different configurations of the systems are modeled, tested and compared to analyze the effectiveness and robustness of each case. A complete technical and economic analysis is performed in order to study the feasibility of each system. To demonstrate the validation of these models, studies were performed on a French university campus, a Micro-grid in Mali and three French regions. These latter have been applied to an original interconnection model based on Petri nets for decision support in terms of network configuration and control of energy flows exchanged between interconnected producers/consumers territories without storage

本研究以不同時期之航遙測影像偵測宜蘭海岸濱線變遷，影像來源包含1947年之舊航照影像、1971年的美國Corona衛星影像、1985年的像片基本圖、2003年的SPOT-5衛星影像及2009年以Z/I DMC(Digital Mapping Camera)航空數位相機所拍攝之高解像力航照影像。 由於影像獲取的時間與感測器皆有所差異，故本研究透過不同的方式處理資料，將影像地理對位，並利用地理資訊系統(Geographic Information Systems, GIS)軟體數化濱線及沙灘(丘)，且以套疊分析觀察不同時期濱線與沙灘變遷之情形，最後收集宜蘭地區的自然或人文資料如潮汐、降雨量與輸沙量等，分析宜蘭海岸變遷的原因。而在濱線萃取方面，由於以人工數化方式太耗時間與人力，故嘗試以半自動化方式如影像分類或影像分割萃取濱線，並與人工數化結果比較。研究結果顯示，利用多時期之遙測影像，並結合GIS之空間分析功能，確可有效掌握濱線與沙灘(丘)的歷史變化概況。 / This study used multi-temporal remote sensing images to detect shoreline changes along the Yilan coast. Various types of remote sensing images were used in this study, including old aerial images taken in 1947, Corona satellite images acquired in 1971, photo base map produced in 1985, SPOT-5 satellite images obtained in 2003, and high-resolution aerial images taken in 2009 by using Z/I DMC (Digital Mapping Camera). Because these images were taken in different time using different sensors, different procedures were applied to process the data and georeference the images to a common coordinate system. GIS (Geographic information Systems) software was used to digitize shoreline and the beach area, and overlay analysis was applied to find the shoreline changes in different time periods. Then various ancillary data such as tides, precipitation, and sediment load was collected to analyze the causes of coastal changes in Yilan. For shoreline extraction, manual digitization required a lot of time and manpower. Therefore, semi-automatic method such as image classification and image segmentation was applied to extract shoreline. The results show that, by using multi-temporal remote sensing images and spatial analysis functionalities of GIS, the historical changes of shoreline and beach area can be detected effectively.

This research investigates the new psychological contract phenomenon in an organisational case study. The research question underpinning this study is - What are the core attributes of the new employment relationship? To investigate this research question, the researcher applied Noer's (1997) new employment relationship model to a disproportionate stratified sample of 19 participants from three organisational perspectives in an Australian-based international travel retail organisation, Flight Centre Limited, which specialises in the sale of discount international airfares. Data from a survey instrument were analysed using a "Multi-source Assessment" instrument. The data analysis method was used to create a schema to guide and inform a series of focus groups. The research findings validated Noer's five attributes of Flexible Employment, Customer-focus, Focus on Performance, Project-based Work and Human Spirit & Work. In addition, three other attributes of the new employment relationship emerged from the data, namely, Loyalty & Commitment, Learning & Development and Open Information. The research findings validate eight core attributes of the new employment relationship and therefore make a contribution to the expanding body of research in this field. The research approach also provides organisational practitioners with a unique consulting methodology to merge the changing needs and interests of individual and organisation.

En Afrique, la décentralisation s'effectue dans des contextes variables selon les pays: la nécessité de réformer l'Etat suite à une crise, la volonté d'instaurer une démocratie locale pour compenser le pouvoir central voire dictatorial, parfois même l'incapacité de l'Etat à fournir les services socioéconomiques de base comme la santé, l'éducation, l'eau potable etc.En Afrique de l'Ouest, la décentralisation s’est souvent accompagnée d’un redécoupage des territoires dans les années 1990. La plupart des pays d’Afrique de l'Ouest ont créé trois niveaux de collectivités territoriales: la Région, le Département (Cercle au Mali) et la Commune. Ceci entraîne un besoin de gestion et d’aménagement du territoire à plusieurs échelles (état des lieux, suivi de l’emprise spatiale de l’aménagement, assainissement, gestion des ressources naturelles, développement économique rural, santé, éducation, hydraulique, gestion des risques etc.). Dans le cadre d’un besoin d’informations croissant, les partenaires au développement reconnaissent l’utilité du Système d'Information Géographique (SIG), comme outil d'aide à la décision. La création de différents ministères en lien avec l’information géographique au Mali, nécessite la mise en commun de compétences s’articulant autour de la géomatique. En effet, si chaque Institution et ministère sectoriel dispose de données thématiques propres, leur valorisation se heurte à une forte dispersion et disparité des données géographiques et cartographiques.Comment mutualiser un même système géospatial et territorial entre une mairie, une collectivité territoriale, une ONG, l’Etat ainsi que d’autres partenaires travaillant sur une même emprise territoriale ? Quelle stratégie d’information territoriale pour un pays comme le Mali ?L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de mettre en place, selon les concepts, méthodes, et technologies de la géographie actuelle et de la statistique, un outil d’aide à la décision dans un contexte de mutualisation et de décentralisation, conçu pour faire franchir un pas décisif au bénéfice de l'aménagement territorial local, par une mise en cohérence et une mise à disposition des données géolocalisées nécessaires à une politique efficace d'aménagement du territoire. Cette perspective à caractère stratégique implique de remonter jusqu'aux aspects de la répartition des pouvoirs, les rapports entre les logiciels libres et payants, l’information participative (aspects sociétal, social, contexte ethnique...) et le développement de l’information géographique au Mali. Une stratégie d’information est en fait un préalable indispensable de toute stratégie d’aménagement et de développement. Le projet de thèse se veut un projet innovant cherchant à fournir des réponses sur la mise en place d’une telle politique de gestion multi-sources et multi-acteurs de l’information spatiale dans un pays en développement. / In Africa, decentralization takes place in contexts that vary from country to country: the need to reform the Government following a crisis, the desire to establish local democracy to compensate for central or even dictatorial power, sometimes even the Government 's inability to provide basic socio-economic services such as health, education, drinking water, etc.In West Africa, decentralization was often accompanied by a redrawing of territories in the 1990s. Most West African countries have created three levels of local authorities: the Region, the Department (Cercle in Mali) and the Commune. This leads to a need for territory management and planning on several scales (inventory, monitoring of the environmental impact of development, sanitation, natural resource management, rural economic development, health, education, hydraulics and risk management). In the context of a growing need for information, development partners recognize the usefulness of the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool for decision making. The creation of different ministries in connection with geographic information in Mali requires pooling of skills centered on geomatics. Indeed, while each Institution and sectoral ministry has its own thematic data, their valuation is hampered by a high dispersion and disparity of geographical and cartographic data.How to share a common geospatial and territorial system across a town hall, a local authority, an NGO, the Government as well as other partners working on the same territorial? What territorial information strategy for a country like Mali?The aim of this thesis is to create, according to the concepts, methods, and technologies of current geography and statistics, a tool to support decision making in a context of overlapping responsibilities/actions and decentralization, designed to take a decisive step forward for the benefit of local territorial planning, by making coherent and available the geolocalized data necessary for an effective spatial planning policy. This strategic perspective implies going back to the distribution of powers, the ratio between free and paid software, participative information (societal, social, ethnic aspects, etc.) and the development of geographical information in Mali.An information strategy is in fact an essential prerequisite for any planning and development strategy. This thesis is an innovative project that will aim to provide answers on the implementation of such a strategy of multi-source and multi-stakeholder spatial information management in a developing country.

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Previous research has displayed that multi-source farms provide an opportunity to reduce the cost of energy and improve the energy output quality. This thesis assesses the cost competitiveness of co-located wind-wave farms, specifically floating offshore wind (FLOW) turbines and CorPower’s wave energy converters (WEC). This research was conducted in collaboration with CorPower, a Swedish WEC developer. A cost model is generated, which calculates the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) utilizing a life-cycle cost analysis. The model is developed by combining CorPower’s existing cost model with an agglomeration of FLOW cost models from previous studies. An in depth literature research informs about synergies, which are translated into shared costs within the model. The cost model is applied to a site on the Northern coast of Portugal; the location of a FLOW farm project under development. Including wave energy, improves the annual energy production of the farm by up to 10%. However, the effects on power smoothing are negligible, due to the high seasonal variability of the wave resource and the minimal complementarity of the two energy sources. The LCOE of a 1GW 50% wind - 50% wave farm is 63€/MWh. The high initial investment costs of the wind farm results in the standalone wind LCOE of 73€/MWh. The strong capacity factor of the WECs cause the LCOE to reduce to 55€/MWh, when evaluating a standalone wave farm. In all co-location configurations, savings for FLOW and wave farm developers are exhibited. The highest savings are identified for small wind/wave arrays co-located in large farms. This results in an LCOE reduction of up to 4.5% for both wind and wave farm developers. The largest relative savings are found in the DEVEX costs and the electrical transmission installation costs. The identified cost calculations and savings are inline with previous studies. The savings are in the lower range compared to other studies, due to the conservative estimations of the degree of shared costs. The cost model provides a tool, that can be continuously updated with the most recent findings of cost inputs and wind-wave synergies, i.e. shared cost opportunities. This thesis’ results reflect how co-locating wind and wave farms can improve the cost-competitiveness of both technologies. Nevertheless, more in depth research is required to comprehend the full potential of co-located wind-wave farms. There is a necessity of collaboration between wind and wave industry members to ensure that the synergies and shared cost-opportunities identified, are fully exploited. / Tidigare forskning har visat att parker med flera källor ger möjlighet att minska energikostnaderna och förbättra energiproduktionens kvalitet. I den här avhandlingen utvärderas kostnadskonkurrenskraften hos samlokaliserade vind- och vågkraftsparker, särskilt flytande havsbaserade vindkraftverk (FLOW) och CorPowers vågenergiomvandlare (WEC). Denna forskning genomfördes i samarbete med CorPower, en svensk WEC-utvecklare. En kostnadsmodell genereras, som beräknar den nivellerade energikostnaden (LCOE) med hjälp av en livscykelkostnadsanalys. Modellen är utvecklad genom att kombinera CorPowers befintliga kostnadsmodell med en agglomeration av FLOW-kostnadsmodeller från tidigare studier. En djupgående litteraturstudie ger information om synergier, som översätts till delade kostnader i modellen. Kostnadsmodellen tillämpas på en plats på Portugals norra kust, där ett FLOW-anläggningsprojekt är under utveckling. Genom att inkludera vågenergi förbättras parkens årliga energiproduktion med upp till 10%. Effekterna på effektutjämningen är dock försumbara, på grund av vågresursens stora säsongsvariationer och de två energikällornas minimala komplementaritet. LCOE för en 1GW 50% vind - 50% vågkraftspark är 63€/MWh. De höga initiala investeringskostnaderna för vindkraftsparken resulterar i en LCOE för fristående vindkraft på 73 €/MWh. Den starka kapacitetsfaktorn för WECs gör att LCOE minskar till 55€/MWh, vid utvärdering av en fristående vågkraftspark. I alla samlokaliseringskonfigurationer uppvisas besparingar för FLOW och vågparksutvecklare. De största besparingarna identifieras för små vind-/vågkraftsparker som samlokaliseras i stora parker. Detta resulterar i en minskning av LCOE med upp till 4,5% för både vind- och vågparksutvecklare. De största relativa besparingarna finns i DEVEX-kostnaderna och installationskostnaderna för elektrisk överföring. De identifierade kostnadsberäkningarna och besparingarna är i linje med tidigare studier. Besparingarna ligger i det lägre intervallet jämfört med andra studier, på grund av de konservativa uppskattningarna av graden av delade kostnader. Kostnadsmodellen är ett verktyg som kontinuerligt kan uppdateras med de senaste rönen om kostnadsingångar och synergier mellan vind och våg, dvs. möjligheter till delade kostnader. Resultaten i denna avhandling visar hur samlokalisering av vind- och vågkraftsparker kan förbättra kostnadskonkurrenskraften för båda teknikerna. Det krävs dock mer djupgående forskning för att förstå den fulla potentialen hossamlokaliserade vind- och vågparker. Det finns ett behov av samarbete mellanvind- och vågkraftsindustrin för att säkerställa att de identifierade synergierna ochgemensamma kostnadsmöjligheterna utnyttjas fullt ut.

As spacial restrictions become more and more of an issue for renewable energy parks onshore, more developers are turning offshore to develop future production. The desire for a diversity of energy sources combined with a desire to utilize space efficiently has sparked an interest in renewable energy parks where more than one energy source occupy the space. This master thesis took up the task of modeling the grid connection of such an offshore multi-source park consisting of wind turbines and floating solar panels from a techno-economical perspective. The grid connection consists of everything from the wind turbine and solar output to the Point of Common Connection (PCC) onshore. The park consists of a 4x4 set of 15MW wind turbines accompanied by three large floating platforms of solar panels. Two different ways of creating the grid connection have been investigated, including many sub-cases. HVAC-transmission to shore has been compared with HVDC-transmission at different line voltages and transmission distances. The use of shunt reactors at the middle point of the transmission lines have been investigated to try extending the distance where HVAC was viable. A radial AC-collection grid has also been compared with a parallel DC-grid to see if DC-grids shows any promise. All of these different cases have been evaluated based on their total cost over a 25 year period. The result has shown that HVAC-transmission is desirable for shorter distances, but eventually reaches a break-even point where HVDC makes more sense economically. Adding a middle shunt was shown to be able to make HVAC competitive, if not desirable, compared to HVDC as the distance becomes long. Changes in the collection grid have significantly less of an impact on the cost of the entire system compared to the transmission. It was concluded that a multi- source park of wind and solar shows similar results compared to offshore parks consisting only of wind power and similar conclusions could be drawn. The biggest challenges for multi-source parks are not in the electrical domain, but in structural design where floating solar face a lot of challenges such as mechanical stress from strong waves. / EU-SCORES

Ce mémoire porte sur l'étude d'un système de gestion d'énergie électrique dans un système multi-sources soumis à des perturbations exogènes. L'application visée est l'alimentation d'une propulsion hybride diesel/électrique équipée d'un système d'absorption des pulsations de couple. Les perturbations exogènes considérées peuvent être transitoires ou persistantes. Une perturbation transitoire correspond à une variation rapide du couple de charge, due par exemple à une accélération ou une décélération du véhicule. Une perturbation persistante provient du système de compensation des pulsations de couple générées par le moteur thermique. Le premier objectif du contrôle est de maintenir constante la tension du bus continu. Le deuxième objectif est d'absorber dans un système de stockage rapide constitué de super condensateur ces perturbations qui peuvent à terme provoquer une usure prématurée de la batterie. Le troisième objectif est de compenser l'auto-décharge dans le super condensateur en maintenant constante sa tension nominale. Les deux sources (batterie et super condensateur) sont reliées au bus continu par l'intermédiaire de deux convertisseurs boost DC/DC. La commande consiste à piloter les rapports cycliques de chaque convertisseur. C'est un système non linéaire où la commande est multiplicative de l'état. L'approche classique consistant à résoudre les équations Francis-Byrnes-Isidori ne s'applique pas directement dans ce cas où la sortie et la matrice d'interconnection dépendent de la commande. De plus, si cette approche est bien adaptée au rejet de perturbations persistantes, elle montre ces limites pour le rejet de perturbations non persistantes combiné à des objectifs de régulation. Notre approche a consisté à écrire le système sous un formalisme Port-Controlled Hamiltonian et à s'affranchir de la contrainte de la dépendance de la matrice d'interconnection avec la commande en utilisant la théorie des perturbations singulières. La commande du système dégénéré peut ensuite être calculée par une approche passive. Les performances de cette commande ont été testées en simulation et à l'aide d'un banc d'essai expérimental. Les résultats montrent l'efficacité du système d'absorption des différents types de perturbation tout en respectant les deux objectifs de régulation. / This thesis presents the research of energy management in a battery/ultracapacitor hybrid energy storage system with exogenous disturbance in hybrid electric vehicular application. Transient and harmonic persistent disturbances are the two kinds of disturbances considered in this thesis. The former is due to the transient load power demand during acceleration and deceleration, and the latter is introduced from the process of the internal combustion engine torque ripples compensation. Our control objective is to absorb the disturbances causing battery wear via the ultracapacitor, and meanwhile, to maintain a constant DC voltage and to compensate the self-discharge in the ultracapacitor to maintain it operating at the nominal state of charge. The object system is nonlinear due to the multiplicative relation between the input and the state. The traditional approach to solve Francis-Byrnes-Isidori equations cannot be directly applied in this case since the interconnect matrix depends on the control input. Besides, even if this approach is well suited to the rejection of persistent disturbances, it shows the limits for the case of non-persistent disturbances which is also our object. Our contributed control method is realized through a cascade control structure based on the singular perturbation theory. The ultracapacitor current with the fastest motion rate is controlled in the inner fast loop through which we impose the desired dynamic to the system. The reduced system controlled in the outer slow loop is a Hamiltonian system and the controller is designed via interconnection and damping assignment. Simulations and experiments have been carried out to evaluate the control performance. A contrast of the system responses with and without the control algorithm shows that, with the control algorithm, the ultracapacitor effectively absorbs the disturbances; and verifies the effectiveness of the control algorithm.

A l’aide de la Représentation Energétique Macroscopique (REM) comme outil de modélisation graphique, la modélisation et la gestion d’énergie d’une application stationnaire isolée à base d’un système PEMFC couplé à l’énergie solaire photovoltaïque comme source principale d’énergie sont développées. Afin d’assurer une autonomie du système en combustible, un électrolyseur PEM est intégré au dispositif. En outre, des packs de batteries et de supercondensateurs permettent un stockage d’énergie et de puissance.Grâce à la modularité de la REM, les modèles respectifs des différentes entités énergétiques du système ont été développés avant de les assembler pour reconstituer un modèle global. Une caractéristique propre de la REM étant la commande, une Structure Maximale de Commande (SMC) est déduite du modèle REM du système par application de règles d’inversion.Le phénomène d’effet échelle a permis de dimensionner le système grâce à un profil de consommation domestique d’énergie électrique. Une stratégie de gestion énergétique basée sur la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et prenant en compte les dynamiques de chaque source a été développée. Différents modes de fonctionnement ont été étudiés. Grâce è un profil d’ensoleillement d’une journée, la pertinence du modèle a été évaluée. Il a été en outre introduit un couplage entre la méthode du bilan des flux de puissance et la logique floue afin que la stratégie de gestion redéfinisse les références des grandeurs électriques en tenant compte de l’état de charge des batteries et de celui des supercondensateurs. / A stand alone multi-source system based on the coupling of photovoltaic energy and both a PEM electrolyser and a PEMFC for stationary application is studied. The system gathers photovoltaic array as main energy source, ultracapacitors and batteries packs in order to smooth respectively fast and medium dynamic by supplying the load or by absorbing photovoltaic source overproduction. Because of the necessity of fuel availability, especially for islanding application like this one, a PEM electrolyser is integrated to the system for in situ hydrogen production.The main purpose being modeling and management of the power flows in order to meet the energy requirement without power cut, a graphical modeling tool namely Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is used because of its analysis and control strengths. Thanks to the modular feature of the EMR, the different models of each energetic entity of the system are performed before their assembling.By using scale effect, the energetic system sizing is performed according to a household power profile. Then, by the help of the multi-level representation, the maximal control structure (MCS) is deduced from the system EMR model. The electrical reference values of the MCS are generated by applying the power balancing method involving the own dynamic of each source into the energy management strategy. Different behavior modes are taken into account. By considering an irradiance profile for one day, the system is simulated highlighting its suitable behaviour. Moreover, the relevance of the introduced coupling between fuzzy logic controller and the power balancing method is pointed out.