Submitted by Augusto Henrique Fernandes Vilela (augustohf@gmail.com) on 2015-02-19T19:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Augusto Vilela.pdf: 295010 bytes, checksum: 7a2e7467908790bdf45ce9da5a9174fe (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Prezado Augusto, Seu trabalho foi rejeitado, por falta da ficha catalográfica. At Renata on 2015-02-19T20:14:45Z (GMT) / Submitted by Augusto Henrique Fernandes Vilela (augustohf@gmail.com) on 2015-02-19T20:23:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Augusto Vilela.pdf: 296076 bytes, checksum: 56fdb1ac620cae6d9d32ab24dc5a53d4 (MD5) / Rejected by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br), reason: Encaminhado por e-mail. Att Renata on 2015-02-19T21:19:49Z (GMT) / Submitted by Augusto Henrique Fernandes Vilela (augustohf@gmail.com) on 2015-02-19T21:31:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Augusto Vilela.pdf: 872382 bytes, checksum: 7ab83b67c58bc31634560270c8a693fd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-19T21:38:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Augusto Vilela.pdf: 872382 bytes, checksum: 7ab83b67c58bc31634560270c8a693fd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-20T12:06:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Augusto Vilela.pdf: 872382 bytes, checksum: 7ab83b67c58bc31634560270c8a693fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-26 / This paper aims to study the behavior of investment funds returns in its first years of existence. For this, there were made comparisons between the first year with the second and the first and second combined against the third and fourth also combined. The sample is segmented between Multimarket Funds and Equity Funds. T tests were performed to assess whether the average returns of the periods are significantly different from each other and models of multiple linear regression by the method of ordinary least squares (OLS) were designed to measure the impact of the return of the first period on the second. Evidence was found that in the case of the Equity Funds, the returns are higher in second periods, for Multimarket Funds, the first year provides superior returns than the second. / Este trabalho tem o objetivo de estudar o comportamento dos retornos de fundos de investimento nos seus primeiros anos de existência. Para isso, são comparados os primeiros anos com os segundos e os primeiros e segundos combinados contra os terceiros e quartos, também combinados. A amostra é segmentada entre Fundos Multimercados e Fundos de Ações. Foram realizados testes t para avaliar se os retornos médios dos períodos são significativamente diferentes entre si e desenvolvidos modelos de regressão linear múltipla pelo método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO) para se mensurar o impacto do retorno do primeiro período sobre o do segundo. Foram encontradas evidências de que, no caso dos Fundos de Ações, os retornos são maiores nos segundos períodos e, para os Fundos Multimercado, o primeiro ano apresenta retornos superiores aos do segundo.

<p>This dissertation is a collection of three papers, each one being a chapter. The running subject of interest in all the papers is the strategic behavior of individuals in different environments. In the first chapter, I experimentally investigate collusive behavior under simultaneous interaction in multiple strategic settings, a phenomenon which I call multiple contacts. I investigate how multiple contacts impact collusive behavior when the players are symmetric or asymmetric. The second chapter is a joint work with Dr. Brian Roberson. In this chapter, we examine the role of cognitive diversity in teams on performance in a large innovation contest setting. We use a theoretical model to derive conditions under which increasing diversity can improve the performance in the large contest. Finally, in the third chapter, a joint work with Dr. Yaroslav Rosokha and Dr. Masha Shunko, we experimentally study players' behavior when they interact in an infinitely repeated environment, where the state of the world in each period is stochastic and dependent on a transition rule. Our main questions are how the transition rule impacts behavior and whether asymmetry in players impacts this.</p> <p><br></p> <p>In the first chapter, I study the phenomenon of multiple contacts using a laboratory experiment with multiple symmetric or asymmetric prisoners' dilemma games. When agents interact in multiple settings, even if defection or deviation from collusion in one setting can not be credibly punished in the same setting, it may be punishable in other settings. This can increase the incentive to collude. I observe a statistically significant increase in probability of punishment in one game after defection in another game under multiple contacts, but only when the games are asymmetric in payoffs. While punishment of defection increases in some situations, I do not find any significant increase in collusion due to multiple contacts in either symmetric or asymmetric environment. In addition to this result, to find further support for the theory which suggests that agents should use different strategies under multiple contacts, I estimate the underlying strategies that subjects use in my experiment. To this end, I modify popular strategies (e.g., Grim Trigger, Tit-for-Tat, etc.) to condition on the history observed in multiple strategic settings. I find that only for games with asymmetric payoffs subjects use these modified strategies in the presence of multiple contacts.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The second chapter is a theoretical work. In our model of large team innovation contest, teams develop an innovation using the skills or perspectives (tools) belonging to individual team members and the costly effort they provide.</p> <p>Prizes are awarded based on the values of the teams' innovations. Within a team, the team members posses different skills or perspectives (tools) which may be applied to innovation problems. For a given innovation problem and a given level of team effort, different combinations of tools within a team may generate different values for the team innovation. In this context, we examine the issues of individual team performance as a function of a team's own composition and the overall performance of the contest as a function of the compositions of the teams. We find that the question of whether increasing diversity leads to an increase in expected performance, for both an individual team and the overall contest, depends on the efficiency with which teams are able to effectively apply diverse sets of tools to innovation problems. Thus, our paper provides a channel -- other than a direct cost of diversity -- through which diversity can be beneficial or detrimental depending on how efficient teams are at utilizing diverse sets of team member tools.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The final chapter is another experimental study. We study an enviroment where individuals interact with each other in a prisoners' dilemma game repeatedly over time. However, the payoffs of the prisoners' dilemma game is decided stochastically using a transition rule. We vary the transition rule from alternation to random and study the change in subject behavior when the interaction is either symmetric or asymmetric. Our results show that in asymmetric environment, alternation can improve cooperation rates.</p> <p>With random transition rule, symmetric environment is more conducive to cooperation. We find that asymmetric environment with random transition rules performs the worst in terms of cooperation rates.</p>

Il lavoro analizza gli effetti della multimarket competition sulle principali undici aziende multinazionali operanti nel fashion retailing, e approfondisce l’analisi del posizionamento strategico che le imprese scelgono in ciascun mercato. L’analisi empirica mostra che, per le aziende che si confrontano su diversi mercati comuni, il grado di market commonality con i concorrenti è negativamente associato alla redditività a livello di gruppo. Inoltre, i risultati mostrano che le imprese differenziano il posizionamento sulla base dell’ importanza strategica del mercato: minore risulta essere l’importanza strategica, maggiore è il markup applicato. Le imprese tendono quindi a ricercare, nei mercati strategicamente poco rilevanti, un posizionamento più alto, che giustifichi un markup più elevato rispetto al posizionamento ottenuto a livello globale. Inoltre, la dimensione del mercato influisce sull’effetto che le scelte di posizionamento generano sulla redditività locale. Nello specifico lo studio mostra che: (a) nei mercati grandi la redditività maggiore è associata ad aziende che registrano simultaneamente quote di mercato elevate e livelli di markup maggiori; (b) nei mercati piccoli la redditività maggiore è basata alternativamente sulla ricerca di quote di mercato maggiori o di un prezzo più alto (elevato markup). / This study investigates the outcomes of multimarket competition using data on the top eleven global fashion retailers, and deepens the analysis of the strategic positioning that firms choose in each foreign market where they operate. Empirical results suggest that the level of international market commonality with direct competitors is negatively related to their corporate financial performance. Moreover, focusing on the strategies of the single local units, the results of the analysis show that firms do not choose the same positioning in all their international markets, but they rather differentiate their positioning. In markets that constitute a small fraction of a firm’s total export, fashion retailers tend to skim the market commanding fairly higher price compared with their average global pricing level. Furthermore, market size also has influence on strategic positioning and on the relationship between strategic positioning and financial performance. Specifically, this study shows that: (a) in large markets, the winning strategy requires both a high market share and a high pricing; (b) in small markets, winning strategies can be based either on large market share or on high pricing.

Submitted by Rodrigo Fernandes Malaquias (rodrigofmalaquias@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-04-17T22:25:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Rodrigo_F_Malaquias.pdf: 576659 bytes, checksum: 8f69c77c88c361b0ff739ef8c6b56262 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2012-04-18T12:03:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Rodrigo_F_Malaquias.pdf: 576659 bytes, checksum: 8f69c77c88c361b0ff739ef8c6b56262 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-04-18T12:40:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Rodrigo_F_Malaquias.pdf: 576659 bytes, checksum: 8f69c77c88c361b0ff739ef8c6b56262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-20 / The aim of this study was to analyze the performance of Brazilian multimarket investment funds, using a measure that is more adequate to the characteristics of their returns distribution. Given that these class involve the Brazilian funds which most resemble the foreign hedge funds, traditional measures such Sharpe’s Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha may not be appropriate to analyze the ability of its managers to add extraordinary value. The measure used is related to the paper of Amin and Kat (2003), which compares the expected return of the fund with the returns generated by a strategy that, in the absence of arbitrage, has no cost to be implanted and yields a risk-free rate. With monthly data of 107 multimarket funds in the period from January 2005 to August 2011, the main results showed that the average net performance of the funds was lower than zero. On the other hand, the average gross performance (measured with returns before management fees and performance) was statistically greater than zero, indicating that managers can add extraordinary value, but these gains are eroded by management and performance fees. The work also showed that periods of crisis not only have a significantly (and negative) impact on the performance of the funds, but also on the relationship of this performance with its determinants. Thus, the results of this work may have important contributions to the development of the theory on investment fund performance in Brazil, both because it involves the use of a more adequate analysis tool and considers the crisis as a variable that moderates the relationship between performance and its determinants. / A proposta deste trabalho foi analisar a performance dos fundos multimercados brasileiros com uma medida mais adequada às características da distribuição de frequência de seus retornos. Tendo em vista que estes são os fundos brasileiros que mais se assemelham aos hedge funds estrangeiros, medidas tradicionais, como o Índice de Sharpe e o Alfa de Jensen, podem não ser adequadas para analisar a habilidade dos gestores em agregar valor extraordinário para os seus cotistas. A medida utilizada está relacionada com o trabalho de Amin e Kat (2003), que compara o retorno esperado do fundo com o retorno gerado por uma estratégia que, na ausência de arbitragem, possui custo zero para ser implantada e rende a taxa livre de risco. Com dados mensais de 107 fundos multimercados no período de Janeiro/2005 a Agosto/2011, os principais resultados mostraram que a performance líquida média dos fundos foi estatisticamente menor que zero. Já a performance média medida com base nos retornos brutos (antes das taxas de administração e de performance) foi estatisticamente superior a zero, indicando que os gestores podem até agregar valor extraordinário, mas esses ganhos são corroídos por taxas de administração e de performance. Destacam-se também resultados mostrando que períodos de crise impactaram significativamente não só a performance dos fundos, mas também a sua relação com seus determinantes. Desta forma, entende-se que os resultados podem introduzir importantes contribuições para a construção da teoria sobre a performance de fundos de investimentos brasileiros, tanto por envolver a utilização de uma ferramenta de análise mais adequada quanto por considerar a crise como uma variável moderadora da relação entre a performance e seus determinantes.

Submitted by ALDO MADUREIRA JUNIOR (aldomadureira@outlook.com) on 2018-01-15T14:06:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Aldo_FGV_FINAL_15_01_18.pdf: 293461 bytes, checksum: 2c052bcfcf7c6d0529a4f576836b9a64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Thais Oliveira (thais.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-01-15T15:39:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Aldo_FGV_FINAL_15_01_18.pdf: 293461 bytes, checksum: 2c052bcfcf7c6d0529a4f576836b9a64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-15T17:20:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Aldo_FGV_FINAL_15_01_18.pdf: 293461 bytes, checksum: 2c052bcfcf7c6d0529a4f576836b9a64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-08 / Este trabalho tem como propósito contribuir com a literatura por meio de uma pesquisa voltada ao estudo das relações entre os mercados de renda fixa e renda variável no Brasil. Sob essa ótica, o objetivo dessa pesquisa é realizar uma análise por meio de modelos econométricos para explorar a relação entre investimento de renda fixa e renda variável, e como estes são alocados em determinados momentos da economia, seja em tempos de instabilidade econômica ou em tempos relativamente estáveis. Para isso será utilizado um banco de dados, contendo informações com índices, informações financeiras que contribuam na construção deste trabalho, bem como a utilização de modelagem econométrica para a construção de parâmetros que sirvam de apoio para evidenciar os principais resultados deste estudo que, por sua vez, visa afirmar que em tempos de crise os investidores tendem a ter comportamentos mais conservadores em comparação a períodos de certo equilíbrio econômico. Os principais resultados da pesquisa foi a transferência dos ativos de renda variável para renda fixa, demonstrando que em situação de tensão na economia os investidores de fato se tornam mais avesso ao risco. / The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature through a research focused on the study of the relationships between fixed income and variable income markets in Brazil. From this perspective, the objective of this research is to perform an analysis through econometric models to explore the relationship between fixed income investment and variable income, and how these are allocated at certain moments of the economy, either in times of economic instability or in times relatively stable. For this purpose, a database will be used, containing information with indexes, financial information that contribute to the construction of this work, as well as the use of econometric modeling for the construction of parameters that serve as evidence to support the main results of this research that, due to its time, it aims to affirm that in times of crisis investors tend to have more conservative behavior compared to periods of certain economic equilibrium. The main results of the research were the transfer of assets from variable income to fixed income, demonstrating that in a situation of tension in the economy, investors do indeed become more risk averse.

No description available.

本論文探討台北市連鎖式便利商店的市場進入決策。研究發現在便利商店的產業裡，相較於多重市場接觸(亦即是否已同時出現在其他市場)的考量，與競爭對手門市的距離對廠商的進入決策有較大的影響。此外，上期競爭對手存在與否，也是廠商是否進入該市場的重要衡量依據。大型連鎖店會進入前一期競爭較激烈的市場，這些市場競爭對手的門市已有一家以上；而小型連鎖店通常不會依據對手的門市數目來決定其進入的決策。最後，利用不同的落後期變數設定，本文發現廠商的進入決策具有一致性。這表示在台北市，便利商店已經是相當成熟的產業了。 / In this paper we study entry decisions of the convenience store chains in Taipei. We find that the distance between store pairs is more relevant to firms' entry decisions than the multimarket contact (i.e., firms encounter each other in multiple markets) in this industry. In addition, the presence of a firm's rivals in the previous period plays an important role in the entry decision. The large convenience store chains are more likely to enter more competitive markets, such as markets consisting of more than one rivals' store. On the other hand, the small chains are indifferent to their rivals' presence when making their entry decisions. Lastly, firms' entry decisions are consistent when different measurements of lagged variables are used. We interpret that the convenience store industry may have reached a stable state in Taipei.

本文以美國境內航空市場為例，探討多重市場接觸與價格離散的關聯，並研究大型航空公司併購案前後多重市場接觸對航空公司競爭策略的影響。本研究發現：(一) 相互容忍說於併購案發生前後皆成立。(二) 相較於考量擴大市場的市佔率，航空公司更應該關注與競爭者間的競爭關係。(三) 併購案發生前後，航空公司的訂價行為都深受競爭對手的競爭策略影響。(四) 併購案發生前，因競爭者多，市場上航空公司平均市佔率的大小是航空公司可採取競爭手段重要因素之一。在最大的1000 個市場中，雖然每家航空公司的市場力量不大，航空公司仍可採取價格競爭，然若是對手間聯合懲罰，則航空公司不敢採取激進手段，且多重市場接觸越多，價格離散程度越大。而在次要競爭的市場中，則因航空公司的平均市占率是最大的1000 個市場的兩倍，因此航空公司並未有明顯競爭行為。但若考量競爭對手間的碰面次數，則多重市場接觸與不同分位價格關係為正，且多重市場接觸越多，價格離散程度越低。併購案發生後，因航空公司間彼此箝制力量大，與競爭對手間的碰面次數越多，越傾向隱性勾結，且高價位的價格上升較低價位價格多，使價格離散程度越大。 / In this paper, we discuss whether multimarket contact matters for price dispersion in the U.S. airline industry, and compare the influence of multimarket contact on airlines’ competition strategies before and after airline mergers and acquisitions. We find that: (a) Before and after the mergers, mutual forbearance exists. (b) In contrast to an airline‘s market share, the relationship between airlines and itself plays a more important role in its pricing strategy.(c) Before and after the mergers, airline companies’pricing strategies are significantly affected by their competitors’strategies. (d) Before the mergers, because of the intense competition, it is the size of the competitors‘ market share that the company decide whether to take aggressive strategies. In the top 1000 competitive markets,airline companies will take aggressive actions to get more passengers for the punishment from its competitor is an incredible threat, however, if competitors collude together, airline companies will hardly dare to cut price. And the effect of an increase in multimarket contact on price dispersion is positive and significant. In the second competitive markets, since the average market share is twice bigger than in the top 1000 markets, airlines prefer not to participate in cut-throat competition. However, if competitors collude, then airline companies will cooperate together, and the effect of an increase in multimarket contact on price dispersion is negative and significant. After the mergers, increase in contacts with competitors would facilitate mutual forbearance and increase price dispersion and higher-percentile prices will increase more than lower-percentile prices.