Submitted by Alex Moraes Lopes Fernandes Leite (alexmfl@gmail.com) on 2013-07-23T04:08:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação vFinal.pdf: 2115422 bytes, checksum: 3109d300779cd09ae6078d64fecc8b7a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-07-23T12:45:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação vFinal.pdf: 2115422 bytes, checksum: 3109d300779cd09ae6078d64fecc8b7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-23T13:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação vFinal.pdf: 2115422 bytes, checksum: 3109d300779cd09ae6078d64fecc8b7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-27 / A capacidade das empresas multinacionais (EMN) de se adaptar às oportunidades e ameaças de seus mercados é um dos fatores estratégicos de maior importância na dinâmica dos negócios atuais. Essa necessidade de adaptação não se restringe apenas aos países desenvolvidos, mas também aos países emergentes. Nesse contexto faz-se necessário a compreensão da estratégia de empresas multinacionais dos países emergentes através do estudo das capacidades dinâmicas e de seus modelos de gestão. Assim este trabalho teve como objetivo geral analisar o desenvolvimento e a transferência das capacidades dinâmicas entre matriz e subsidiárias. Serviu como fundamento teórico deste estudo, a visão baseada em recursos, a ambidestralidade das organizações (exploration x explotation), as capacidades dinâmicas e os modelos estratégicos de gestão de EMNs. A definição escolhida para as capacidades dinâmicas, “habilidades sistemáticas da organização de integrar, construir e reconfigurar suas competências organizacionais de acordo com as ameaças e oportunidades do mercado”, serviu como base para toda a pesquisa. Em termos metodológicos foi utilizada a abordagem qualitativa, através de estudo de caso único como método de pesquisa. Após definição de alguns critérios (EMNs brasileiras, setor de tecnologia, mais de uma subsidiária e atuação em diversos segmentos) para definição da organização a ser estudada, optou-se pela escolha da empresa Alpha. A coleta de dados sobre a Alpha foi baseada em múltiplas fontes, através de informações secundárias e entrevistas em profundidade realizadas com pessoas chaves da organização para investigar de forma direta os processos, competências e recursos existentes na organização. Foram encontradas duas capacidades dinâmicas na Alpha: “processo de desenvolvimento de software” e “desenvolvimento de novos serviços”. A primeira CD está presente na matriz e nas subsidiarias. Sua transferência se deu de maneira integral a todas as subsidiárias e teve como fatores antecedentes à integração e o contexto competitivo. A segunda CD está presente somente na matriz e teve como principais fatores antecedentes a orientação empreendedora e as iniciativas. Sua transferência não ocorreu para qualquer subsidiária. Após a análise dos resultados pôde-se concluir que as duas capacidades dinâmicas, em especial a CD processo de desenvolvimento de software, é geradora de vantagem competitiva para a Alpha. / The ability of multinational corporations (MNCs) to adapt to the opportunities and threats of their markets is one of the most important strategic factors in the dynamics of today's businesses. This necessity for adaptation is not only restricted to developed countries, but also to emerging countries. In this context it is necessary to understand the strategy of multinational corporations from emerging countries through the study of dynamic capabilities and their management models. Thus, this study aimed at analyzing the development and transference of dynamic capabilities parent and subsidiaries. Supporting the theoretical foundation of this study, the resource-based view, the ambidextrous’ organizations (exploration x explotation), dynamic capabilities and strategic management models MNCs. The definition chosen for the dynamic capabilities, 'the systematic organization ability to integrate, build and reconfigure their organizational competencies according to the threats and opportunities of the market,' served as the basis for all the research. In terms of methodology was used a qualitative approach, through a single case study as a research method. After setting some criteria (MNCs Brazilian technology sector, more than a subsidiary and operations in various segments) to define the organization which would be studied, it has been decided by the company Alpha. Data collection was based on multiple sources through secondary information and in-depth interviews conducted with key people in the organization to investigate directly the processes, abilities and resources in the organization. Two dynamic capabilities were found: 'software development process' and 'development of new services.' The first DC is present at parent and subsidiaries. The DC’s transfer was completely made to all subsidiaries and had as background factors integration and competitive context. The second DC is present only in the parent and had as main background factors and entrepreneurial orientation initiatives. The transfer did not occur to any subsidiary. After analyzing the results it was concluded that the two dynamic capabilities, in particular the DC process of software development, is generating competitive advantage for Alpha.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and multinational companies (MNCs) landed in Chinaalmost at the same time. However, the Chinese market where the governmental role is alwaysinfluential provides a specific setting for the CSR development in China. The purpose of thisthesis is to analyze the governmental role in the CSR engagement of SvenskaKullagerfabriken (SKF) in China based on a literature review, qualitative case study, semistructuredinterview and three mini-cases study. By adopting these methods, it is found thatthe Chinese government is trying to provide a more CSR-friendly policy and stricterlegislation in order to guide the Chinese business towards a sustainable direction. Besides, inrecent years, the Chinese government is also re-orienting the social values that are claimingthe return of the traditional business ethics and promoting the level of CSR in the Chinesesociety. A triangulated model is developed in this thesis to analyze the case company. Theexperience of SKF indicates that the company’s CSR strategy is universal, whereas its CSRengagement has changed along with the Chinese development. It is found that there are fourphases of SKF’s CSR development in China, and each phase is associated with andstimulated by the specific scheme during the Chinese social and economic development.Among the variables in Chinese changing society, the macro-policy is deemed by SKF as thekey factor that has the largest impact on the CSR engagement of the company. After thisresearch, the research gap will be filled in with an empirical case. Yet, the future efforts inempirically investigating more companies are suggested to enrich the research on thecorrelation between the Chinese government, CSR development and MNCs in China.

<p>This dissertation consists of three major chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to testing a novel gravity model of international trade, while the last two chapters explore cross-country commitment and implementation behavior within the World Trade Organization’s Trade Facilitation Agreement. </p> <p><strong>Chapter 1:</strong> I test a novel theoretical gravity model of international trade on firm-level export data from Colombia in 2018. The model assumes a power law relationship between trade flows and distance, with the distance elasticity resulting from two dynamic processes: firm-export growth captured in a Pareto distribution; and the growth of the distance over which those exports are sold. Although the model has been shown to work well in French data, its usefulness for interpreting data from other countries remains unexplored. I find evidence that the model fails in Colombia because some large firms contradict its assumptions by exhibiting shorter export distances compared to smaller firms in the sample. I hypothesize that these large firms are branches of foreign multinational corporations (MNCs). MNCs’ headquarters constraint the export growth of its affiliates as well as the markets they reach. While I cannot prove firms’ MNC affiliation, I use export sophistication as an imperfect metric to reflect MNC presence. When MNC affiliates are excluded from the sample, firm export distance rises faster with firm size, leading to improved predictions of the distance elasticity of trade in Colombia by the model. These findings have implications not only for the tested model but also for other theories that explain gravity in international trade through firm-level behavior.</p> <p><strong>Chapter 2:</strong> We use a new database of commitments made during the process of ratifying the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) to study variation in countries’ commitment behavior. The TFA is a novel World Trade Organization agreement because it allows developing countries to select commitments from a menu of best practices in trade facilitation, rather than to consent, or not, to a comprehensive package of negotiated commitments. The operation of this <em>à la carte</em> approach to concluding trade agreements is worthy of study in its own right, but the commitment data also offer a high-level description of progress in an international effort to improve border management procedures around the globe. Our study uses data on TFA commitments to describe progress across subcomponents of the agreement. A regression model shows that the number of Type A trade facilitation commitments that a country made in the TFA ratification process depends on its level of development, population size, ability to control corruption, and foreign aid received to support trade facilitation. We use multidimensional scaling techniques to study differences in the content of national commitment bundles. This approach demonstrates that variation in the content of countries’ commitments is closely tied to the number of commitments made.</p> <p><strong>Chapter 3:</strong> This chapter examines the implementation progress of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) from 2019 to 2023. The TFA, which is the latest World Trade Organization agreement, came into force in 2017. In its novelty, it allows developing countries to set their own implementation schedule and adjust it if needed. This flexibility aligns implementation requirements with the capabilities of signatory countries, but introduces uncertainties in achieving complete global implementation and fully realizing the potential benefits of the agreement. Using data on the notified implementation dates for each measure of the TFA, this study describes the progress made in implementing different subcomponents of the agreement over a period of five years. A regression analysis suggests that the annual rate of progress towards achieving full TFA implementation does not vary based on country characteristics such as GDP per capita, population size, or landlocked status. Assuming that the tendency at which countries implement measures remains unchanged, I project that 95% of developing countries will achieve 95% TFA implementation between the years 2036 and 2047.</p>

No description available.

This thesis, dedicated to the analysis of the cross-cultural management, presents in its first part a literature review in order to comprehend the actual stage of the cross-cultural management research. From this point of view we will approach general aspects of the human resources management and of the organizational culture, perceived as managerial instruments for the management of the cultural differences into an organization (chapter 1). In the following chapters (2 & 3), the analysis concerned the discourse on cultural difference and the post-socialist work ethic, perceived as the major cultural difference that impacts the crosscultural interactions in the foreign enterprises from Romania. These aspects will be developed from an applied perspective in the second part of our thesis. The chapters of the second part of the thesis are dedicated, on one hand, to the analysis of cultural differences management in the foreign SMEs from Romania, and, on the other hand, to a methodological proposition regarding the study of the cross-cultural management in Romania. These analyses and propositions are based on the identification of the main crosscultural management practices in the multinational corporations in Romania, through the analysis of the interviews, from the Romanian economic press, with employees and managers of the multinational corporations and on three case studies on SME with Italian participation on social capital, from textiles and wood industries / Cette thèse, consacrée à l’analyse du management interculturel, présente dans la première partie une revue de la littérature afin d’appréhender l’état actuel des recherches dans le domaine du management interculturel. Dans cette perspective, nous abordons les aspects généraux de la gestion des ressources humaines et de la culture d’entreprise, entendus comme des instruments managériaux de gestion des différences culturelles dans une organisation (chapitre 2). Dans les chapitres suivants (3 & 4), l’analyse a porté sur le discours relatif à la différence culturelle et sur l’éthique postsocialiste du travail, entendue comme la principale différence culturelle qui affecte les interactions interculturelles dans les entreprises étrangères en Roumanie. Ces aspects seront davantage développés de manière appliquée dans la deuxième partie. Les chapitres de la deuxième partie de la thèse sont consacrés, d’une part, à l’analyse de la gestion de la différence culturelle dans des petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) implantées en Roumanie et, d’autre part, à une proposition d’ordre méthodologique en vue de l’étude du management interculturel en Roumanie. Ces analyses et ces propositions prennent appui sur l’identification des principales pratiques de management interculturel dans les entreprises multinationales (EMN) actives en Roumanie relevées chez les managers et employés des EMN et sur trois études de cas réalisées sur des PME de l’industrie du textile et du bois avec participation italienne au caprftital social

Text in English with abstract in English, Northern Sotho and Xhosa / This study investigated the determinants of expansion strategies that are adopted by MNCs that invest in African emerging economies. Literature suggests that expansion strategies have received little research attention, especially in the African context. Previous studies suggest that MNCs initiate their internationalisation process through exportation, and then explore other resource-committed expansion strategies (FDIs) at a later stage. A number of theories have been used to explain the behaviour and decisions of MNCs in this regard. One of the prominent theories in this regard is Dunning‘s OLI paradigm that has been the most influential and widely used, but this study was premised on internationalisation theory. For the purposes of this study, two expansion strategies of MNCs were identified as greenfield foreign direct investment (FDI) and exports. The study sampled six top African emerging countries rated by the stock size and volume of FDI inflow they had attracted. The study utilised the cross-sectional time-series data for period spanning 1996 to 2016. The data were accessed from statistical records of African Development indicators (ADI), a statistical arm of the World Bank. This quantitative research employed econometrics estimation technique to achieve its objectives, namely OLS regression. The study relied on Durbin-Watson statistics contained in ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to attend to issues of autocorrelation. To establish long run relationship, Johansen‘s cointegration approach was employed. / Thutelo ye e nyakišitše ditšhupo tša maano a katološo ao a amogetšwego ke dikhamphani tše di dirago dinageng tše ntši (diMNC) tšeo di beeleditšego ka go diekonomi tše di golago tša Afrika. Dingwalo di šišinya gore maano a katološo a filwe šedi ye nnyane ya dinyakišišo, gagolo kemong ya Afrika. Dithutelo tše di šetšego di dirilwe di šišinya gore diMNC di thome tshepedišo ya go oketša tiro ya feme boemong bja boditšhabatšhaba ka mokgwa wa kišontle, gomme ka morago di hlohlomiše maano a mangwe a katološo a boikemišetšo go fa ditlakelo le thušo tše di nyakegago go fihlelela dinepo tše di filwego tša feme nakong ye e tlo latelago. Diteori tše mmalwa di dirišitšwe go hlaloša mokgwa wa go dira le diphetho tša diMNC malebana le se. Ye nngwe ya diteori tše bohlokwa malebana le se, gape yeo e bego e le ye e nago le khuetšo ye kgolo gape e dirišitšwego ka bophara, ke dikgopolo ka ga ka moo dilo di šomago tša OLI go ya ka Dunning, eupša thutelo ye e begilwego bjalo ka matseno go teori ya kgodišo ya difeme gore di dire dinageng tše dingwe. Ka lebaka la morero wa thutelo ye, maano a katološo a mabedi a diMNC a šupilwe bjalo ka peeletšo thwi ge motho a hloma khamphani nageng e šele (FDI) le kišontle. Thutelo e tšeere dinaga tše tshela tša boemo bja godimo tšeo di golago tšeo di lekantšwego ka bogolo bja thoto le bolumo ya ditseno tša FDI tšeo di di tlišitšego. Thutelo ye e dirišitše tshedimošo yeo e hweditšwego ka go lemoga dinomoro tšeo di kgobokeditšwego dinakong tše di fapanego dinakong ka sebaka sa nako seo se lekanago pakeng ya nako ya 1996 go iša go 2016. Tshedimošo e hweditšwe go tšwa direkhotong tša Dipalopalo tša African Development Indicators (ADI), lekala la Dipalopalo la Panka ya Lefase. Nyakišišo ka go kgoboketša le go sekaseka datha yeo e hweditšwego methopong ye e fapanego e dirišitše dithekniki tša dipalopalo go kwešiša ditaba tša ekonomi le diteori tša teko go fihlelela maikemišetšo a yona, e lego tswalano go OLS. Thutelo e theilwe go Dipalopalo tša Durbin-Watson tšeo di lego ka tekanyo ya tswalano ka go fokotša palo ya go fapana ga disekwere gare ga dipalo tše di lemogilwego le tšeo di akantšwego go lebelela ditlhagišo tša nyalanyo Go hlola ditswalanyo tša nako ye telele, mokgwatebelelo wa Johansen wa tatelano ya dikhutlo tša datha ya dinomoro ka go latelana ga tšona o dirišitšwe / Esi sifundo siphande izinto ezilawula amacebo okwandisa enziwa ngamaqumrhu amazwe ngamazwe (MNCs) natyala imali kumazwe aseAfrika anoqoqosho oluntshulayo. Uluncwadi olukhoyo luthi amacebo okwandisa awanikwa ngqwalasela yaneleyo kuphando, ngakumbi kwiimeko zaseAfrika. Izifundo ezidluleyo ziveze ukuba iiMNCs ziyiqala ngokuthumela iimveliso zazo inkqubo yokufaka la mazwe kushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. Emva koko zizama ukuncedisa ngezixhobo nemithombo yokusebenza njengecebo lokwandisa. Ziliqela iingcingane ezisetyenzisiweyo xa kuchazwa indlela yokwenza nezigqibo zeeMNCs ngalo mbandela. Enye yeengcingane eziphambili nesetyenziswe kakhulu kulo mba yekaDunning, neyaziwa ngokuba yiOLI paradigm, nangona esakhe isifundo sasisekele kwingcingane yokudibanisa amazwe ngamazwe. Kwesi sifundo kuchongwe amacebo okwandisa amabini asetyenziswe ziiMNCs. La macebo kukutyala ngqo imali nemithombo (greenfield foreign direct investment - FDI) nokuthumela iimveliso zazo kuloo mazwe. Esi sifundo sikhethe amazwe aseAfrika amathandathu naphambili xa kubalwa izinto anazo la mazwe, nomyinge wemali nezixhobo ezifakiweyo. Isifundo sisebenzise iinkcukacha ezingamaqela amanani anqumlezanayo (cross-sectional time-series data) kwixesha elisukela kunyaka we-1996 ukuya kowama-2016. Ezi nkcukacha zafunyanwa kwiingxelo ezigciniweyo zeZalathisi Zophuhliso LwaseAfrika (African Development Indicators - ADI), kwicandelo lezobalo kwiBhanki Yehlabathi. Olu phando lusekelwe kumanani, lusebenzise indlela yokusebenza ngokuqikelela nekuthiwa yieconometrics estimation technique ukuze siphumeze iinjongo zaso zobalo olwaziwa ngokuba yiOLS regression. Esi sifundo saxhomekeka kwizibalo zikaDurbin-Watson ezifumaneka kubalo lweordinary least squares (OLS) regression ukuze lujongane nemiba yokuzilungisa. Ukuze simisele ulwalamano oluqhuba ixesha elide, kwasetyenziswa indlela yokuhlanganisa iinkcukacha zikaJohansen. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

在「全球化」的浪潮席捲之下，讓跨國企業的「企業社會責任」議題，成為當今企業管理不容忽視的焦點。 醫藥產業在全球經濟體中扮演的角色，是研發和生產創新的產品，來拯救人類的生命和促進健康。 而身為一個企業組織，也同時擔負有創造利潤的責任。 然而大眾卻經常質疑這些企業過度哄抬產品價格，並認為人人都有權利無限制的獲得醫藥資源。 醫藥企業必須面對強大的壓力以及高度複雜的利害關係人，特別是跨國公司，負擔更是沉重。 就如同其他產業一樣，「企業社會責任」的議題對醫藥企業能否具有競爭力和永續經營而言，也愈來愈重要。 近年來，許多的研究指出「企業社會責任」的策略和競爭優勢有關，而且必須整合至企業的核心事業，才能確保永續的成功。 許多跨國藥廠他們的營業績效表現亮眼，而且在台灣已經耕耘超過十年了，因此，本研究首度嚐試去檢視在台的領先跨國醫藥企業，他們的CSR動機、決策過程和CSR作為表現，以及其經理人對CSR的管理思維。 本研究的目的是希望能學習跨國領先藥廠在台灣的經驗，並鼓勵「策略型CSR」的作為以及企業與社會的「共享價值」。 我們使用「多重個案分析法」，利用問卷、次級資料的分析和深入訪談來研究十家個案公司。 所有的受訪經理人都表示他們是依據企業總部的指導綱領，而自行決定在台灣執行的CSR的活動。 研究結果發現，絕大多數的個案公司，因為在台灣只是一個業務功能的角色，資源和能力都有限，所以多關注在客戶關係的議題上，並多半執行「回應式CSR」而非「策略型CSR」。 此外，我們也發現其CSR策略和企業的屬性、社會責任觀點及領導有關。 這些經理人並承認他們沒有系統性的方法來評估CSR表現和影響。 他們主要追求的是企業的聲譽，而面對的最大挑戰是，如何透過CSR來發展企業競爭優勢。 本研究並舉出幾個成功案例，鼓勵策略型思考以及將社會觀點融入商業策略的核心架構中。 / Under the sweep of globalization, the corporate social responsibility (CSR) of multinational corporations (MNCs) has now become a focus that cannot be ignored in business management. The health care industry’s role in the global economy is to research, develop and manufacture innovative products to save people’s lives and improve health. At the same time, as corporations, they have a duty to increase profits. However, the industry is often challenged for its overcharge of the products and there should be unlimited access to medicines. The health care companies face a great pressure and a highly complex stakeholder universe especially for multinational companies. As in many industries, corporate social responsibility becomes increasingly critical to competitive success and sustainability of multinational health care companies. Recent studies point out that CSR strategies are associated with competitive advantages and should integrate CSR into the core business to lead to sustainable success. Many Multinational pharmaceutical companies are doing very good business and have been operating in Taiwan for over 10 years. Therefore, we attempt to gain a better understanding of the factors that influence the CSR involvement of MNCs’ subsidiaries and the aspects of their strategies as well as the managerial insight of the managers dealing with CSR from leading health care companies. The aim of this study is to encourage strategic CSR and shared value of business and society and to learn the experiences from multinational pharmaceutical companies in Taiwan. The analysis is based on a multiple case study that includes surveys coupled with careful review of relevant documents and web sites and in-depth interviews with managers from 10 case companies. All the managers interviewed mentioned that CSR activities are implemented at the local level within the framework of global guidance. The findings indicate that most of the subsidiaries focus on customer relations and are doing 「responsive CSR」 rather than 「strategic CSR」because of their sales-oriented function and limited resources and skills. We also found that their CSR strategies depend on the characters of the companies, CSR views and the leadership. All the managers admitted having no systematic way of measuring the outputs, tangible impacts or functionality of their CSR interventions. The key benefit they want to gain is the company reputation and the major challenge for the managers is to develop competitive advantages through CSR. Success stories are provided to encourage strategic thinking and the integration of social perspective into the core frameworks of value chain and competitive context.

Jurisprudence / LL. D.

No description available.

Lo studio si inserisce nel dibattito sul potere delle multinazionali e il rispetto dei diritti umani fondamentali e approfondisce i concetti di responsabilità sociale delle imprese (CSR) e della loro "accountability", inquadrando l'analisi nel contesto più ampio degli investimenti esteri diretti (FDI), con i relativi aspetti economici, tecnologici e sociali, nonché ambientali e politici. Si analizzano le norme internazionali in tema di rispetto dei diritti umani da parte delle aziende, ed i meccanismi legali per rendere le società "accountable", soprattutto in caso di complicità aziendali negli abusi perpetrati dagli Stati, anche attraverso la giurisprudenza dei tribunali penali internazionali e dei tribunali statunitensi. Viene data attenzione al settore della sicurezza, i.e. "Private Military and Security Companies" (PMSCs, interessato da notevole crescita negli ultimi decenni. Le PMSCs, impiegate da parte dei governi che esternalizzano una funzione tipicamente dello stato e da imprese e ONG attive in contesti difficili, hanno operato senza adeguato controllo. Le loro attività sollevano questioni su potenziali abusi dei diritti umani commessi dai propri dipendenti oltre che su violazioni dei diritti del lavoro subite dagli stessi. Le azioni ONU per portare le PMSCs fuori dalla 'zona legale grigia' in cui hanno operato vengono trattate insieme alle iniziative di autoregolamentazione. / The study, given the debate about the increasing power of corporations and the attempts to ensure their respect of fundamental human rights, deepens the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate accountability, framing the analysis within the broader discourse of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with its economic, technological and social aspects as well as environmental and political issues. International standards in the area of corporations’ human rights obligations are analyzed in addition to legal mechanisms to hold corporations accountable, particularly for corporate complicity in human rights abuses by States, through the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals and U.S. Courts. Special attention is given to the security sector, i.e. Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), interested in the last decades by a steady growth. PMSCs, increasingly contracted by governments willing to outsource a typical state function and by companies and NGOs active in difficult contexts, have been operating without proper supervision and accountability. PMSCs activities raise issues concerning potential human rights violations committed by their employees and labour rights abuses their employees might suffer themselves. UN actions aimed at bringing PMSCs out of the legal ‘grey zone’ where they have been operating are tackled alongside with self-regulatory initiatives.